Effect of Photo-activated Disinfection as An Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To evaluate the effect of photo-activated disinfection(PAD)as a kind of adjuvant treatment on moderate to severe chronic periodontitis.Methods 21 patients with the chronic periodontitis(totally 218 selected sites)were randomly enrolled and divided into group A(minocycline hydrochloride),group B(PAD),group C(PAD + minocycline hydrochloride),and group D(no adjunctive therapy)for the adjunctive treatment after receiving the scaling and root planing(SRP).Periodontal indexs as probing depth(PD),bleeding on probing(BOP)and clinical attachment loss(CAL)were examined at the baseline,6 and 12 weeks after the treatment.Meanwhile,periodontal pathogens as Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg)and Tannerella forsythia(Tf)from subgingival plaque of group A,B and C were detected by Real-time PCR.Results Compared with the baseline,the periodontal inflammations of all groups were improved signiffcantly at 6 and 12 weeks after the treatment(P<0.001),and group A,group B and group C were better than group D(P<0.001),group C was better than group A(P<0.001);Furthermore,the concentration of Pg and Tf was decreased significantly(P<0.001),and there was no difference among the three groups with adjunctive therapy.Conclussion As the adjunctive treatment of SRP,PAD could achieve the same and even better effect than minocycline hydrochloride ointment.

Application of metagenomics next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal infection / 实用医学杂志

The incidence of spinal infections,a relatively rare infectious disease,is on the rise due to the empirical use of antibiotics that increases the chances of infection with drug-resistant bacteria,as well as advances in testing technology that have led to an increase in detection rates.Identifying the type of pathogen to target antibi-otics is the key to treatment.However,conventionaldetection methods have low detection rates and are time-consum-ing,which are not conducive to the rapid and accurate diagnosis of spinal infection.Metagenomics next-generation sequencing(mNGS)is a detection technique that can sequence all nucleic acid fragments in samples,the emer-gence of which subverts traditional detection methods and plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal infections.This article summarizes the application of mNGS in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal infection.

Molecular detection, risk factors, and phylogenetic analysis of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from northern Vietnam

@#In tropical regions, numerous tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) play a crucial role as causative agents of infectious diseases in humans and animals. Recently, the population of companion and pet dogs has significantly increased in Vietnam; however, information on the occurrence of TBPs is still limited. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the occurrence rate, risk factors, and phylogenetic characteristics of TBPs in dogs from northern Vietnam. Of 341 blood samples tested by PCR, the total infection of TBPs was 73.9% (252/341). Babesia vogeli (18SrRNA gene – 30.5%) was detected most frequently in studied dogs followed by Rickettsia spp. (OmpA gene – 27%), Anaplasma platys (groEL gene – 22%), Bartonella spp. (16SrRNA – 18.8%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (16SrRNA – 9.4%) and Hepatozoon canis (18SrRNA gene – 1.2%), respectively. All samples were negative for Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophylum. Co-infection was detected in 31.4% of the samples (107/341) of which, A. platys/Bartonella spp. (34/94,10%), Rickettsia spp./B. vogeli (19/94, 5.6%), and M. haemocanis/B. vogeli (19/94, 5.6%) were recorded as the three most frequent two species of co-infection types. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between TBP infection and several host variables regarding age, breed, and living area in the current study. The recent findings reported herein, for the first time in Vietnam, are essential for local veterinarians when considering the appropriate approaches for diagnosing these diseases. Furthermore, this data can be used to establish control measures for future surveillance and prevention strategies against canine TBPs in Vietnam.

Clinical application of LAMP in rapid detection of pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections / 中国现代医生

@#Objective Loop mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)was used to detect the distribution of pathogens in sputum samples,namely combined nucleic acid detection of respiratory pathogens(13 pairs),so as to provide provide reference for clinical accurate diagnosis and treatment.Methods A total of 1642 patients with lower respiratory tract infection admitted to Tongren City People's Hospital from January to December in 2022 were selected.Each patient collected sputum specimens/bronchoalveolar for detection by using LAMP(13 pairs).The detection of pathogenic bacteria in respiratory tract and the relationship with sex,age and season were analyzed.Results The overall detection rate of 13 respiratory pathogens was significantly higher in males than in females(P<0.01);In different age groups,the detection rates of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients aged 3-6,Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients aged 6-18,and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus maltophilus,and Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients aged over 60 were significantly higher than those in other groups(P<0.05);In different seasonal groups,Streptococcus pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae were more prevalent in spring,while Mycoplasma pneumoniae had the highest infection rate in autumn,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion LAMP can be used to detect the pathogen rapidly and provide the basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Professor FAN Yongsheng's Academic Experience in Treating Systemic Juvenile Idiopatic Arthritis from the Latent Pathogens Warm Disease / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To review and summarize the academic experience of Professor FAN Yongsheng,one of the first session national famous traditional Chinese medicine masters,in the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.[Methods]Through follow-up study,sorting out and analyzing typical medical records,and referring to relevant literature,combined with Professor FAN Yongsheng's works and clinical practice,Professor FAN Yongsheng's academic experience in the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis was summarized from two aspects of etiology,pathogenesis and treatment ideas,and one proven case was attached for evidence.[Results]Professor FAN Yongsheng believes that the pathogenic process of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis conforms to the law of the transformation of warm diseases Wei Qi Ying Xue,which is similar to the pathogenic characteristics of latent pathogenic febrile diseases.It is mostly caused by the deficiency of healthy Qi in the interior,combined with the invasion of external pathogens,hidden in the interior,waiting for opportunities,or triggered by external pathogens.Clinical application of fire stagnation requires dissipation,dispersing and expelling the latent pathogens;protecting the healthy Qi,moderating exorcism;sequential therapy,toxicity reduction and efficacy enhancement and other treatment ideas have achieved satisfactory clinical results in the treatment of this disease.In the test case,the initial manifestation of the patient was the pathogen lurking in Yin phase,dual blaze of Qi and Ying,and the treatment was to clear heat toxin and harmonize Ying,dispel wind and dredge collaterals;after treatment,rash regression and fever relieve,latent pathogens were affected from Yin to Yang and cardinal dysfunction,and the treatment was to reconcile cardinal,clear and expel the stagnant heat;when the pathogenic Qi disappeared gradually,the healthy Qi declined,the treatment was given to disperse and expel the heat,combined with invigorating the spleen and harmonizing the stomach.The whole process of treatment was permeated throughout dispersing latent pathogens,and at the same time reflecting Professor FAN Yongsheng's treatment ideas of flexible drug use,taking care of healthy Qi.[Conclusion]Professor FAN Yongsheng has achieved good clinical results in the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis based on the theory of latent pathogenic warm disease,and his academic experience is worthy of reference and promotion.

A Precise and Portable Detection System for Infectious Pathogens Based on CRISPR/Cas Technology / 分析化学

Nucleic acid-based molecular diagnostic methods are considered the gold standard for detecting infectious pathogens.However,when applied to portable or on-site rapid diagnostics,they still face various limitations and challenges,such as poor specificity,cumbersome operation,and portability difficulties.The CRISPR(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated protein(Cas)-fluorescence detection method holds the potential to significantly enhance the specificity and signal-to-noise ratio of nucleic acid detection.In this study,we developed a portable grayscale reader detection system based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)-CRISPR/Cas.On one hand,in the presence of CRISPR RNA(crRNA),the CRISPR/Cas12a system was employed to achieve precise fluorescent detection of self-designed LAMP amplification reactions for influenza A and influenza B viruses.This further validated the high selectivity and versatility of the CRISPR/Cas system.On the other hand,the accompanying independently developed portable grayscale reader allowed for low-cost collection of fluorescence signals and high-reliability visual interpretation.At the end of the detection process,it directly provided positive or negative results.Practical sample analyses using this detection system have verified its reliability and utility,demonstrating that this system can achieve highly sensitive and highly specific portable analysis of influenza viruses.

Screening, biochemical characterization and antibiotics resistance/susceptibility of bacteria isolated from native soil and water samples / Triagem, caracterização bioquímica e resistência/suscetibilidade a antibióticos de bactérias isoladas de amostras nativas de solo e água

The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize bacteria from water and soil sample taken from the Lahore Canal at different sites i.e. Mall Road, Mohlanwal and Khera site. Isolated bacterial strains were identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical tests. Identification was confirmed by culturing bacteria on selective media. Antibiotic resistance test was also performed to observe the resistance of bacteria against different antibiotics. Blood agar test was performed for identification of different pathogenic bacteria. The result revealed that water and soil samples of Lahore Canal Lahore from different sites were contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus sp. and Staphylococcus spp. Due to presence of these pathogens, this water is not suitable for any domestic and irrigation use. Study also revealed that water of the Lahore Canal is harmful for human health as it is contaminated with bacteria that can cause severe disease e.g., Escherichia coli can cause gastroenteritis, Bacillus spp. can cause nausea and vomiting, Enterococcus may infect urinary tract, Salmonella sp. is responsible for Bacteremia, Staphylococcus spp. can cause mild fever and Vibrio sp. can be the reason of cholera. Thus it is rendered unfit for any kind of human use even other than drinking like swimming, bathing, washing etc., until and unless some remedial measures are employed to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms by WASA and LWMS according to standards of WHO. Similarly, it is quite harmful, when and where ever it is used for irrigation without proper treatment.

O presente estudo foi realizado para isolar e caracterizar bactérias de amostras de água e solo retiradas do Canal Lahore, em Lahore, em diferentes locais, ou seja, Mall Road, Mohlanwal e Khera. As cepas bacterianas isoladas foram identificadas com base em testes morfológicos e bioquímicos. A identificação foi confirmada por cultura de bactérias em testes de meios seletivos. O teste de resistência aos antibióticos também foi realizado para observar a resistência das bactérias a diferentes antibióticos. Foi realizado o teste de ágar sangue para identificar diferentes bactérias patogênicas. O resultado revelou que amostras de água e solo do Canal Lahore, Lahore, de diferentes localidades estavam contaminadas com Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus sp. e Staphylococcus spp. Por causa da presença desses patógenos, essa água não é adequada para qualquer uso doméstico e de irrigação. O estudo revelou que a água do Canal Lahore é prejudicial à saúde humana, pois está contaminada com bactérias que podem causar doenças graves, por exemplo: Escherichia coli pode ocasionar gastroenterite; Bacillus spp. pode causar náuseas e vômitos; Enterococcus sp. pode infectar o trato urinário; Salmonella sp. é responsável pela bacteremia; Staphylococcus spp. pode causar febre leve; e Vibrio sp. pode ser a razão da cólera. Assim, torna-se imprópria para uso humano, como natação, banho, lavagem etc., até que algumas medidas corretivas sejam empregadas para erradicar microrganismos patogênicos por WASA e LWMS de acordo com os padrões da OMS. Da mesma forma, é bastante prejudicial, quando usada para irrigação sem tratamento adequado.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria associated with silkworm gut under antibiotic-treated larval feeding

Abstract The impact of antibiotics on growth, cocoon production was assessed in addition to isolation and characterization of bacteria associated with silkworm gut of infected larvae. Larval rearing was maintained at recommended conditions of temperature and humidity. Silkworm larvae showing abnormal symptoms were collected from the control group and dissected for gut collection. Bacteria were isolated from the gut content by spreading on agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 48 hrs. Bacterial identification and phylogenetic analysis were carried out by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolated bacteria were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test (disc diffusion methods) by using Penicillin (10 µg/mL), Tetracycline (30 µg/mL), Amoxicillin (25 µg/mL), Ampicillin (10 µg/mL), and Erythromycin (15 µg/mL). All isolated strains showed positive results for the catalase test. We isolated and identified bacterial strains (n = 06) from the gut of healthy and diseased silkworm larvae. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, isolated bacteria showed close relation with Serratia, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas spp. Notably, 83.3% of strains were resistant to Penicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Erythromycin but 16.6% showed antibiotic susceptibility to the above-mentioned commonly used antibiotics. Silkworm larvae fed on penicillin-treated leaves showed significant improvement in larval weight, larval length, and cocoon production. Significantly higher larval weight (6.88g), larval length (5.84cm), and cocoon weight (1.33g) were recorded for larvae fed on leaves treated with penicillin as compared to other antibiotics. Isolated bacterial strains showed close relation with Serratia spp., Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.

Resumo O impacto dos antibióticos no crescimento e na produção do casulo foi avaliado, além do isolamento e caracterização das bactérias associadas ao intestino de larvas infectadas do bicho-da-seda. A criação das larvas foi mantida nas condições recomendadas de temperatura e umidade. As larvas do bicho-da-seda com sintomas anormais foram coletadas do grupo controle e dissecadas para coleta do intestino. As bactérias foram isoladas do conteúdo intestinal por espalhamento em placas de ágar e incubadas a 37° C durante 48 horas. A identificação bacteriana e a análise filogenética foram realizadas pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. As bactérias isoladas foram submetidas a teste de sensibilidade antimicrobiana (métodos de difusão em disco) com penicilina (10 µg / mL), tetraciclina (30 µg / mL), amoxicilina (25 µg / mL), ampicilina (10 µg / mL) e eritromicina (15 µg / mL). Todas as cepas isoladas apresentaram resultados positivos para o teste da catalase. Isolamos e identificamos cepas bacterianas (n = 06) do intestino de larvas de bicho-da-seda saudáveis e doentes. Com base na sequência do gene 16S rRNA, as bactérias isoladas mostraram estreita relação com Serratia, Bacillus e Pseudomonas spp. Notavelmente, 83,3% das cepas eram resistentes a penicilina, tetraciclina, amoxicilina, ampicilina e eritromicina, mas 16,6% mostraram suscetibilidade aos antibióticos comumente usados mencionados acima. As larvas do bicho-da-seda alimentadas com folhas tratadas com penicilina apresentaram melhora significativa no peso larval, comprimento larval e produção de casulo. Peso larval significativamente maior (6,88g), comprimento larval (5,84cm) e peso do casulo (1,33g) foram registrados para larvas alimentadas com folhas tratadas com penicilina, em comparação com outros antibióticos. Cepas bacterianas isoladas mostraram estreita relação com Serratia spp., Bacillus spp. e Pseudomonas spp.

Antibacterial activity of Ricinus communis plant extract against antibiotic resistant Helicobacter pylori and Gluconobacter oxydans isolated from fresh apple juices samples

Abstract Bacteria were isolated from samples of Fresh Apple juices from shops of three different localities of Lahore. Analysis of samples from Liberty, Anarkali and Yateem khana Markets show different levels of contamination. There were pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in all samples and were identified by the morphological and biochemical tests. Most of the plasmids of pathogenic bacteria were 4kb in their molecular size. Ribotyping of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was done to confirm Helicobacter pylori strain and Gluconobacter oxydans. The highest sensitivity of 210mm was shown by Enterobacter sp. against Aztheromysine disk (15µg) while Micrococcus sp. was highly resistant against all of the Antibiotics applied. The antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria was also checked against Ricinus communis plant's extracts, all isolated bacterial pathogens were resistant but only, E.coli was inhibited at 300µl of the extracts. Presence of pathogenic bacteria in Apple juice samples was due to contamination of sewage water in drinking water while some of these pathogenic bacteria came from Apple's tree and other from store houses of fruits.

Resumo As bactérias foram isoladas de amostras de suco de maçã fresco de lojas de três diferentes localidades de Lahore. A análise de amostras dos mercados Liberty, Anarkali e Yateem khana mostram diferentes níveis de contaminação. Havia bactérias patogênicas e não patogênicas em todas as amostras e foram identificadas pelos testes morfológicos e bioquímicos. A maioria dos plasmídeos de bactérias patogênicas tinha 4 kb em seu tamanho molecular. A ribotipagem do sequenciamento do gene do RNA ribossômico 16S foi realizada para confirmar a cepa de Helicobacter pylori e Gluconobacter oxydans. A maior sensibilidade de 210 mm foi mostrada por Enterobacter sp. contra disco de azteromisina (15µg) enquanto Micrococcus sp. foi altamente resistente a todos os antibióticos aplicados. A resistência a antibióticos de bactérias patogênicas também foi verificada contra extratos de plantas de Ricinus communis, todos os patógenos bacterianos isolados foram resistentes, mas apenas E. coli foi inibida em 300µl dos extratos. A presença de bactérias patogênicas nas amostras de suco de maçã deveu-se à contaminação da água de esgoto na água potável, enquanto algumas dessas bactérias patogênicas vieram da árvore da maçã e outras de armazéns de frutas.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria associated with silkworm gut under antibiotic-treated larval feeding / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias associadas ao trato intestinal do bicho-da-seda sob alimentação larval tratada com antibióticos

Abstract The impact of antibiotics on growth, cocoon production was assessed in addition to isolation and characterization of bacteria associated with silkworm gut of infected larvae. Larval rearing was maintained at recommended conditions of temperature and humidity. Silkworm larvae showing abnormal symptoms were collected from the control group and dissected for gut collection. Bacteria were isolated from the gut content by spreading on agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 48 hrs. Bacterial identification and phylogenetic analysis were carried out by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolated bacteria were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test (disc diffusion methods) by using Penicillin (10 µg/mL), Tetracycline (30 µg/mL), Amoxicillin (25 µg/mL), Ampicillin (10 µg/mL), and Erythromycin (15 µg/mL). All isolated strains showed positive results for the catalase test. We isolated and identified bacterial strains (n = 06) from the gut of healthy and diseased silkworm larvae. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, isolated bacteria showed close relation with Serratia, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas spp. Notably, 83.3% of strains were resistant to Penicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Erythromycin but 16.6% showed antibiotic susceptibility to the above-mentioned commonly used antibiotics. Silkworm larvae fed on penicillin-treated leaves showed significant improvement in larval weight, larval length, and cocoon production. Significantly higher larval weight (6.88g), larval length (5.84cm), and cocoon weight (1.33g) were recorded for larvae fed on leaves treated with penicillin as compared to other antibiotics. Isolated bacterial strains showed close relation with Serratia spp., Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.

Resumo O impacto dos antibióticos no crescimento e na produção do casulo foi avaliado, além do isolamento e caracterização das bactérias associadas ao intestino de larvas infectadas do bicho-da-seda. A criação das larvas foi mantida nas condições recomendadas de temperatura e umidade. As larvas do bicho-da-seda com sintomas anormais foram coletadas do grupo controle e dissecadas para coleta do intestino. As bactérias foram isoladas do conteúdo intestinal por espalhamento em placas de ágar e incubadas a 37° C durante 48 horas. A identificação bacteriana e a análise filogenética foram realizadas pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. As bactérias isoladas foram submetidas a teste de sensibilidade antimicrobiana (métodos de difusão em disco) com penicilina (10 µg / mL), tetraciclina (30 µg / mL), amoxicilina (25 µg / mL), ampicilina (10 µg / mL) e eritromicina (15 µg / mL). Todas as cepas isoladas apresentaram resultados positivos para o teste da catalase. Isolamos e identificamos cepas bacterianas (n = 06) do intestino de larvas de bicho-da-seda saudáveis e doentes. Com base na sequência do gene 16S rRNA, as bactérias isoladas mostraram estreita relação com Serratia, Bacillus e Pseudomonas spp. Notavelmente, 83,3% das cepas eram resistentes a penicilina, tetraciclina, amoxicilina, ampicilina e eritromicina, mas 16,6% mostraram suscetibilidade aos antibióticos comumente usados mencionados acima. As larvas do bicho-da-seda alimentadas com folhas tratadas com penicilina apresentaram melhora significativa no peso larval, comprimento larval e produção de casulo. Peso larval significativamente maior (6,88g), comprimento larval (5,84cm) e peso do casulo (1,33g) foram registrados para larvas alimentadas com folhas tratadas com penicilina, em comparação com outros antibióticos. Cepas bacterianas isoladas mostraram estreita relação com Serratia spp., Bacillus spp. e Pseudomonas spp.

Silage quality and bacterial diversity of silages inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei_6714

Introduction: King grass (Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone, syn. Pennisetum purpuphoides) and pineapple peel (Ananas comosus) silages are food alternatives for livestock in conditions of feed shortage. Objective: To describe the dynamics of the microbiota present in king grass and pineapple silage during the fermentation process using next generation sequencing (NGS) and to evaluate the protective effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei_6714 as a silage inoculum against Listeria monocytogenes. Methods: We used an unrestricted randomized design to characterize the microbiota present in silages made from king grass harvested 70 days after regrowth and pineapple peel. We inoculated mixtures of grass and peel with L. paracasei_6714 or L. monocytogenes, or both, with a non-inoculated treatment as control. The nutritional and fermentative profile was evaluated after 30 days. After 15 and 30 days of fermentation, we used 16S rRNA analysis to determine the dynamics and diversity of the microbiota in the inoculated and control silages. Result: Dry matter content and digestibility did not differ significantly; however, there were differences in crude protein, pH and organic acids. We obtained 4432 amplicon sequence variants of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacterioidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes and Patescibacteria. The relative abundance of each phylum varied depending on the material and fermentation period. Phylum similarity was over 70 % (but not greater than 50 % with Bray-Curtis at the species level). Conclusion: These bacterial communities seem to have an important role during silage fermentation. Proper management of silage processing can reduce or eliminate pathogenic bacteria.

Introducción: Los ensilajes del pasto king grass (Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone, syn. Pennisetum purpuphoides) y cáscaras de piña (Ananas comosus) son alternativas de alimento para ganado en condiciones de escasez alimentaria. Objetivo: Describir las dinámicas de la microbiota presente en los ensilajes de king grass y piña durante el proceso de fermentación usando secuenciación de próxima generación (NGS) y evaluar el efecto de protección de Lacticaseibacillus paracasei_6714 como inoculante de ensilaje ante Listeria monocytogenes. Métodos: Usamos un diseño aleatorio no restringido para caracterizar la microbiota presente en ensilajes de king Grass cosechados 70 días después de rebrote y de cáscaras de piña. Inoculamos mezclas de pasto y cáscara con L. paracasei_6714 o L. monocytogenes, o ambos, con un tratamiento control sin inocular. El perfil nutricional y de fermentación fue evaluado luego de 30 días. Después de 15 y 30 días de fermentación, usamos un análisis de para determinar la dinámicas y diversidad de la microbiota en los ensilajes inoculados y control. Resultados: Los contenidos de materia seca y digestibilidad, no difirieron significativamente; sin embargo, hubo diferencias en proteína cruda, pH y ácidos orgánicos. Obtuvimos 4 432 secuencias variantes de amplicon de Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacterioidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes y de Patescibacteria. La abundancia relativa de cada filo vario dependiendo del material y periodo de fermentación. Similitudes de filo fueron mayores al 70 % (pero no mayor que 50 % con Bray-Curtis a nivel de especie). Conclusión: Estas comunidades bacterianas parecen cumplir un papel importante durante la fermentación del ensilaje. Un manejo apropiado del proceso de ensilaje puede reducir o eliminar baterías patogénicas.

Frecuencia de agentes patógenos en meningitis neonatal en Lima, Perú, entre los años 2001 y 2021 / Frequency of pathogens in neonatal meningitis in Lima, Perú, between 2001 and 2021

RESUMEN Objetivo : Describir los agentes patógenos más frecuentes de la meningitis neonatal en el Perú. Material y métodos : Estudio descriptivo, comparativo y de corte transversal. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos de PubMed y SciELO con las palabras clave «meningitis¼, «neonatal¼ y «Perú¼, y en los repositorios virtuales de las facultades de Medicina del Perú con las palabras clave «meningitis¼ y «neonatal¼, entre los años 2001 y 2021. Asimismo, dos revisores independientes evaluaron los títulos y abstracts de los artículos para su inclusión. Resultados : Se encontraron 477 artículos, de los cuales cinco fueron incluidos. De estos últimos, dos fueron excluidos por falta de datos descriptivos de los gérmenes, quedando tres elegidos. Conclusiones : Los microorganismos más frecuentes fueron Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus coagulasa-negativo y Escherichia coli, con predominio de bacterias grampositivas. La etiología viral fue poco frecuente y de presentación tardía. Solo se registró un caso por Candida albicans. No se encontraron registros de vigilancia epidemiológica de meningitis neonatal.

ABSTRACT Objective : To describe the most frequent pathogenic agents identified in neonatal meningitis in Peru. Material and methods : Descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional study based on data bases from PubMed and SciELO, using the key words "Neonatal", "Meningitis" and "Perú", and from virtual repositories of medical schools in Peru, with the key words "Neonatal" and "Meningitis", between 2001 and 2021. Two independent reviewers assessed the articles' titles and abstracts to be included. Results : 477 articles were found from which only 5 were included; 2 studies were excluded due to lack of descriptive identification of the microorganisms, so that only 3 studies were finally selected. Conclusions : The most frequently found microorganisms were Listeria monocytogenes, coagulada-negative Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli, predominantly grampositive bacterias. The viral etiology was uncommon, and all cases had a late onset. There was only 1 case due to Candida albicans. An epidemiologic monitoring of neonatal meningitis is not established in Peru.

Phaeohyphomycosis: A study from tertiary health care center in North India

Objectives: Phaeohyphomycosis refers to infections caused by phaeoid/dematiaceous or darkly pigmented fungi. This study was undertaken to further increase our knowledge about the incidence of phaeohyphomycosis and its causative agents. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted over a period of one and a half years (January 2018–June 2019) on specimens received from patients with varied clinical manifestations ranging from superficial infections, subcutaneous cysts, pneumonia, brain abscess to a disseminated infection. These specimens were processed in the Department of Microbiology for potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination and culture and in Pathology for cytology/histopathological examination (HPE). All specimens positive on direct examination for dark grey, brown or black fungi were included in the study. Results: A total of 20 specimens were confirmed as phaeohyphomycosis. Most of the patients belonged to the age group of 41 to 50 years. Male: Female ratio was 2.3:1. Trauma was the most common risk factor. Spectra of the isolated fungal pathogens comprised of Bipolaris species, Exophiala species, Curvularia geniculata, Phialemonium species, Daldinia eschscholtzii, Hypoxylon anthochroum, Phaeoacremonium species, Leptosphaerulina australis, Medicopsis romeroi, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Eutypella species, Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria species, Cladophialophora bantiana and 2 unidentified dematiaceous fungi. Recovery from phaeohyphomycosis was seen in 12 patients, 7 were lost to follow up and one patient succumbed to the illness. Conclusion: Infections caused by phaeoid fungi can no longer be viewed as rare. In fact, phaeohyphomycosis can have myriad of presentations spanning from mild cutaneous infections to fatal brain disease. Therefore, a high index of clinical suspicion is needed to diagnose such infections. The primary treatment modality remains surgical removal of the lesion in cutaneous or subcutaneous infections however disseminated disease with a guarded prognosis requires aggressive management.

The need and challenges for development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases

Abstract Objective: To identify and describe learnings from past pandemics and to suggest a framework for vaccine development as part of epi/pandemic readiness. Source of data: Articles/ reviews/letters on pandemic preparedness/ vaccines published between 2005 and 2022 in PubMed, MEDLINE, MedRxiv, BioRxiv, Research Square, Gates Open Research; who. int, cepi.net, visualcapitalist.com, airfinity.com, ted.com websites; press releases. Summary of findings: Disease pandemics caused by emerging pathogens impacted the social development, health and wealth of most societies in human history. In an outbreak, the first months determine its course. To block an exponential spread and the development of an epi/ pandemic early, vaccine availability in sufficient quantities is of paramount importance. It is inevitable that new human viruses will emerge. Any future pandemic will come likely from RNA viruses through zoonotic or vector transmission, but we cannot predict when or where "Disease X" will strike. Public health, scientific and societal readiness plans need to include: continuous identification of new viruses in common mammalian reservoir hosts; continuous epidemiological surveillance, including wastewater sampling; establishment of prototype vaccine libraries against various virus families sharing functional and structural properties; testing of various and innovative vaccine platforms including mRNA, vector, nasal or oral vaccines for suitability by virus family; functional clinical trial sites and laboratory networks in various geographies; more efficient phasing of preclinical and clinical activities; global harmonization and streamlining of regulatory requirements including pre-established protocols; and societal preparedness including combating any pandemic of misinformation. Conclusions: "Outbreaks are unavoidable, pandemics are optional".

Clinical and microbiological assessment in a subpopulation of young Argentine patients with severe periodontitis / Periodontitis severa en jóvenes argentinos. Evaluación clínica y microbiológica en jóvenes argentinos con periodontitis severa

ABSTRACT Aggressive periodontitis (AP) is the most serious entity of periodontal disease (stage III/IV, grade C periodontitis according to the latest classification, 2017). Aim: to enhance knowledge of periodontal microbiota in AP in native Argentine patients and describe the effect of a combined pharmacological-mechanicalperiodontal treatment on clinical and microbiological parameters. Materials andMethod: The study analyzed 42 periodontal sites in 11 patients diagnosed with AP. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline, 45, 90 and 180 days. Microbiological samples were taken before treatment and at 180 days. PCR was used to determine presence of the periodontopathic bacteria Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). Patients underwent periodontal therapy including antibiotics (Amoxicillin 500mg + Metronidazole 250mg; 8hs/7 days), and were reevaluated at 45, 90 and 180 days. Results: Mean age was 28.4 ± 7.9 years. The initial PCR detected the following frequencies: Aa 14.3%, Pi 61.9%, Pg 71.4%, Tf 81.0%, Fn 95.2% and Td 97.6%. Baseline microbiological samples revealed significantly higher prevalence of Pg over Aa (p=0.012). Clinical parameters improved significantly after treatment (73.8% PS<5 mm; PS, NIC, SS p<0.001). At 180 days, a significant decrease in microbiological detection rates was observed (Fn, Td, Tf, Pi, Aa p<0.05). Aa was no longer detectable while Pg did not decrease significantly (p=0.052). Fn was the only study species detected in 100% (n=11:42) of residual pockets (PS>5 mm) (p=0.053). Conclusion: In the initial samples, there was significant prevalence of Pg over Aa. Significant clinical improvement was achieved after the mechanical-pharmacological treatment, with undetectable levels ofAa, while Fn persisted in residual pockets, and Pg was present at most of the treated sites.

RESUMEN La periodontitis agresiva (PA) es la entidad más grave de la enfermedad periodontal (clasificación 2017: periodontitis estadio III/IV, grado C). Objetivo: mejorar el conocimiento sobre la microbiota periodontal de la PA en sujetos nativos argentinos y describir el efecto de un tratamiento mecánico-farmacológico periodontal sobre los parámetros clínicos y microbiológicos. Materiales y Método: se estudiaron 42 sitios periodontales correspondientes a 11 pacientes con PA. Los parámetros clínicos se registraron a 0, 45, 90 y 180 días. Las tomas microbiológicas se realizaron antes de iniciar el tratamiento y a los 180 días. La determinación de especies periodontopáticas (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf, Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) y Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn)) se realizó por PCR. Los pacientes iniciaron terapia básica periodontal junto con antibioticoterapia (Amoxicilina 500 mg + Metronidazol 250 mg; 8 hs/7 días) y fueron evaluados a los 45, 90 y 180 días. Resultados: la edad media fue 28,4 ± 7,9 años. Las detecciones iniciales fueron: Aa 14,3%, Pi 61,9%, Pg 71,4%, Tf 81,0%, Fn 95,2% y Td 97,6%. En las muestras iniciales la prevalencia de Pg sobre Aa fue significativamente superior (p=0,012). Los pacientes tuvieron una respuesta clínica favorable al tratamiento (73,8% PS<5 mm; PS, NIC, SS p<0,001). A 180 días, se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la detección microbiana (Fn, Td, Tf, Pi, Aa p<0,05). En igual plazo, Aa no fue detectado, mientras que Pg mostró una disminución no significativa (p=0,052). Fn fue el único detectado en el 100% (n=11:42) de las bolsas periodontales residuales (PS>5 mm) (p=0,053). Conclusión: Las muestras iniciales evidenciaron prevalencia significativa de Pg sobre Aa. El tratamiento logró una significativa mejora clínica con niveles indetectables de Aa. La persistencia de Fn en las bolsas residuales y de Pg en la mayoría de los sitios tratados, caracterizaron la muestra poblacional estudiada.

Assessment of Spoilage and Pathogenic Bacteria in Selected Fruits and Vegetables from Retail Sources and Home-gardens

Consumption of fruits and vegetables which are known to be highly nutritious has been linked to foodborne disease outbreaks which constitute food safety and public concern. This study aimed to assess the safety of selected fruits and vegetables from fruit markets and home gardens, within the South-West region of Nigeria. A total of fifty-three (53) samples of watermelon, cucumber, tomatoes and garden eggs were collected and subjected to microbiological analysis. Isolated bacteria were screened for their pathogenicity and spoilage potential using haemolysis and amylase production tests respectively. A total of 146 bacteria were isolated, 75 (45.7%) were from retail samples and 71 (43.3%) from the home garden. The genera: Bacillus (15.9%), Corynebacterium (11.0%), Lactobacillus (1.2%), Listeria (1.8%), Staphylococcus (12.8%), Enterococcus (1.2%), Micrococcus (1.2%), Acinetobacter (3.7%), Aeromonas (2.4%), Alcaligenes (0.6%), Brucella (0.6%), Vibrio (0.6%), and the family Enterobacteriaceae (36.0%) were identified. Isolates with haemolytic potentials were 51 (31%) while 49 (30%) could cause spoilage. The overall microbiological quality and safety of fruit and vegetable samples analysed in this study is low, as they were contaminated by diverse pathogenic, and spoilage microorganisms. The presence of these pathogens in retailed and home garden fruits and vegetables is a pointer to public health risks and food safety threats. Hence, the need for improved hygienic practice through training handlers along the supply chain.

Inhibitory effect of three strains of biocontrol microbes on pathogens causing rhizome rot of Polygonatum cyrtonema / 中国中药杂志

Rhizome rot is one of the main disease in the cultivation of Polygonatum cyrtonema, and it is also a global disease which seriously occurs on the perennial medicinal plants such as Panax notoginseng and P. ginseng. There is no effective control method at present. To identify the effects of three biocontrol microbes(Penicillium oxalicum QZ8, Trichoderma asperellum QZ2, and Brevibacillus amyloliquefaciens WK1) on the pathogens causing rhizome rot of P. cyrtonema, this study verified six suspected pathogens for their pathogenicity on P. cyrtonema. The result showed that Fusarium sp. HJ4, Colletotrichum sp. HJ4-1, and Phomopsis sp. HJ15 were the pathogens of rhizome rot of P. cyrtonema, and it was found for the first time that Phomopsis sp. could cause rhizome rot P. cyrtonema. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of biocontrol microbes and their secondary metabolites on three pathogens were determined by confrontation culture. The results showed that the three tested biocontrol microbes significantly inhibited the growth of three pathogens. Moreover, the secondary metabolites of T. asperellum QZ2 and B. amyloliquefaciens WK1 showed significant inhibition against the three pathogens(P<0.05), and the effect of B. amyloliquefaciens WK1 sterile filtrate was significantly higher than that of high tempe-rature sterilized filtrate(P<0.05). B. amyloliquefaciens WK1 produced antibacterial metabolites to inhibit the growth of pathogens, and the growth inhibition rate of its sterile filtrate against three pathogens ranged from 87.84% to 93.14%. T. asperellum QZ2 inhibited the growth of pathogens through competition and antagonism, and P. oxalicum QZ8 exerted the inhibitory effect through competition. The research provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of rhizome rot of P. cyrtonema and provides a basis for the di-sease control in other crops.

Molecular biological identification of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Yadong,Tibet / 中国人兽共患病学报

This study was aimed at identifying species of ticks and investigating infections with tick-borne pathogens a-mong people in Yadong,Tibet.The total of 23 ticks(Ixodes and Haemaphysalis)collected from livestock in Yadong,Tibet in July 2021,the gene sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunitⅠ(COX Ⅰ),mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA(16S rDNA)and mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA(12S rDNA)were identi-fied on the basis of molecular biology classification.The gene sequences of spotted fever group rickettsia(SFGR),Borrelia burgdorferi,Francisella tularensis and Coxiella burnetii in ticks were amplified by PCR and sequenced,and phylogenetic ana-lyses were performed.In addition,184 serum samples collected from Yadong in 2021 were screened for antibodies to Lyme dis-ease,Q fever,spotted fever,and tularemia by ELISA,and infections with tick-borne pathogens in Yadong were comprehen-sively analyzed.The ticks(Ixodes)collected in Yadong,Tibet,were grouped into two categories.The COX Ⅰ,16S rDNA,and 12S rDNA gene sequences of the ticks had 99.5％,97.57％,and 99.12％ similarity,respectively,to those of Ixodes nuttallia-nus in GenBank.The similarities between the COX Ⅰ and 16S rDNA gene sequences of another Ixodes tick species and the COXⅠ and 16S rDNA gene sequences of Ixodes ovatus in GenBank were 88.29％ and 95.75％,respectively.The similarity between the COX Ⅰ,16S rDNA,and 12S rDNA gene sequences of Haemaphysalis ticks and those of Haemaphysalis Tibet in GenBank were 96.04％,96.17％,and 97.47％,respectively.The sequence amplification results for Borrelia burgdorferi,Francisella tularensis,and Coxsiella burnetii in 23 ticks were negative,whereas gltA gene amplification of spotted fever group Rickettsia in 23 ticks was positive.The similarity of gltA gene sequences with respect to those of Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae,Rickettsia raoultii,Rickettsia canadensis,and a Rickettsia endosymbiont of Eucalyptus brunneri in GenBank was 96.77％,96.76％,95.35％,and 95.35％,respectively.Among 184 serum samples from Yadong,the positivity rates of Lyme disease,Q fever,spotted fever,and tularemia were 6.52％,12.50％,8.70％,and 10.87％,respectively.These results indicated that the 23 parasitic ticks collected in Yadong,Tibet,in July 2021 were Ixodes nuttallianus,Ixodes ovatus and Haemaphysalis ti-betensis,and 23 ticks were infected with SFGR.Lyme disease,Q fever,spotted fever,and tularemia infection were prevalent in the population of Yadong.Therefore,efforts to control tick-borne diseases must be strengthened.

ZHANG Lei's Experience in Treating Scleroderma from “Extraordinary Pathogens Entering Collaterals” / 中医杂志

This paper summarized professor ZHANG Lei′s experience in treating scleroderma from “extraordinary pathogens entering collaterals”. The basic pathogenesis of scleroderma is “extraordinary pathogens entering the collaterals”， and extraordinary pathogens can be divided into external and internal categories. External extraordinary pathogens are mostly exogenous wind， cold and damp pathogens， and the pathogenesis is wind， cold and damp invading skin stria and retaining collaterals. Most of the endogenous extraordinary pathogens are turbid phlegm and blood stasis， and the pathogenesis is endogenous phlegm and stasis leaving the channels and overflowing the collaterals， and blocking the collaterals. Blocked by extraordinary pathogens for a long time， the long illness will lead to deficiency and develop into a syndrome of collaterals excess and channels deficiency. Therefore， professor ZHANG creats Tengluo Beverage （藤络饮） as the basic formula to unblock collaterals and dispel pathogens， and recommends to add or subtract it according to the different syndrome and pathogenic characteristics of the edema stage， sclerosis stage， and atrophy stage. In the edema stage， it is advised to expel wind， remove dampness and unblock the collaterals， while in the sclerosis stage， the method of dissolving phlegm， expelling stasis and unblocking collaterals should be used； in the atrophic stage， it is suggested to differentiate the deficiency of qi， blood， yin and yang， and eliminate extraordinary pathogens on the basis of reinforcing healthy qi .

Role of platelets in immune response and related diseases / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Platelets are important non-nucleated blood cells. Besides their role in thrombosis and hemostasis, there has been a growing focus on the immune regulatory function of platelets in recent years. Platelets have the capacity to sense the presence of pathogens and the inflammatory conditions within the body, which enables them to be activated and engage in both the body′s innate and acquired immune responses. Therefore, platelets play a crucial role in the development of various diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infections, and tumor evasion. This paper mainly reviewed the immune regulatory mechanisms of platelets and their involvement in different diseases.