摘要
BACKGROUND:Ginseng extracts have been found to significantly improve osteoarthritis,but the therapeutic effects of ginseng polysaccharide extracts on osteoarthritis have not been reported. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of ginseng polysaccharide on the expression of prostaglandin E2/6-keto-prostaglandin F1α in traumatic osteoarthritis model rats. METHODS:Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and randomly divided into healthy group,model group,ginseng polysaccharide low-dose group,ginseng polysaccharide medium-dose group,ginseng polysaccharide high-dose group and dexamethasone group.Except for 10 rats in the healthy group,the other rats were taken to establish traumatic osteoarthritis models.The healthy group and model group were given 0.2 mL of normal saline intraperitoneally.The low-,medium-,and high-dose groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1,0.25,0.5 μg/mL ginseng polysaccharide,respectively.In the dexamethasone group,0.2mg/kg dexamethasone(0.2 mL)was injected intraperitoneally.Injections were given once every 3 days,for 4 consecutive weeks.Serum prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α levels were detected by ELISA.The bone and joint function of rats were assessed by the Mankin's score.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the pathologic morphology of the knee joints of rats.Western blot and PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β,interleukin-10 in articular cartilage tissue,respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the model group,serum prostaglandin E2 levels were decreased in the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group,while serum 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α levels were increased(P<0.05).Compared with the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group,the above-mentioned indicators were significantly improved in the high-dose group,and there was no significant difference between the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P>0.05).Compared with the model group,the Mankin's score was reduced in the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P>0.05).Compared with the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group,the Mankin's score was significantly reduced in the high-dose group(P<0.05).The cartilage tissue layer of rats in the model and low-dose groups was significantly thinned,the cracks and chondrocytes deep into the bone layer were largely lost,the tide line was seriously broken and blurred,the collagen fibers in the synovial layer were increased and thickened,and a large number of chondrocytes were destroyed and arranged irregularly.These pathological changes were improved in the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group compared with the model group as well as improved in the high-dose group compared with the medium-dose group.Compared with the model group,the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β was reduced,while the expression of interleukin-10 was increased in the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P<0.05).These indicators in the joint were significantly improved in the high-dose group compared with the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P>0.05).To conclude,ginseng polysaccharide can improve the inflammatory level and pathological morphology of traumatic osteoarthritis rats and reduce the Mankin's score.Its mechanism may be related to the regulation of prostaglandin E2/6-keto-prostaglandin F1α levels.
摘要
AIM To improve the quality standard for Guanxin Shengmai Pills.METHODS TLC was adopted in the qualitative identification of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma,the analysis was performed on a silica G thin layer plate,along with the low layer solution of chloroform-methanol-water(13 : 7 : 2)stood at below 10℃ as a mobile phase,and 10％sulfuric acid ethanol solution as a derivatization reagent.HPLC was applied to determining the contents of ginsenoside Rg1,ginsenoside Re,ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rd,the analysis was performed on a 20℃ thermostatic Thermo Accucore-C18 column(4.6 mm×150 mm,2.6 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-water flowing at 0.8 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 203 nm.RESULTS The clear TLC bands present without negative interference.Four constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(R2≥0.999 9),whose average recoveries were 91.21％-106.86％with the RSDs of 0.68％-1.43％.CONCLUSION This specific and reproducible method can provide a reference for the quality control of Guanxin Shengmai Pills.
摘要
ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of concentration ratio（CR） between the internal reference and target components on the quantitative accuracy of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker（QAMS） by taking ginsenosides as an example. MethodUltra performance liquid chromatography（UPLC） was employed， the contents of nine components in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（ginsenosides Rg1， Re， Rf， Rh1， Rb1， Rc， Rb2， Rb3， Rd） were determined by external standard method（ES）. Using ginsenoside Rg1 as the internal reference， the contents of the remaining 8 ginsenosides were determined by QAMS， and the quantitative results were compared with those of ES to evaluate the quantitative accuracy of the established QAMS. According to the contents of these 9 ginsenosides， the simulated sample solutions with different CRs of ginsenoside Rg1 to ginsenosides Rf， Rb2， Rd were prepared with the reference substance（CR=100∶1， 10∶1， 5∶1， 2∶1， 1∶1， 0.5∶1， 0.25∶1）， in order to validate the effect of the CRs between the internal reference and other components on the quantitative accuracy of the QAMS. ResultThe results of ginsenosides Re， Rf， Rb1， Rc， Rb2 calculated by the two methods were the same with the relative standard deviation（RSD）<3%， however， the results of ginsenosides Rh1， Rb3 and Rd calculated by the two methods were different with RSDs of 7.06%-9.61%. According to the result of the simulated sample solution， the difference between the calculated results of ES and QAMS was large when the CR between the internal reference（ginsenoside Rg1） and other components was 5 or 10 or even higher. ConclusionThe quantitative error of QAMS will increase when the CR between the quantitative component and the internal reference is too large， so it is suggested that when establishing the QAMS， the components with close concentration to the internal reference should be selected for quantification.
摘要
OBJECTIVE@#Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR, Danggui in Chinese), Cistanches Herba (CH, Roucongrong in Chinese), Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (PG, Renshen in Chinese), and Panacis Quinquefolii Radix (PQ, Xiyangshen in Chinese), widely used as medicine and dietary supplement around the world, are susceptible to fungal and mycotoxin contamination. In this study, we aim to analyze their fungal community by DNA metabarcoding.@*METHODS@#A total of 12 root samples were collected from three main production areas in China. The samples were divided into four groups based on herb species, including ASR, CH, PG, and PQ groups. The fungal community on the surface of four root groups was investigated through DNA metabarcoding via targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2).@*RESULTS@#All the 12 samples were detected with fungal contamination. Rhizopus (13.04%-74.03%), Aspergillus (1.76%-23.92%), and Fusarium (0.26%-15.27%) were the predominant genera. Ten important fungi were identified at the species level, including two potential toxigenic fungi (Penicillium citrinum and P. oxalicum) and eight human pathogenic fungi (Alternaria infectoria, Candida sake, Hyphopichia burtonii, Malassezia globosa, M. restricta, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and Ochroconis tshawytschae). Fungal community in ASR and CH groups was significantly different from other groups, while fungal community in PG and PQ groups was relatively similar.@*CONCLUSION@#DNA metabarcoding revealed the fungal community in four important root herbs. This study provided an important reference for preventing root herbs against fungal and mycotoxin contamination.
摘要
Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（GRR） has the function of replenishing vital energy and can lighten the body and prolong the life when taken for a long time， which is suitable for the development of anti-aging products， so this paper intends to sort out the progress of anti-aging research on GRR. After combing， the results of modern studies have shown that a variety of components in GRR have anti-aging effect， which can prolong the lifespan of aging animal models， as well as delay the aging of various systems. The anti-aging mechanisms mainly include anti-cellular senescence， anti-oxidative stress， inhibiting telomere shortening， maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and so on. The anti-aging ingredients of GRR involved in the researches mainly include ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1， in addition， ginsenoside Rg3， ginsenoside Rd， ginsenoside Rg2， ginsenoside Re， ginsenoside Rb2， oligosaccharides of GRR， polysaccharides of GRR， water extract of GRR， total saponins of Panax ginseng stems and leaves are also included. Therefore， under current background of population aging， the in-depth development of GRR and its transformation into anti-aging products are of great significance for delaying senility and improving the health conditions of aging population.
摘要
Stress and illness connection is complex and involves multiple physiological systems. Panax ginsengs, reputed for their broad-spectrum "cure-all" effect, are widely prescribed to treat stress and related illnesses. However, the identity of ginseng's "cure-all" medicinal compounds that relieve stress remains unresolved. Here, we identify ginsentides as the principal bioactives that coordinate multiple systems to restore homeostasis in response to stress. Ginsentides are disulfide-rich, cell-penetrating and proteolytic-stable microproteins. Using affinity-enrichment mass spectrometry target identification together with in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo validations, we show that highly purified or synthetic ginsentides promote vasorelaxation by producing nitric oxide through endothelial cells via intracellular PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, alleviate α1-adrenergic receptor overactivity by reversing phenylephrine-induced constriction of aorta, decrease monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via CD166/ESAM/CD40 and inhibit P2Y12 receptors to reduce platelet aggregation. Orally administered ginsentides were effective in animal models to reduce ADP-induced platelet aggregation, to prevent collagen and adrenaline-induced pulmonary thrombosis as well as anti-stress behavior of tail suspension and forced swimming tests in mice. Together, these results strongly suggest that ginsentides are the principal panacea compounds of ginsengs because of their ability to target multiple extra- and intra-cellular proteins to reverse stress-induced damages.
摘要
ObjectiveTo analyze the quantity-quality transfer of standard decoction of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（GRR） decoction pieces produced by fresh and traditional cutting， and to provide reference for quality control and application development of the decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting. MethodTen batches of representative GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh and traditional cutting and their standard decoctions were prepared by standard process， and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） fingerprint of the standard decoction was established and performed on an Agilent EC-C18 column（4.6 mm×150 mm， 2.7 μm） with acetonitrile（A）-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution（B） as the mobile phase for gradient elution（0-23 min， 18%-21%A； 23-35 min， 21%-28%A； 35-80 min， 28%-32%A）， and the detection wavelength was 203 nm. Then similarity evaluation， principal component analysis（PCA） and partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） of fingerprint of the standard decoction were performed to screen the differential components with variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1. Quantitative analysis was carried out on the screened known differential components， and combined with the indicators of the dry extract rate and the transfer rate， to explore the differences in the quantity-quality transfer between the standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh and traditional cutting. ResultThe fingerprint similarity of the standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh and traditional cutting was more than 0.950， and 18 common peaks were identified， including 9 identified common peaks. The results of PCA and PLS-DA showed that there were some differences in the contents of index components between the two standard decoctions. The contents of ginsenoside Rg1， Re and Ro in GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting were higher than those in traditional decoction pieces， while the contents of ginsenoside Rb1， Rc ， Rb2 and Rd were lower than those in traditional decoction pieces. The contents of ginsenoside Rg1， Re， Rb1 and Ro in the standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting were higher than those in the standard decoction of traditional decoction pieces， while the contents of ginsenoside Rc ， Rb2 and Rd were comparable between the two standard decoctions. Compared with the standard decoction of the traditional decoction pieces， the average transfer rates of ginsenoside Rg1， Rb1， Rc， Rb2 and dry extract rate of the standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting were significantly increased（P<0.05）， and the average transfer rate of ginsenoside Re and Rd also increased， but the difference was not statistically significant. ConclusionThe dry extract rate， content and transfer rate of index components of standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting are better than those of the standard decoction of traditional decoction pieces， which can provides data support for the subsequent clinical application of fresh cutting products.
摘要
ObjectiveTo analyze the quantity-quality transfer of standard decoction of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（GRR） decoction pieces produced by fresh and traditional cutting， and to provide reference for quality control and application development of the decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting. MethodTen batches of representative GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh and traditional cutting and their standard decoctions were prepared by standard process， and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） fingerprint of the standard decoction was established and performed on an Agilent EC-C18 column（4.6 mm×150 mm， 2.7 μm） with acetonitrile（A）-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution（B） as the mobile phase for gradient elution（0-23 min， 18%-21%A； 23-35 min， 21%-28%A； 35-80 min， 28%-32%A）， and the detection wavelength was 203 nm. Then similarity evaluation， principal component analysis（PCA） and partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） of fingerprint of the standard decoction were performed to screen the differential components with variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1. Quantitative analysis was carried out on the screened known differential components， and combined with the indicators of the dry extract rate and the transfer rate， to explore the differences in the quantity-quality transfer between the standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh and traditional cutting. ResultThe fingerprint similarity of the standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh and traditional cutting was more than 0.950， and 18 common peaks were identified， including 9 identified common peaks. The results of PCA and PLS-DA showed that there were some differences in the contents of index components between the two standard decoctions. The contents of ginsenoside Rg1， Re and Ro in GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting were higher than those in traditional decoction pieces， while the contents of ginsenoside Rb1， Rc ， Rb2 and Rd were lower than those in traditional decoction pieces. The contents of ginsenoside Rg1， Re， Rb1 and Ro in the standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting were higher than those in the standard decoction of traditional decoction pieces， while the contents of ginsenoside Rc ， Rb2 and Rd were comparable between the two standard decoctions. Compared with the standard decoction of the traditional decoction pieces， the average transfer rates of ginsenoside Rg1， Rb1， Rc， Rb2 and dry extract rate of the standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting were significantly increased（P<0.05）， and the average transfer rate of ginsenoside Re and Rd also increased， but the difference was not statistically significant. ConclusionThe dry extract rate， content and transfer rate of index components of standard decoction of GRR decoction pieces produced by fresh cutting are better than those of the standard decoction of traditional decoction pieces， which can provides data support for the subsequent clinical application of fresh cutting products.
摘要
Background: The search for herbal remedies has gained significant attention due to chemical drugs’ potentially harmful side effects. Finding plants that can mitigate these adverse effects is crucial for enhancing the well-being of individuals undergoing chemical drug treatments. Aim: Numerous studies have demonstrated the potent antioxidant properties of ginseng. Azathioprine, a widely used drug, has been shown to induce detrimental side effects on various body tissues. Thus, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of ginseng in reducing the harmful effects of azathioprine on ovarian tissue. Materials and Methods: In this study, mice were divided into groups and injected with ginseng root extract and azathioprine. Ovarian weight and histological analysis were conducted to evaluate the number of ovarian follicles and corpus luteum. Furthermore, the levels of FSH, LH, and progesterone in the blood of the study groups were assessed using ELISA. Results: In treatment group 4 (ginseng extract and azathioprine), compared to treatment group 2 (azathioprine only), a significant increase in the weight of both left and right ovaries was observed. Treatment group 4 also exhibited a notable increase (P<0.05) in the number of primordial, primary, and atretic follicles. The concentration of progesterone significantly increased in treatment group 4 compared to treatment group 2 (p<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that azathioprine can have destructive effects on ovarian tissues, while ginseng extract demonstrates the potential to reduce these detrimental side effects. Furthermore, ginseng extract appears to positively regulate FSH and progesterone hormones.
摘要
Purpose: Sildenafil citrate is widely used drug for the treatment of Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and Ginseng is a natural aphrodisiac reported to benefit this condition. The objective of the present study was to develop orodispersible tablets (ODTs) containing combination of Sildenafil citrate and Ginseng extract to improve the bioavailability, reduce the dosing frequency and thereby maintaining the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Methods: The ODTs were prepared using superdisintegrants such as Croscarmellose sodium (CCS), povidone, and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) at varying concentrations (2%, 4% and 6%) by direct compression. The bitter taste of Sildenafil citrate was masked by Doshion resin. The optimized formulation based on least disintegration time (DT) was chosen to reformulate using sublimating agents such as camphor, menthol or thymol at varying concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%) to further reduce the DT. The compatibility of drug with excipients was investigated and the prepared formulations were evaluated for pre and post-compression parameters. Results: The post-compression parameters such as weight variation, hardness, friability, DT and in-vitro drug release was found within specified limit. The formulation with camphor (2%) had DT of 12 sec and drug release >90% within 5 min hence was considered as optimized formulation. The accelerated stability study and kinetics modelling was performed for optimized formulation. Conclusion: The formulated Sildenafil citrate and Ginseng ODT’s were found to be promising formulation with quicker DT and drug release which will eventually have higher bioavailability and better efficacy along with averting the issues of swallowing and improving patient compliance.
摘要
italic>Fusarium oxysporum widely exists in farmland soil and is one of the main pathogenic fungi of root rot, which seriously affects the growth and development of plants and often causes serious losses of cash crops. In order to screen out natural compounds that inhibit the activity of Fusarium oxysporum more economically and efficiently, random forest, support vector machine and artificial neural network based on machine learning algorithms were constructed using the information of known inhibitory compounds in ChEMBL database in this study. And the antibacterial activity of the screened drugs was verified thereafter. The results showed that the prediction accuracy of the three models reached 77.58%, 83.03% and 81.21%, respectively. Based on the inhibition experiment, the best inhibition effect (MIC = 0.312 5 mg·mL-1) of ononin was verified. The virtual screening method proposed in this study provides ideas for the development and creation of new pesticides derived from natural products, and the screened ononin is expected to be a potential lead compound for the development of novel inhibitors of Fusarium oxysporum.
摘要
The aim of this paper is to explore the key anti-fatigue active components in the saponin-like composition of American ginseng. The anti-fatigue activity of western ginseng samples was evaluated using a zebrafish model; metabolomics techniques were used to identify the main saponins in western ginseng from different origins; the active substances and relevant targets of the anti-fatigue effect of western ginseng were initially screened by constructing a PPI protein interaction network between western ginseng saponins and disease targets, and the key active ingredients were screened using a molecular docking method; finally, the anti-fatigue activity of the key active ingredients was evaluated using a zebrafish, animal experiment was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences (SYXK20220005). The anti-fatigue activity of the key active ingredients was evaluated using a zebrafish model. The results of the zebrafish activity evaluation showed that there were significant differences in the activities of the western ginseng samples from the two origins, and a total of 10 different saponins were identified as possibly related to the anti-fatigue activity after further metabolomic testing and pattern discrimination. The core anti-fatigue targets were screened with the help of component-disease target PPI, combined with pharmacophore-like parameters and molecular docking techniques, and pseudoginsenoside F11 was found to have good binding activity to five of the targets. Finally, the zebrafish model revealed that pseudoginsenoside F11 exhibited significant anti-fatigue activity. This study used metabolomics and zebrafish model to screen the key active substances of pseudoginsenoside F11 for its anti-fatigue activity, which will provide a reference for further research on the anti-fatigue of pseudoginsenosides.
摘要
Dao-di medicinal materials produced in a specific environment always present excellent appearance and high quality. Because of the unique appearance, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is regarded as a paradigm in the research on excellent appearance. This paper systematically summarized the research progress in the genetic and environmental factors influencing the formation of the excellent appearance of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, aiming to provide reference for the quality improvement of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and the scientific connotation of Dao-di Chinese medicinal materials. The Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma with high quality generally has a robust and long rhizome, a large angle between branch roots, and the simultaneous presence of a robust basal part of rhizome, adventitious roots, rhizome bark with circular wrinkles, and fibrous roots with pearl points. The cultivated and wild Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma have significant differences in the appearance and no significant difference in the population genetic diversity. The differences in the appearance are associated with cell wall modification, transcriptional regulation of genes involved in plant hormone transduction, DNA methylation, and miRNA regulation. The rhizosphere soil microorganisms including Fusarium and Alternaria, as well as the endophytes Trichoderma hamatum and Nectria haematococca, may be the key microorganisms affecting the growth and development of Panax ginseng. Cultivation mode, variety, and root exudates may be the main factors influencing the stability of rhizosphere microbial community. Ginsenosides may be involved in the formation of the excellent appearance. However, most of the available studies focus on the partial or single factors in the formation of Dao-di medicinal materials, ignoring the relationship within the complex ecosystems, which limits the research on the formation mechanism of Dao-di medicinal materials. In the future, the experimental models for the research involving genetic and environmental factors should be established and mutant materials should be developed to clarify the internal relationship between factors and provide scientific support for the research on Dao-di medicinal materials.
Subject(s)
Alternaria , Microbiota , Panax/genetics , Rhizome摘要
This study aimed to establish the baseline sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea from Panax ginseng to prochloraz, and ensure the fitness of prochloraz-resistant mutants and the cross-resistance of B. cinerea to prochloraz and commonly used fungicides for the prevention and control of gray mold including boscalid, pyraclostrobin, iprodione, and pyrimethanil. The sensitivity of B. cinerea from P. ginseng to fungicides was determined by the mycelial growth rate method. The prochloraz-resistant mutants were screened out through fungicide domestication and ultraviolet(UV) induction. The fitness of resistant mutants was determined through the stability of subculture, mycelial growth rate, and pathogenicity test. The cross-resistance between prochloraz and the four fungicides was determined by Person correlation analysis. The results showed that all B. cinerea strains tested were sensitive to prochloraz, and the EC_(50) value ranged from 0.004 8 to 0.062 9 μg·mL~(-1), with an average of 0.022 μg·mL~(-1). The sensitivity frequency distribution diagram showed that 89 B. cinerea strains were located within the main peak with a continuous single peak curve, and the average EC_(50) value of 0.018 μg·mL~(-1) was taken as the baseline sensitivity of B. cinerea to prochloraz. The fungicide domestication and UV induction obtained 6 resistant mutants, among which 2 strains were unstable and the other 2 strains showed decreased resistance after multiple generations of culture. Furthermore, the mycelial growth rate and spore yield of all resistant mutants were lower than those of their parents, and the pathogenicity of most mutants was lower than that of their parents. In addition, prochloraz had no obvious cross-resistance with boscalid, pyraclostrobin, iprodione, and pyrimethanil. In conclusion, prochloraz has great potential for controlling gray mold in P. ginseng, and the resistance risk of B. cinerea to prochloraz is low.
Subject(s)
Humans , Panax , Fungicides, Industrial摘要
This study used bioinformatics analysis to screen out key genes involved in the transformation of idiopathic membranous nephropathy to end-stage renal disease and to predict targeted Chinese herbs and medicines and active ingredients with preventive and curative effects. The GSE108113 microarray of idiopathic membranous nephropathy and GSE37171 microarray of were downloaded from the comprehensive gene expression database, and 8 homozygous differentially expressed genes for the transformation of idiopathic membranous nephropathy into end-stage renal disease of were screened out by R software. GraphPad Prism was used to verify the expression of homozygous differentially expressed genes in GSE115857 microarray of idiopathic membranous nephropathy and GSE66494 microarray of chronic kidney disease, and 7 key genes(FOS, OGT, CLK1, TIA1, TTC14, CHORDC1, and ANKRD36B) were finally obtained. The Gene Ontology(GO) analysis was performed. There were 209 functions of encoded proteins, mainly involved in regulation of RNA splicing, cytoplasmic stress granule, poly(A) binding, etc. Thirteen traditional Chinese medicines with the effect of preventing the transformation of idiopathic membranous nephropathy to end-stage renal disease were screened out from Coremine Medical database, including Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Lycopi Herba, and Gardeniae Fructus, which were included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition). The active ingredient quercetin mined from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP) had ability to dock with the key gene FOS-encoded protein molecule, which provided targets and research ideas for the development of new traditional Chinese medicines.
Subject(s)
Humans , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Glomerulonephritis, Membranous , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Computational Biology摘要
Complicated chemical reactions occur in the decoction of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) which features complex components, influencing the safety, efficacy, and quality controllability of TCMs. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the chemical reaction mechanism of TCMs in the decoction. This study summarized eight typical chemical reactions in the decoction of TCMs, such as substitution reaction, redox reaction, isomerization/stereoselective reaction, complexation, and supramolecular reaction. With the "toxicity attenuation and efficiency enhancement" of aconitines and other examples, this study reviewed the reactions in decoction of TCMs, which was expected to clarify the variation mechanisms of key chemical components in this process and to help guide medicine preparation and safe and rational use of medicine in clinical settings. The current main research methods for chemical reaction mechanisms of decoction of TCMs were also summed up and compared. The novel real-time analysis device of decoction system for TCMs was found to be efficient and simple without the pre-treatment of samples. This device provides a promising solution, which has great potential in quantity evaluation and control of TCMs. Moreover, it is expected to become a foundational and exemplary research tool, which can advance the research in this field.
Subject(s)
Medicine , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Research Design摘要
This study aimed to investigate the biological effects and underlying mechanisms of the total ginsenosides from Panax ginseng stems and leaves on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI) in mice. Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, the total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves normal administration group(61.65 mg·kg~(-1)), and low-, medium-, and high-dose total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves groups(15.412 5, 30.825, and 61.65 mg·kg~(-1)). Mice were administered for seven continuous days before modeling. Twenty-four hours after modeling, mice were sacrificed to obtain lung tissues and calculate lung wet/dry ratio. The number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) was detected. The levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6(IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in BALF were detected. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the levels of myeloperoxidase(MPO), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and malondialdehyde(MDA) in lung tissues were determined. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. The gut microbiota was detected by 16S rRNA sequencing, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was applied to detect the content of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) in se-rum. The results showed that the total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves could reduce lung index, lung wet/dry ratio, and lung damage in LPS-induced ALI mice, decrease the number of inflammatory cells and levels of inflammatory factors in BALF, inhibit the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors and levels of MPO and MDA in lung tissues, and potentiate the activity of GSH-Px and SOD in lung tissues. Furthermore, they could also reverse the gut microbiota disorder, restore the diversity of gut microbiota, increase the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae, decrease the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, and enhance the content of SCFAs(acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) in serum. This study suggested that the total ginsenosides from P. ginseng stems and leaves could improve lung edema, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in ALI mice by regulating gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism.
Subject(s)
Mice , Male , Animals , Ginsenosides/pharmacology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Interleukin-6 , Panax/genetics , Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Acute Lung Injury/genetics , Lung/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Plant Leaves/metabolism , RNA, Messenger摘要
ObjectiveTo establish the specific chromatogram and thin layer chromatography（TLC） identification method of Kaixinsan（KXS） samples， in order to clarify the key quality attributes and provide reference for the quality evaluation of KXS. MethodHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） specific chromatogram of KXS was developed with YMC Hydrosphere C18 column（4.6 mm×250 mm， 5 μm）， the mobile phase was acetonitrile（A）-0.2% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution（0-15 min， 2%-20%A； 15-25 min， 20%-25%A； 25-30 min， 25%-30%A； 30-45 min， 30%-31%A； 45-50 min， 31%-44%A； 50-65 min， 44%-45%A； 65-73 min， 45%-75%A； 73-95 min， 75%-100%A； 95-105 min， 100%A； 105-105.1 min， 100%-2%A； 105.1-120 min， 2%A）， the detection wavelength was 320 nm. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap-electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry（UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS） was used to identify the chemical components of KXS with electrospray ionization（ESI）， negative ion mode and scanning range of m/z 50-2 000. TLC identification methods for Poria and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma in KXS were established. ResultThere were 11 common peaks in the specific chromatogram of KXS， attributed to Polygalae Radix， Poria and Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma. Taking peak 9（α-asarone） as the reference peak， the relative standard deviations of the retention times of 15 batches of KXS samples were<0.2%. A total of 34 compounds were identified by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS， including terpenoids， phenylpropanoids， oligosaccharides and ketones. The established TLC had good separation and was rapid， reliable， simple， feasible， suitable for the identification of Poria and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma in KXS. ConclusionThe specific chromatogram and TLC of KXS are stable and reproducible. The material basis of KXS is basically clarified by MS， which can provide a reference for the development and quality control of KXS.
摘要
Objective:To investigate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Poria and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma for the treatment of ulcerative colitis based on the network pharmacology and molecular docking methods.Methods:TCMSP database was applied to get the active components of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Poria and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, and SwissTargetPrediction database was applied to predict their targets; OMIM, DrugBank, TTD, PharmGKB and GeneCards databases were used to obtain the disease targets of ulcerative colitis; Venn Diagram website was used to draw the venn diagrams of drug-disease intersecting targets; drug-component-target network diagrams were created in Cytoscape 3.8.2, and the targets and active components with high correlation in the network were analyzed; protein interaction networks of intersecting targets were constructed using the String platform, and the NetworkAnalyzer plug-in in Cytoscape 3.8.2 was applied to Topology analysis and screening of core targets were performed using the Metascape platform; GO and KEGG analysis were performed using the Metascape platform; molecular docking validation was performed using vina inside pyrx software.Results:A total of 14 active components of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Poria and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma were screened, and the core components were kaempferol, stigmasterol, hederagenin, α-amyrin; 148 drug targets, 1 307 disease targets and 50 drug-disease intersection targets were obtained; there were 23 core points such as ESR1, PTPN2, PIK3R1, SRC, EGFR, and AKT1. The results of GO analysis indicated that the targets were mainly located in the cell membrane region and were involved in the regulation of biological functions such as monooxygenase and oxidoreductase activities, as well as the regulation of hormones and lipids, etc. The results of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the main enrichment pathways were PI3K-Akt, JAK-STAT and MAPK signaling pathways. The molecular docking results showed that the main components, kaempferol and serpentine, could bind stably to several core targets such as PIK3R1 and ESR1. Relevant literature has verified the pharmacological action of each core component.Conclusions:Kaempferol, hederagenin and α-amyrin are the active components of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Poria and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma. They play therapeutic roles in improving immune dysregulation, reducing inflammatory response, inhibiting epithelial cell apoptosis and repairing mucosal damage by regulating targets such as PIK3R1, PTPN2 and ESR1, and modulating PI3K-Akt pathway, JAK-STAT pathway and MAPK pathway.
摘要
Objective:To compare and analyze rhizome and main root of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (GRR); To provide the basis of whether removing the rhizome of Ginseng (RG) when processing by checking whole consistency of chromatographic fingerprints from rhizome and main root of GRR.Methods:The chromatographic consistency of different parts of GRR samples was compared using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC); HPLC was used to determine the fingerprint of different parts of GRR, and combining it with the reference substance for common peak identification and similarity analysis; differences were analyzed using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).Results:In the HPTLC spectrum, the characteristic spectra of rhizome and main root of GRR and whole GRR were similar, and there was a clear total of 7-9 spots. HPLC fingerprints of RRR presented 13 common peaks, and identified 6 peaks, including ginsenoside Rg1&Re (mixed), Rf, Rb1, Rc, Ro and Rd; the similarity of all samples ranged from 0.842 to 0.993; the differences in peak areas comprehensively contributed to the similarity differences between samples, with head being the main influence; ginsenoside Ro, Rb1 and other six components were differential markers, and the relative content in the head of GRR is significantly higher than that in the main root. Conlusions The analysis of differential profiling of chemical constituents showed that the chemical substances are almost the same between the head and the main root. The processing of GRR to remove head will result in the loss of ginsenosides, the overall effective component of GRR. Considering the human and resource costs, it was suggested that the whole root of GRR, instead of removing its rhizome, could be used in classical and traditional prescriptions.