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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of high-fidelity simulation of pediatric emergencies compared to case-based discussion on the development of self-confidence, theoretical knowledge, clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students. Methods: 33 medical students were allocated to two teaching methods: high-fidelity simulation (HFS, n = 18) or case-based discussion (CBD, n = 15). Self-confidence and knowledge tests were applied before and after the interventions and the effect of HFS on both outcomes was estimated with mixed-effect models. An Objective Structured Clinical Examination activity was conducted after the interventions, while two independent raters used specific simulation checklists to assess clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership. The effect of HFS on these outcomes was estimated with linear and logistic regressions. The effect size was estimated with the Hedge'sg. Results: Both groups had an increase in self-confidence (HFS 59.1 × 93.6, p < 0.001; CDB 50.5 × 88.2, p < 0.001) and knowledge scores over time (HFS 45.1 × 63.2, p = 0.001; CDB 43.5 × 56.7, p-value < 0.01), but no difference was observed between groups (group*time effect in the mixed effect models adjusted for the student ranking) for both tests (p = 0.6565 and p = 0.3331, respectively). The simulation checklist scores of the HFS group were higher than those of the CBD group, with large effect sizes in all domains (Hedges g 1.15 to 2.20). Conclusion: HFS performed better than CBD in developing clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students in pediatric emergency care, but no significant difference was observed in self-confidence and theoretical knowledge.
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Introducción. Anudar es una de las habilidades quirúrgicas esenciales y de su correcta ejecución dependen procesos de vital importancia. La adquisición de estas competencias requiere trabajo motor, entornos amigables y realistas. Una estrategia para facilitar el aprendizaje de la técnica de anudado es generar instrumentos de simulación accesibles. Métodos. Se presenta un simulador de nudos quirúrgicos, construido con materiales de bajo costo y asequibles para la población en general, con un presupuesto de aproximadamente $5.000 COP (US$ 1,23). Resultados. Se desarrolló un simulador de nudos quirúrgicos que, al fijarse a la extremidad inferior desde una posición sentada, proporciona una superficie estable para llevar a cabo la práctica de anudado de manera efectiva. Conclusión. La cirugía moderna considera la seguridad del paciente como la principal prioridad, por lo que ya no es apropiado adoptar un método de formación de "ver uno, hacer uno, enseñar uno". Es la práctica constante mediante simuladores, el método más adecuado. Este trabajo presenta una alternativa de aprendizaje ininterrumpido de las técnicas quirúrgicas relacionadas con los nudos.
Introduction. Knotting is one of the essential surgical skills and vitally important processes that depends on its correct execution. The acquisition of these skills requires motor work, friendly and realistic environments. A strategy to facilitate learning the knotting technique is to generate accessible simulation instruments. Methods. A surgical knot simulator is presented, built with low-budget materials and affordable for the general population, with a budget of approximately $5,000 COP (US$ 1.23). Results. A surgical knot simulator has been developed in a way that, when attached to the thigh of a lower extremity from a seated position, provides a stable surface to effectively perform knot tying practice. Conclusion. Modern surgery considers patient safety as the top priority, so it is no longer appropriate to adopt a "see one, do one, teach one" training method. Constant practice using simulators is the most appropriate method. This work presents an alternative for uninterrupted learning of surgical techniques related to knots.
Subject(s)
Humans , General Surgery , Teaching Materials , Simulation Exercise , Low Cost Technology , Education, Medical, Graduate , Education, Medical, Undergraduate摘要
Objetivo: Analizar la concordancia entre docentes de diferentes cátedras de Endodoncia de facultades de odontolo- gía de universidades de la República Argentina en la evalua- ción radiográfica de tratamientos endodónticos realizados ex vivo por alumnos de grado. Materiales y métodos: Se envió a 13 docentes de diferentes cátedras de Endodoncia de facultades de odontolo- gía de universidades públicas y privadas de la República Ar- gentina un email que contenía 54 tratamientos endodónticos realizados por alumnos de grado en dientes ex vivo para su evaluación radiográfica. Para uniformar la muestra, se selec- cionaron la mitad como correctos y la otra mitad incorrectos. Se solicitó a cada docente que determine cada tratamiento como correcto o incorrecto, sin ninguna rúbrica o pauta pre- via. Se obtuvieron 13 respuestas que fueron incluidas en una planilla Excel. La evaluación estadística fue realizada tenien- do en consideración el índice de concordancia expresado por el coeficiente de kappa. Resultados: El valor registrado para el índice kappa fue 0,28, con un intervalo de confianza de (95%) 0,20 - 0,37 (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Puede considerarse que existe un nivel de concordancia aceptable con tendencia a leve entre los par- ticipantes del estudio (AU))
Aim: To analize the agreement between teachers from different departments of Endodontics from dentistry faculties of universities in the Argentine Republic in the radiographic evaluation of endodontic treatments performed ex vivo by un- dergraduate students. Materials and methods: An email containing 54 endo- dontic treatments performed by undergraduate students on ex vivo teeth for radiographic evaluation was sent to 13 profes- sors from different Endodontic departments of dental faculties of public and private universities in the Argentine Republic. To standardize the sample, half were selected as correct and the other half as incorrect. Each teacher was asked to deter- mine each treatment as correct or incorrect, without any prior rubric or guideline. 13 responses were obtained that were in- cluded in an Excel spreadsheet. The statistical evaluation was carried out taking into consideration the concordance index expressed by kappa's coefficient. Results: The value recorded for the kappa index was 0.28, with a confidence interval of (95%) 0.20 - 0.37 (p<0.001). Conclusions: It can be considered that there is an ac- ceptable level of agreement with a tendency towards slight agreement among the study participants (AU)
Subject(s)
Root Canal Therapy/statistics & numerical data , Schools, Dental/statistics & numerical data , Students, Dental , Tooth, Nonvital/diagnostic imaging , Endodontics/education , Argentina/epidemiology , Data Interpretation, Statistical摘要
Fundamento: el proyecto de vida profesional constituye una formación psicológica compleja que debe ser desarrollada y evaluada durante las acciones que se realizan en los procesos sustantivos universitarios: formación, investigación y extensión universitaria. Objetivo: validar la efectividad del procedimiento para la formación del proyecto de vida profesional en estudiantes de Medicina. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cuantitativa de tipo preexperimental en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Mariana Grajales Coello, desde enero de 2021 hasta diciembre del 2022. Se utilizaron como métodos teóricos el analítico sintético, inductivo-deductivo y la modelación. Los métodos empíricos aplicados fueron el cuestionario a expertos, la observación y el instrumento "Exploración del proyecto de vida profesional". La investigación se llevó a efecto en tres etapas para la presentación, la valoración y la evaluación del procedimiento. Resultados: se aportó un procedimiento para la formación del proyecto de vida profesional en estudiantes de la carrera Medicina a implementarse durante los procesos sustantivos universitarios. El criterio de expertos permitió evaluar el procedimiento como bastante adecuado. El preexperimento mostró su efectividad para alcanzar el objetivo. Conclusiones: existen insuficiencias en el tratamiento del proyecto de vida profesional durante la formación inicial. La validación del procedimiento fue aceptada por los expertos porque contribuye a la calidad del proceso pedagógico en la carrera Medicina.
Foundation: the professional life project constitutes a complex psychological training that must be developed and evaluated during the actions carried out in the substantive university processes: training, research and university extension. Objective: validate the formation procedure effectiveness for the professional life project in medical students. Methods: a pre-experimental quantitative research was carried out at the Holguín Medical Sciences University, Mariana Grajales Coello Medical Sciences Faculty, from January 2021 to December 2022. Synthetic analytical, inductive-deductive and analytical methods were used as theoretical methodsand modeling. The empirical methods applied were the expert questionnaire, observation and the Exploration of the professional life project instrument. The research was carried out in three stages for the presentation, assessment and evaluation of the procedure. Results: a procedure was provided for the professional life project formation in Medicine students to be implemented during the substantive university processes. Expert judgment allowed the procedure to be evaluated as quite adequate. The pre-experiment showed its effectiveness in achieving the objective. Conclusions: there are insufficiencies in the treatment of the professional life project during initial training. The validation of the procedure was accepted by the experts because it contributes to the pedagogical process quality in the Medicine career.
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Objective To reform the teaching content of acupuncture and moxibustion for undergraduate of Nursing College and to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching reform,so to provide constructive information for optimizing the curriculum.Methods To revise the teaching content of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)acu-puncture course based on the results of previous questionnaires,including reducing boring theoretical knowledge,increasing commonly used acupuncture techniques and clinical case analysis,organizing all undergraduates atten-ding the TCM teaching in the Nursing College of Peking Union Medical College to fill out the"Acupuncture Course Content Questionnaire"in 2023.The content covers four aspects:students'basic cognition of acupuncture and moxibustion before the course,students' learning feedback,students'learning effectiveness after the course and students' suggestions for further optimization of acupuncture and moxibustion course.Results Totally 149 students participated in the questionnaire survey and 73.15%of them were interested in the acupuncture course.There were 62.42%of the students thought that the most difficult part of the course was the"Acupuncture Points",and 71.81%of them complained the most constraining factor to the learning effectiveness was the diffi-culty of memorizing the meridians and acupoints.The most interesting part of the course was"Overview of Acu-puncture Treatment and Acupuncture Treatment of Common Diseases",which accounted for 44.3%of the students.Through the study,88.59%of the students were willing to recommend acupuncture treatment to pa-tients with indications.Students' suggestions for improvement of the acupuncture course was increase of classroom practice or learning by observation of operation videos.Conclusions The reformed acupuncture course highlights the practicability,improves the learning interest and subjective initiative,but the training of practice skill still needs to be strengthened.
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Background@#The global pandemic caused by COVID-19, the subsequent improvement in health situation caused by anti- COVID-19 vaccination and the developments in digital technology prompted changes in undergraduate medical education as to content delivery and assessment. This study determined the difference in the performance of first year medical students in traditional face-to face, online and Hyflex teaching strategy.@*Methods@#A non-concurrent cohort study was done to determine the performance of students in three annual subjects in Year 1 undergraduate medical education for school years 2018 to 2023. One-way ANOVA at p=0.001 determined significance of differences of variables.@*Results@#There was no difference in the profile of students as to their sex, pre-medicine course and scores in the National Medical Admission Test (NMAT). The performance in the written examinations in Anatomy and Physiology showed significant difference (p=0.001) when the conduct of examinations was shifted online on an emergency basis. There was no difference (p=0.001) in performance in the laboratory conference sessions in Physiology, as compared to the focused group discussion sessions in Biochemistry and practical examinations in Anatomy.@*Conclusion@#Significant difference in the performance of first year medical students was observed only during the emergency shift to online examinations, otherwise the performance was similar in traditional face-to face, online and Hyflex teaching strategy.
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A live animal training program is offered to medical students seeking more advanced surgical education. This program requires active participation in all aspects, from planning to implementation. The program provides medical students with a valuable opportunity to develop their interest in surgical care and to acquire advanced surgical techniques through a step-by-step approach. Additionally, they have the chance to develop various types of non-technical skills by assuming different roles within a team. Instructors offer support for their learning. Peer learning allows medical students to learn from and discuss with each other, enabling them to acquire a broad range of knowledge and skills. Simultaneously, students are expected to understand the importance of a team approach by participating in this program from the perspectives of various medical professions. Moreover, the program contributes to the formation of their professional identity.
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OBJECTIVE To provide a reference for the improvement of the clinical pharmacy undergraduate internship education in China. METHODS The status of clinical pharmacy undergraduate internship education in China was briefly summarized， and suggestions on its future development based on advanced methods of domestic and abroad were provided. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS In China， undergraduate students of clinical pharmacy were required to undergo hospital internships for no less than 42 weeks. The internship took place in both pharmacy and clinical departments in hospitals. Students’ performance was usually assessed at the end of the internship. The mainstream teaching patterns included on-site teaching， simulation teaching， case-based discussion teaching， medical and pharmaceutical joint teaching， team-based teaching， academic exchange， and so on. The form of assessment had also shifted from final evaluations to more dynamic formats. The clinical pharmacy undergraduate internship education in China can adopt teaching models such as the layered teaching approach， establish pre-internship assessment or training， and encourage interns to participate in social pharmacy practice and directly interact with patients， etc.， so as to improve the effect of internship.
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Objective To develop an undergraduate curriculum for nursing engineering hence to provide a reference for establishing an innovative thinking of nursing undergraduates and cultivating innovative talents with interdisciplinary knowledge in nursing and engineering.Methods Based on literatures review,the primary undergraduate curriculum for nursing engineering was drafted through the expert focus method.With the Delphi method,20 experts were engaged in two rounds of correspondence consultation to finalise the curriculum.Results The response rate from two rounds of expert consultation was 100.00%,with an expert authority coefficient of 0.855.Of the first and second round of consultations,the coefficient of variation of each item was 0.09-0.28 and 0.08-0.24,respectively,and the Kendall coordination coefficient was 0.130-0.210 and 0.152-0.350,respectively(all P<0.01).The average importance of each item for the first round of consultation was 3.45 to 4.68,with a standard deviation from 0.51 to 1.14,and it was 3.80 to 4.85 for the second round with a standard deviation from 0.37 to 0.99.Finally,the undergraduate curriculum for nursing engineering was finalised.It included 4 primary indicators,10 secondary indicators and 38 tertiary indicators.Conclusions The developed undergraduate curriculum for nursing engineering meets the requirement of clinical medicine and development in nursing science.The curriculum is authoritative and scientific,therefore it can provide a reference for the training of innovative talents with interdisciplinary knowledge of nursing and engineering in China.
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Comprehensive improvement in course teaching quality is an important link in deepening the reform of undergraduate education and teaching. Since 2018, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, has implemented the collective lesson preparation system of "two meetings, seven decisions, and three preparation sessions" for undergraduate clinical courses, thereby effectively implementing subject cooperation, organizational guidance, and resource integration among clinical teachers and determining the key elements of the course through "teaching, learning, and exam preparations" before class. In the process of course operation, the concept of quality control based on plan-do-check-act cycle is deeply integrated with the collective lesson preparation system, and active implementation of the whole-process quality control loop of planning (plan), organization and implementation (do), inspection of results (check), and treatment and improvement (action) has effectively improved the teaching quality of undergraduate clinical courses.
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Objective:To construct a set of scientific, oriented, and feasible teaching evaluation indices for undergraduate clinical medicine teaching that are suitable for the development and needs of clinical teaching.Methods:A preliminary index system was established based on literature search, semi-structured interview, and group discussion, and then a consultation questionnaire was compiled to conduct two rounds of consultation with 25 Chinese experts. SPSS 27.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:The questionnaire recovery rate was 100.0% for both rounds of consultation, indicating the highly active participation of experts. The authority coefficient of experts was >0.84, indicating a high degree of reliability. The coefficient of variation was 0-0.22 for each index, and the coordination coefficient of the second round was higher than that of the first round ( P<0.001), indicating a relatively high degree of coordination of expert opinions and relatively credible results of the consistency of expert opinions. Finally a set of quality assessment indices were developed for theoretical lectures, clinical teaching, and online theoretical courses for undergraduate medical students, including 6-7 primary indices and 12-14 secondary indices. Conclusions:Through the scientific and standardized application of the Delphi method, a set of comprehensive undergraduate teaching evaluation indices with clinical characteristics have been developed, which can adapt to the development of the new era, improve the quality of teaching, and promote the development of medical talents.
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Objective:To explore the factors influencing the supportive communication ability of medical undergraduates, and to propose strategies to improve supportive communication.Methods:By cluster sampling, we selected 388 medical undergraduates of grades 2017 and 2018 from Harbin Medical University for a questionnaire survey on supportive communication, general self-efficacy, and health education abilities. SPSS 22.0 was used for descriptive statistical analysis. AMOS 22.0 was used to construct a structural equation model to verify the relationship between the three variables. Mediating effects were also tested.Results:The students showed good supportive communication ability, with a total score of (74.28±10.84) points. The general self-efficacy score was (27.81±5.58) points, and the total score of health education ability was (25.50±4.76) points. General self-efficacy had direct positive effects on supportive communication and health education abilities ( β=0.75, 0.31, both P<0.001). Health education ability had a direct positive effect on supportive communication ability ( β=0.14, P<0.001). Health education ability played a significant mediating role in the influence of general self-efficacy on supportive communication ability (standardized mediating effect value=0.042, P<0.01), with the mediating effect accounting for 5.1%. Conclusions:The health education competency of medical undergraduates can mediate the effect of general self-efficacy on supportive communication ability. By strengthening medical humanities education to increase general self-efficacy and also emphasizing the cultivation of health education competency, the supportive communication ability of students can be improved.
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Chongqing Medical University attaches great importance to innovation ability training in undergraduates and cultivates the innovation ability of students by strengthening the combination of basic medical theory and practice. In recent years, "Dachuang Project", "Dachuang Platform", and excellent medical undergraduate tutorial research projects have helped to deepen the innovation ability training in medical undergraduates and make good achievements in the publication of scientific research articles, various scientific competitions, and patent applications. However, there are several problems in cultivating the innovation ability of medical undergraduates, such as the weak medical background knowledge of junior students, the single professional of tutors, and the lack of platform instruments and equipment, and therefore, it is necessary to reform innovation ability training in medical undergraduates. On this basis, the research group proposes targeted improvement countermeasures from the three aspects of students, supervisors, and management mechanism after extensive investigation and research, in order to provide new clues for deepening the reform of innovation ability training in medical undergraduates.
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Resumo: Este estudo pretende identificar a percepção de estudantes de uma mesma instituição de ensino superior da área da saúde sobre dificuldades acadêmicas e não acadêmicas, estratégias de coping e identificar a presença de estresse. Foi um estudo transversal utilizando abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, desenvolvido por meio de questionário estruturado e inventários psicométricos validados ( COPE Breve; inventário de sintomas de estresse ISLL ). Adicionalmente, foram realizadas entrevistas para ampliar a compreensão dos resultados dos instrumentos quantitativos. Na etapa quantitativa, participaram 162 estudantes dos cursos de graduação em Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia, Medicina, Nutrição e Terapia Ocupacional. Destes, 60 participaram de entrevista qualitativa. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística univariada e análise multivariada por regressão logística. Os estudantes relataram encontrar grande número de dificuldades e utilizar variadas estratégias de coping . A análise estatística univariada demonstrou que não houve diferenças importantes entre cursos e etapas quanto ao número de dificuldades e estratégias utilizadas. A presença de estresse foi identificada em proporções entre 45% e 100% dos estudantes, conforme o curso e a etapa considerada, sem diferenças significativas entre eles. A análise multivariada identificou cinco variáveis independentes como determinantes de estresse: sexo feminino, renda familiar, número de dificuldades acadêmicas/não acadêmicas e número de estratégias de coping voltadas à "emoção" presentes. Esta análise também mostrou que o estresse patológico está relacionado a somente uma variável: o número de dificuldades não acadêmicas. Estes achados reforçam a necessidade de manter ações institucionais de assistência social e apoio psicológico, favorecendo assim um planejamento efetivo de medidas de promoção da saúde mental dos estudantes.
Abstract: This study aimed to find undergraduate students' perceptions about academic and non-academic difficulties and coping strategies and determining the occurrence of stress among them. This was a cross-sectional study using quantitative and qualitative approaches to evaluate students from different health professions in a single institution. Physical therapy, speech therapy, medicine, nutrition, and occupational therapy program students (N=162) answered a structured questionnaire and two validated psychometric inventories (COPE Brief scale and the ISS stress symptoms inventory). Additionally, 60 students underwent a semi-structured interview to better understand the results from the quantitative instruments. Quantitative data underwent univariate analysis to test differences between proportions and stepwise multiple regression analysis to identify the independent determinants of stress. Students reported a large number of academic and non-academic difficulties and a variety of coping strategies. Univariate statistical analysis showed no significant differences between courses and stages regarding the number of difficulties and coping strategies. A large proportion of students showed stress, ranging from 45% to 100%, depending on the course and stage, with no significant differences between them. Multivariate statistical analysis found five independent variables as stress determinants: female gender, low family income, number of academic and non-academic difficulties, and number of emotion-focused coping strategies. This analysis also showed that pathological stress is related to only one variable: the number of non-academic difficulties. These findings reinforce the importance of maintaining institutional actions for student social assistance and psychological support. Results also provide meaningful data for adequately planning more effective measures to promote students' mental health.
Resumen: Este estudio pretende identificar la percepción de los estudiantes del sector salud sobre las dificultades académicas y no académicas, las estrategias de coping y la presencia de estrés. Este estudio transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, utilizó cuestionarios estructurados e inventarios psicométricos validados (escala Brief COPE; inventario de sintomatología de estrés ISE ); además de entrevistas para ampliar la comprensión de los resultados de los instrumentos cuantitativos. En la etapa cuantitativa participaron 162 estudiantes de los cursos de grado en Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiología, Medicina, Nutrición y Terapia Ocupacional. De estos, 60 participaron en la entrevista cualitativa. Los resultados se sometieron a análisis estadístico univaria nte, para distinguir los grupos y asociaciones entre variables, y a análisis multivariado por regresión logística para identificar variables independientes que determinan el estrés. Los estudiantes reportaron enfrentar muchas dificultades académicas y no académicas, y utilizaban diferentes estrategias de coping. El análisis estadístico univariante no obtuvo diferencias significativas entre cursos y etapas respecto al número de dificultades y estrategias utilizadas. Un 45% y 100% de los estudiantes experimentaron estrés según el curso y la etapa considerada, sin diferencias significativas entre ellos. Se encontraron cinco variables independientes como factores de estrés: sexo femenino, renta familiar, número de dificultades académicas/no académicas y número de estrategias de coping orientadas a la "emoción". El estrés patológico estuvo relacionado solo a la variable número de dificultades no académicas. Se necesita mantener acciones institucionales de asistencia social y apoyo psicológico para favorecer una planificación efectiva de medidas de promoción de salud mental de los estudiantes.
摘要
RESUMO: Objetivo: analisar a abordagem dos conteúdos relacionados ao empreendedorismo nas dimensões ético-políticas em documentos curriculares dos cursos de graduação em Enfermagem. Método: pesquisa documental, com abordagem mista e natureza descritiva, de junho de 2021 a agosto de 2022, com verificação no site do Ministério da Educação, das instituições que ofertam cursos em Enfermagem na região Nordeste do Brasil. Avaliação de conteúdo e quantitativa pelo teste-T. Resultados: a maioria das IES oferecia cursos presenciais (94,1%) e pertencia a instituições privadas (64,7%). As disciplinas abordavam principalmente temas teóricos (94,1%), destacando a importância do empreendedorismo na formação de enfermeiros. A análise lexicográfica e de similitude destacou a forte ligação entre as palavras "Empreendedor" e "Saúde", evidenciando a relevância desses conceitos na formação dos enfermeiros. Conclusão: os documentos curriculares destacam a importância de formar enfermeiros em seu papel profissional e empreendedor com competência, levando em consideração os princípios da Bioética, Moral, Ciência e Filosofia.
ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the approach to content related to entrepreneurship in the ethical-political dimensions in curricular documents of undergraduate nursing courses. Method: documentary research, with a mixed approach and descriptive nature, from June 2021 to August 2022, with inspection of the Ministry of Education's website, of the institutions offering Nursing courses in the Northeast region of Brazil. Content and quantitative evaluation using the T-test. Results: the majority of HEIs offered face-to-face courses (94.1%) and belonged to private institutions (64.7%). The subjects mainly covered theoretical topics (94.1%), highlighting the importance of entrepreneurship in the training of nurses. The lexicographic and similarity analysis highlighted the strong link between the words "Entrepreneur" and "Health", highlighting the relevance of these concepts in the training of nurses. Conclusion: The curriculum documents highlight the importance of training nurses in their professional and entrepreneurial roles with competence, taking into account the principles of Bioethics, Morals, Science, and Philosophy.
RESUMEN: Objetivo: analizar el abordaje de contenidos relacionados con el emprendimiento en dimensiones ético-políticas en documentos curriculares de cursos de graduación en Enfermería. Método: investigación documental, de enfoque mixto y de carácter descriptivo, de junio de 2021 a agosto de 2022, con verificación en el sitio web del Ministerio de Educación de las instituciones que ofrecen cursos de Enfermería en la región Noreste de Brasil. Evaluación de contenidos y cuantitativa mediante la prueba T. Resultados: la mayoría de las IES ofrecían carreras presenciales (94,1%) y pertenecían a instituciones privadas (64,7%). Los temas abordaron principalmente temas teóricos (94,1%), destacando la importancia del emprendimiento en la formación del enfermero. El análisis lexicográfico y de similitud destacó la fuerte conexión entre las palabras "Emprendedor" y "Salud", destacando la relevancia de esos conceptos en la formación de enfermeros. Conclusión: los documentos curriculares resaltan la importancia de formar enfermeros en su rol profesional y empresarial con competencia, teniendo en cuenta los principios de la Bioética, la Moral, la Ciencia y la Filosofía.
摘要
RESUMO Introdução: No ano de 2019, com o surgimento pandemia pelo coronavírus, o mundo teve que se adaptar e utilizar medidas de distanciamento social visando ao controle da disseminação do vírus. Um dos setores que sofreram maior impacto com essas medidas foi a educação que precisou se adaptar ao ensino remoto emergencial. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a percepção dos alunos de um curso de Medicina sobre o próprio aprendizado durante o período da pandemia pela Covid-19. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa. O referencial teórico foi o interacionismo simbólico. O estudo foi realizado em uma instituição de ensino superior privada do Distrito Federal. Participaram do estudo 14 alunos do terceiro ano da graduação em Medicina de turmas que tiveram a oportunidade de cursar períodos da graduação por meio do ensino remoto emergencial. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista gravada, na modalidade grupo focal, e analisados por meio da análise temática indutiva. Respeitaram-se todos os conceitos éticos da Resolução nº 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resultado: A análise dos discursos resultou em três categorias temáticas que exploram a percepção dos estudantes sobre o aprendizado. A primeira categoria, "Vivendo como se fosse em um balão de ensaio", aborda as mudanças vivenciadas pelos alunos no ingresso na faculdade, com sentimentos de medo, insegurança e falta de motivação devido ao estresse da pandemia. A segunda categoria, "Sentindo-se isolados e desolados", observou a percepção do adoecimento mental e a falta de apoio dos colegas, dos professores e da instituição, influenciando no desempenho e aprendizado dos alunos. A terceira categoria, "Lidando com erros e acertos", identificou a percepção dos resultados do aprendizado durante e após a pandemia, destacando o impacto no déficit de conhecimento e a necessidade de adaptação no retorno ao ensino presencial. Conclusão: O ensino remoto emergencial trouxe drásticas mudanças no ensino médico. Entender essas mudanças e compreender a percepção dos alunos sobre o aprendizado nesse período nos permite reconhecer os desafios enfrentados, entender a necessidade de suporte emocional adequado e pensar em estratégias de aprendizado eficazes para superar essas e outras adversidades.
ABSTRACT Introduction: In 2019, with the emergence of the coronavirus pandemic, the world had to adapt to using social distancing measures to control the spread of the virus. Social isolation measures were imposed and one of the sectors that suffered the greatest impact from these measures was the education sector, having to adapt to emergency remote education (ERE). Objectives: To understand the perception of students attending a medical course in relation to their own learning during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: This is a descriptive and exploratory research with a qualitative approach. The theoretical framework was Symbolic Interactionism. The study was carried out in a private higher education institution in the Federal District. The study included 14 students attending the third semester of medical undergraduate school from classes that had the opportunity to attend undergraduate periods through ERE. Data were collected through recorded interviews, in the Focus Group modality, and analyzed using Inductive Thematic Analysis. All ethical concepts of Resolution n. 466/2012 from the Health National Council were respected. Results and Discussion: The analysis of the discourses resulted in three thematic categories that explore the students' perception of learning. The first category, "Living as if in a test balloon", addresses the changes experienced by students when entering college, with feelings of fear, insecurity and lack of motivation due to the stress of the pandemic. The second category, "Feeling isolated and desolate", observed the perception of mental illness and the lack of support from classmates, teachers and the institution, influencing the students' performance and learning. The third category, "Dealing with mistakes and successes", identified the perception of learning outcomes during and after the pandemic, highlighting the impact on the knowledge deficit and the need to adapt when returning to face-to-face teaching. Final considerations: the Emergency Remote Education brought drastic changes in medical teaching. Understanding these changes and understanding the students' perception of learning in this period allows us to recognize the challenges faced, understand the need for adequate emotional support and think of effective learning strategies to overcome these and other adversities.
摘要
ABSTRACT Introduction: Cricothyrotomy is a procedure that may save lives in emergency acute respiratory failure. Cricothyrotomy must be trained during undergraduate medical education, and low-cost simulators may offer a satisfying solution in economical and practical terms. Objective: The aims of this study were to build and assess the face, content, and construct validity of a low-cost, homemade cricothyrotomy simulator developed by the authors. Methods: Forty-seven students and nine surgeons performed three successive simulated cricothyrotomies and answered a face and content validity questionnaire. The construct validity was tested by comparing procedural duration and a global performance score intra- and between groups. Results: Most face and content validity questionnaire items were highly and positively rated, with no difference between the groups. Accordingly, students and surgeons agreed that the simulator resembles a human neck anterior surface, is easy and safe to use, allows the performance of critical steps of the cricothyrotomy, and exhibits potential teaching feasibility. Procedural duration decreased between the first and third attempts among students (mean time decrease = 61.85 s; 95% CI - 41.86 - 81.85; p < 0.001), and a significant difference was found between surgeons' and students' performance duration (mean difference = 101.36 seconds [95% CI = 69.08 - 133.64] p < 0.001), suggesting construct validity. The students' performance scores improved between the first and second attempts (mean difference = 2.25 points; CI 95% = 1.31 - 3.20; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The non-organic, homemade, low-cost cricothyrotomy simulator has acceptable face, content, and construct validity and is suitable for use as a training tool by undergraduate medical students.
RESUMO Introdução: A cricotireotomia é um procedimento que pode salvar vidas em caso de insuficiência respiratória aguda de emergência. A cricotireotomia deve ser treinada durante a graduação médica, e simuladores de baixo custo podem oferecer uma solução satisfatória em termos econômicos e práticos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos construir e determinar as validades de face, conteúdo e construção de um simulador caseiro de cricotireotomia de baixo custo desenvolvido pelos autores. Método: Quarenta e sete estudantes e nove cirurgiões realizaram três cricotireotomias simuladas sucessivas e responderam a um questionário de validade de face e de conteúdo. A validade de construto foi testada comparando tempos procedurais e um escore de desempenho global intragrupos e intergrupos. Resultado: A maioria dos itens do questionário de validade face e de conteúdo foram avaliados de forma positiva, sem diferença entre os grupos. Assim, estudantes e cirurgiões concordaram que o simulador se assemelha a uma superfície anterior do pescoço humano, é fácil e seguro de usar, permite a realização de etapas críticas da cricotireotomia e apresenta potencial viabilidade de ensino. O tempo de procedimento diminuiu entre a primeira e a terceira tentativa entre os estudantes (diminuição média do tempo = 61,85 s; IC 95% - 41,86 - 81,85; p < 0,001), e foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os tempos de atuação dos cirurgiões e dos estudantes (diferença média = 101,36 segundos [IC 95% = 69,08 - 133,64] p < 0,001), sugerindo validade de construto. Os escores de desempenho dos alunos melhoraram entre a primeira e a segunda tentativa (diferença média = 2,25 pontos; IC 95% = 1,31 - 3,20; p < 0,001). Conclusão: O simulador de cricotireotomia inorgânico, de fabricação caseira e de baixo custo possui validade de face, conteúdo e construção aceitáveis para ser usado como ferramenta de treinamento para estudantes de graduação em Medicina.
摘要
RESUMO Introdução: Em julho de 2021, o Brasil tinha 373 cursos de Medicina autorizados pelo MEC, dos quais 229 de instituições privadas, com um valor médio de mensalidade de R$ 8.242,70. O grande volume de recursos envolvidos em mensalidades, bolsas e fomentos (Prouni, Fies etc.) justifica o esforço envolvido neste trabalho. Objetivo: A revisão visou identificar as metodologias de análise de custo de formação de médicos, classificando-as segundo categorias de nível de ensino e abrangência do custo. Método: A metodologia escolhida foi a revisão de escopo, dado que a produção na área de foco é irregular e com lacunas metodológicas. Resultado: As buscas em português e inglês resultaram na seleção de 24 textos, que foram agrupados em nove grupos, elaboradas a partir do foco de seus conteúdos combinados com os interesses da pesquisa. Conclusão: A inexistência de consenso metodológico e a busca por otimizar recursos e avaliar a eficácia do ensino reforçam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de metodologias de apuração de custos da graduação em Medicina.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Brazil had 373 medical courses authorized by the Ministry of Education in July 2021, with 229 being in private institutions and an average monthly tuition rate of R$8,242.70. The vast number of resources involved in tuition, scholarships, and grants (PROUNI, FIES, and so forth) justifies the effort required for this activity. Objective: The review sought to find approaches for analyzing the cost of training doctors, categorizing them according to the level of education and cost scope. Method: Given the irregularity and methodological inadequacies around interest, the chosen methodology was a scoping review. Result: The literature search in Portuguese and English yielded 24 articles, which were divided into nine categories depending on their content focus and the study interests. Conclusion: The lack of methodological agreement, as well as the pressure to optimize resources and evaluate educational efficacy, highlight the need for the development of methods to determine the costs of undergraduate medical education.
摘要
RESUMO Introdução: A competência dos profissionais de saúde em radiologia não apenas desempenha um papel fundamental no controle de custos, mas também na prevenção de erros médicos decorrentes da inexperiência durante a prática clínica. Objetivo: Este estudo realiza uma revisão sistemática com o objetivo de investigar as estratégias pedagógicas empregadas no ensino de diagnóstico por imagem nas instituições médicas brasileiras, bem como analisar o nível de conhecimento adquirido pelos estudantes de Medicina ao longo de sua graduação. Método: A revisão sistemática da literatura seguiu as diretrizes do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) e abrangeu as bases de dados PubMed, LILACS/BVS, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase e ScienceDirect. A busca visou identificar artigos que abordassem metodologias e estratégias de disseminação do conhecimento em imagiologia médica. A avaliação do nível de evidência foi conduzida utilizando a abordagem GRADE. Resultado: Dos 152 artigos inicialmente identificados, 13 foram selecionados após a remoção de duplicatas e análise de títulos e resumos. Durante a leitura completa, excluíram-se oito artigos por causa de metodologias inadequadas ou desalinhamento com os objetivos da pesquisa. Os estudos elegíveis envolveram 461 alunos de Medicina em 49 instituições brasileiras, principalmente privadas, caracterizadas por um sistema híbrido de ensino e uma ênfase particular em módulos de radiologia médica. Salas de aula foram destacadas como os principais ambientes de ensino. No contexto do ensino de diagnóstico por imagens, muitos alunos ainda enfrentam dificuldades na avaliação de exames, independentemente do período letivo. O estudo aponta para a falta de uniformidade nos benefícios das políticas governamentais, resultando em segregação regional e financeira no acesso ao ensino. Conclusão: A despadronização do ensino contribui para uma formação deficiente em radiologia, deixando os profissionais despreparados para a interpretação adequada de exames. Diante da escassez de estudos e das disparidades identificadas, torna-se imperativo estabelecer parâmetros mínimos para os currículos em radiologia médica, proporcionando uma base estruturada para as instituições de ensino nacionais e visando à melhoria da qualidade do ensino e da formação profissional.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The competence of healthcare professionals in radiology not only plays a fundamental role in cost control but also in preventing medical errors resulting from inexperience during clinical practice. Objective: This study conducts a systematic review aiming to investigate the pedagogical strategies employed in teaching imaging diagnostics at Brazilian medical institutions, as well as to analyze the level of knowledge acquired by medical students throughout their education. Method: The systematic literature review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and covered the databases PubMed, LILACS/BVS, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and ScienceDirect. The search aimed to identify articles that addressed methodologies and strategies for disseminating knowledge in medical imaging. The evaluation of the level of evidence was conducted using the GRADE approach. Results: Of the 152 articles initially identified, 13 were selected after the removal of duplicates and analysis of titles and abstracts. During the full reading, eight articles were excluded due to inadequate methodologies or misalignment with the research objectives. The eligible studies involved 461 medical students across 49 Brazilian institutions, primarily private, characterized by a hybrid teaching system and a particular emphasis on medical radiology modules. Classrooms were highlighted as the main teaching environments. In the context of teaching imaging diagnostics, many students still face difficulties in evaluating exams, regardless of the academic term. The study points to the lack of uniformity in the benefits of government policies, resulting in regional and financial segregation in access to education. Conclusion: The lack of standardization in education contributes to inadequate training in radiology, leaving professionals unprepared for the proper interpretation of exams. Given the scarcity of studies and the identified disparities, it becomes imperative to establish minimum standards for medical radiology curricula, providing a structured foundation for national educational institutions and aiming to improve the quality of education and professional training.
摘要
RESUMO Introdução: O atendimento médico de emergência é uma situação complexa, na qual o paciente necessita de cuidado seguro e de alta qualidade. Para evitar falhas, é necessário não apenas o conhecimento técnico, mas também competências não técnicas. O Crisis Resource Management (CRM) é um método de treinamento criado na aviação que tem ganhado amplo uso em diversos cenários médicos, com o intuito de diminuir erros e falhas, garantindo um atendimento mais efetivo e aprimorando as competências de CRM. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho de estudantes de Medicina em atendimento simulado de emergência antes e depois de um debriefing estruturado com conceitos de CRM. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal, analítico e quase-experimental com abordagem quantitativa, com avaliação antes e depois de debriefing com conceitos de CRM, em um mesmo grupo de participantes. Os participantes receberam treinamento prévio sobre competências técnicas, para nivelamento. Utilizaram-se um formulário de avaliação de competências técnicas e um formulário de avaliação de competências de CRM. Os dados foram apresentados em análises descritivas e as comparações de variáveis contínuas com distribuição normal foram analisadas pelo teste t de Student. O nível de significância foi de p < 0,05. Resultados: Participaram 21 estudantes de Medicina. As competências técnicas, avaliadas em grupo, apresentaram melhora sem variação significativa. Na análise do desempenho individual relacionado às competências de CRM, a maioria dos itens teve aumento da pontuação média após a realização do treinamento sobre CRM, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Conclusão: O debriefing, como ferramenta de ensino de princípios de CRM, é capaz de aumentar o desempenho de equipes quando analisadas competências de CRM, fato que tem importante impacto na melhoria da qualidade assistencial e segurança do paciente, durante atendimento de emergência.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Emergency medical care is a complex situation in which the patient needs safe and high-quality care. To avoid errors, physicians must have both technical knowledge and nontechnical competencies. Crisis Resource Management (CRM) is a training method created in aviation that has gained wide use in several medical settings. CRM aims to reduce errors, ensure more effective care, and improve CRM competencies. Objective: This study aimed to compare the performance of medical students in simulated emergency care before and after undergoing a structured debriefing on CRM. Methods: This quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical, and quasi-experimental study evaluated participants before and after undergoing a debriefing on CRM. The participants received prior training on technical competencies for leveling. Technical and nontechnical competencies were assessed using two different forms. A descriptive analysis was performed, and continuous variables with normal distribution were compared using Student's t test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Twenty-one medical students were included in the study. Technical competencies were assessed as a team and showed improvement, but with no significant variation. CRM competencies were assessed individually; most items had a significantly increased mean score after CRM training, with statistically significant differences. Conclusion: The debriefing as a tool for CRM training is able to improve nontechnical competencies in teams, which has an important impact on improving the quality of care and patient safety during emergency care.