Induction of thoracic aortic dissection: a mini-review of β-aminopropionitrile-related mouse models / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is one of the most lethal aortic diseases due to its acute onset, rapid progress, and high rate of aortic rupture. The pathogenesis of TAD is not completely understood. In this mini-review, we introduce three emerging experimental mouse TAD models using β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) alone, BAPN for a prolonged duration (four weeks) and then with added infusion of angiotensin II (AngII), or co-administration of BAPN and AngII chronically. We aim to provide insights into appropriate application of these three mouse models, thereby enhancing the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TAD.

Accidente cerebrovascular bulbar lateral con trayecto extracraneal de la arteria cerebelosa póstero-inferior / Lateral medullary stroke with extracranial course of the postero- inferior cerebellar artery

Presentamos dos casos de accidente cerebrovascular en sujetos con trayecto extracraneal de la arteria cerebeloso póstero-inferior. Caso 1: varón de 21 años, quien presentó ataxia y dismetría derecha luego de un traumatismo cervical en un partido de rugby. Caso 2: mujer de 56 años, quien inició con vértigo y hemiparesia izquierda luego de esfuerzo físico intenso. En ambos casos, los estudios angiográficos mostraron un trayecto extracraneal de la arteria cerebelosa póstero-inferior. Este vaso raramente se origina por debajo del foramen magno, en relación cercana con las primeras tres vértebras cervicales y la articulación atlanto-axial. En este nivel, está expuesta a daño mecánico causante de disección, como por ejemplo trauma directo, manipulación cervical abrupta o extensión cefálica prolongada. Por lo tanto, en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular de región lateral de bulbo y trayecto extracraneal de la arteria cerebelosa póstero-inferior se debería considerar esta asociación.

We present two cases of lateral medullary stroke in subjects with extracranial trajectory of the postero-inferior cerebellar artery. Case 1: a 21-year-old male who presented ataxia and right dysmetria after cervical trauma in a rugby match. Case 2: 56-year-old woman, who started with vertigo and left hemiparesis after intense physical effort. In both cases, the angiographic studies showed an extracranial trajectory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. This vessel rarely originates below the foramen magnum, in close relationship with the first three cervical vertebrae and the atlanto-axial joint. At this level, it is exposed to mechanical damage causing dissection, such as direct trauma, abrupt cervical manipulation or prolonged cephalic extension. Therefore, this association should be considered in patients with stroke of the lateral region of the bulb and extracranial trajectory of the posterior-inferior cerebellar artery.

Hemorrhagic intracranial distal (cortical) dissections: five cases and a literature review / Dissecções hemorrágicas intracranianas distais (corticais): cinco casos e revisão da literatura

Objective: To describe and analyze five cases of symptomatic intracranial spontaneous cortical dissections and a review of the literature relating to this disorder. Method: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing investigation for intracranial hemorrhage. Data were compiled from the medical file and PACS of the Nancy University Hospital. Results: Of 350 patients who underwent investigation for spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage, five patients (four women) harbored intracranial distal dissections, with no evidence of infection, trauma, arterial hypertension, vasculitis. The patients age ranged from 35 to 77 years (mean age 50.8 years). No patient presented with a poor grade SAH (Hunt and Hess grade IV or V). All patients presented with headache. The localization of the vessel abnormality was equally distributed between the anterior and posterior circulation. All patients, except one, harbored an aneurysmal sac angiographically detectable. Conclusion: Dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial distal/cortical arteries are exceedingly rare vascular lesions that produce neurologic symptoms related to their topography and hemorrhagic or ischemic nature. In the aneurysmal forms, the treatment in an urgent fashion may be considered if we consider the risk of re-hemorrhage. The first-choice treatment is coil occlusion of the involved artery at the level of the dissection.

Objetivo: Descrever e analisar 5 casos de dissecção intracraniana de artérias distais espontâneas sintomáticas, com revisão da literatura. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários e imagens de tomografia, ressonância e angiografia. Os dados foram compilados do arquivo de imagens eletrônicas em formato DICOM através do sistema PACS do Hospital Universitário de Nancy, França. Resultados: De 350 pacientes investigados por hemorragia intracraniana espontânea, foram identificados 5 pacientes (4 do sexo feminino) com aneurismas intracranianos distais, onde foram descartadas as etiologias habituais (infecção, trauma, hipertensão arterial, vasculite). A média de idade foi de 50,8 anos, com mínima de 35 e máxima de 77 anos. Nenhum paciente estava com hemorragica de alto grau (Hunt-Hess grau 4 ou 5). Todos tiveram cefaléia súbita como sintoma inicial. A localização da anormalidade vascular foi igualmente distribuida entre a circulação anterior e posterior. Todos os pacientes, exceto um, apresentavam aneurisma angiograficamente detectável. Conclusão: Pequenas hemorragias intracranianas em vasos corticais são frequentemente encontradas, mas raramente investigadas. Aneurismas dissecantes das artérias distais/corticais são lesões extremamente raras que produzem sintomas relacionados a sua topografia e natureza isquêmica ou hemorrágica. A história natural destas lesões é pouco conhecida ou documentada. Aneurismas devem ser ocluidos preferencialmente com micromolas, evitando ressangramento.

Sudden death caused by aortic dissection: 63 cases of forensic pathological analysis / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the cause of death, clinical manifestations and forensic pathological features of death cases caused by aortic dissection.@*METHODS@#Sixty-three cases of aortic dissection were selected from forensic medical center, Sun Yat-sen University from 2001 to 2011 and retrospectively analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The patients were mostly young and middle-aged male, aged from 30 to 49 years old. The DeBakey type II was the most common pathological type and the main cause of death was pericardial tamponade. The most common symptom was abdominal pain. However, the location of aorta dissection did not always correlate with the location of pain. Some cases showed no obvious clinical symptoms. The rupture was usually located in ascending aorta with atherosclerosis and pathological changes of hypertension.@*CONCLUSION@#It is significant for diagnosis and evaluation the cause of death of aortic dissection by knowing the clinical symptoms and forensic pathological features.

Analysis of 21 autopsy cases of aortic dissection with disputes / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore procedures and methods of forensic investigation for the death cases of aortic dissection with disputes.@*METHODS@#Twenty-one death cases of aortic dissection with disputes from 2006 to 2011 were collected. All the data were analyzed to investigate the reasons and features of the disputes.@*RESULTS@#The main causes of the disputes were clinical misdiagnosis or slight force. The pathologic type of De Bakey (I and II) or Stanford A were common in each case. For the cases dying of aortic dissection, it was significantly important to detect the rupture of entry and exit and observe the dissection of arterial wall.@*CONCLUSION@#The main causes of clinical misdiagnosis are insufficient experiences, careless observation and curtness in medical treatment. The difficult points in these cases are confirmation of the relationships between injury and disease, the primary affection and complication.

Hematoma disecante de la parte torácica de la aorta: estudio anatomopatológico de siete casos de autopsias / Dissecting hematoma of the thoracic aorta: pathology study of seven autopsy cases

El hematoma disecante de aorta (HDA) se define como la disección de la pared aórtica por la sangre, con formación de una nueva luz. Es la patología letal de la aorta más frecuentemente diagnosticada y ocurre con una frecuencia tres veces mayor que la rotura del aneurisma de la aorta abdominal. Nuestro objetivo es presentar siete casos de HDA observados en autopsias, describir los hallazgos anatomopatológicos y comentar la literatura. Los casos estudiados corresponden al Servicio de Patología del Instituto de Medicina Forense de Córdoba, Argentina. Los tejidos fueron fijados en formol al 10 por ciento, incluidos en parafina y coloreados con hematoxilina-eosina, tricrómico de Masson y PAS (Peryodic Acid Schiff). De los siete casos presentados cuatro correspondieron a mujeres (57,1 por ciento) y tres a hombres (42,8 por ciento). Todos los casos estudiados tenían antecedentes de hipertensión arterial. La evolución posible de la disección aórtica incluye: rotura de la adventicia con hemorragia masiva y muerte, comunicación nuevamente con la luz aórtica, propagación al ostium coronario, isquemia de órganos y la formación de un aneurisma.

Dissecting aortic hematoma (DAH) is defined as the dissection of the aortic wall by the blood, with formation of a new light. It is the deadliest disease of the aorta and occurs more frequently diagnosed at a rate three times greater than the ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Our goal is to present seven cases of DAH observed in autopsies, describe the autopsy findings and comment on the literature. All cases studied belong to the Department of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine of Cordoba, Argentina. The tissues were fixed in 10 percent formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome and PAS (Peryodic Acid Schiff). Of all the cases studied, four were women (57.1 percent) and three men (42.8 percent). All had a history of hypertension. Evolution of aortic dissection may include: failure of the adventitia with massive hemorrhage and death, again communication with the aortic lumen, spread the coronary ostium, organ ischemia and aneurysm formation.

Surgical repair of delayed chronic type A dissection after previous coronary artery bypass grafting

We report of a 57 years-old woman who had undergone coronary artery bypass three years previously. Computed tomography [CT] revealed that the ascending aorta was dilated to about 7cm in diameter, with type A dissection. Angiography revealed that left internal thoracic artery [LITA] graft to left anterior descending artery [LAD] and saphenous vein grafts to posterior descending artery [PDA] branch of the right coronary artery [RCA] and second obtuse marginal [OM] branch of the circumflex artery [CX] correspondingly were patent. Though the risk of surgical, treatment via repeat median sternotomy is usually very high in these cases, we successfully performed the reoperation using profound hypothermic circulatory arrest. We dissected the mediastinum by using a sternum retractor for ITA and saphenous vein grafts dissection. We didn't use cardioplegia during profound hypothermic circulation

Dissecção da artéria carótida / Carotid artery dissection

As dissecções da artéria carótida devem ser consideradas como possível etiologia de acidentes vasculares cerebrais e acidentes isquêmicos transitórios em pacientes jovens e de meia-idade e em geral têm bom prognóstico. Técnicas não-invasivas, em particular a ressonância magnética (ponderadas em T1 e T2, supressão de gordura em T1) e a angiografia por ressonância magnética de cabeça e pescoço com e/ou sem gadolino, devem ser usadas rotineiramente para triagem de pacientes com dissecção da artéria carótida interna. A angiografia por tomografia computadorizada pode ser também uma técnica diagnóstica alternativa ou complementar usada para avaliação da dissecção. A angiografia convencional deve ser reservada para casos selecionados, em que ainda não foi possível chegar a um diagnóstico depois dos primeiros exames. Outros estudos são necessários para avaliar as melhores opções de tratamento para pacientes com dissecção arterial.

Carotid artery dissections usually have a good prognosis and should be thought as a potential etiology of stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in young patients. Noninvasive imaging techniques, in particular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (T1- and T2-weighted, fat-suppressed T1) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of head and neck with and/or without gadolinium, should be used routinely for screening of patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) can be an alternative or adjunctive diagnostic technique used for evaluation of dissection. Conventional angiography should be reserved for selected cases where the diagnosis remains indeterminate after initial studies have been performed. Further studies arenecessary to evaluate the best therapeutic options for patients with arterial dissection.

guide for surgical treatment of ruptured vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm based on a new angiographic classification and supported by pathological and surgical treatment studies

The surgical treatment strategy of ruptured vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm [VA-DA] is still controversial. We performed clinical and pathological studies based on a new angiographic classification aiming to guide for the surgical treatment of this disease. 19 patients with VA-DA and SAH, underwent surgery and/ autopsy, formed the subject of this study. We classified these patients, according to the longitudinal length of dilatation and narrowing [pearl and string sign] on the A-P view angiography into 3 groups: 1] small sized [>10 mm], 2] medium sized [11-20 mm], and 3] large sized [> 21 mm]. Outward appearance study was performed for 16 aneurysms during surgery and for 5 autopsy cases. The aneurysmal size [longitudinal length] was nearly the same in both the angiographic picture and the actual measurement, but it was difficult to anticipate the detailed shape of the aneurysm only from the angiographic picture. Two distinctive morphological types were revealed: lateral protrusion [saccular] and fusiform. The saccular type [4 cases] was present only in the small sized group and 3 cases treated by surgical clipping. The fusiform type was inspected in small, medium and large sized groups, but, surgical trapping [6 cases] was successful in the aneurysmal size less than 15 mm, while, operations in the aneurysmal size more than 15 mm, ended by proximal clipping [6 cases]. Histopathological Study, for 5 autopsy cases, examined the detailed pathological features of the saccular and fusiform types and speculated that dissection was localized to the base in the saccular type and to the dilated portion in the fusiform type. Also, there was only one entry point at the dilated portion in the fusiform type and these points are important for radical surgery. 1-When VA-DA with SAH is less than about 15 mm in the longitudinal length of the A-P view angiography, specially in the small sized group, surgical exploration is mandatory to explore the actual shape of the aneurysm and to decide radical treatment either by clipping or trapping. 2-In the aneurysmal size more than about 15 mm, the access to distal lesion is difficult and PICA and/or perforators usually come from the dilated portion, so proximal occlusion might be a resultant procedure and endovascular treatment may achieve the same and less invasive

Spontaneous Dissecting Aneurysm of the Intracranial Vertebral Artery: Management Strategies

PURPOSE: Pathogenesis and treatment of spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the intracranial vertebral artery (VA) remain controversial. This study was designed to provide management strategies and to improve management outcome in patients with these aneurysms. MATERIALA AND METHODS: Among a total of 1,990 patients treated for intracranial aneurysms from February 1992 to June 2005, 28 patients (1.4%) were treated either by surgery (8 patients) or neurointervention (20 patients) for spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial VA. Twenty-two patients had ruptured aneurysms. We analyzed indications of surgery or neurointervention for each case, and assessed the management outcome at a 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: For selection of therapeutic options, patients were initially evaluated as possible candidates for neurointervention using the following criteria: 1) poor clinical grade; 2) advanced age; 3) medical illness; 4) unruptured aneurysm; 5) equal or larger opposite VA; 6) anticipated surgical difficulty due to a deep location of the VA-posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) junction. Surgery was considered for patients with: 1) high-risk aneurysms (large or irregular shaped); 2) smaller opposite VA; 3) failed neurointervention; or 4) dissection involving the PICA. Management outcomes were favorable in 25 patients (89.3%). Causes of unfavorable outcome in the remaining 3 patients were the initial insult in 2 patients, and medical complications in one patient. CONCLUSION: Ruptured aneurysms must be treated to prevent rebleeding. For unruptured aneurysms, follow-up angiography would be necessary to detect growth of the aneurysm. Treatment modality should be selected according to the clinical characteristics of each patient and close collaboration between neurosurgeons and neurointerventionists is essential.

Disección aórtica toracoabdominal asintomática como hallazgo incidental: a propósito de un caso / Thoracoabdominal aortic dissection as an asymptomatic incidental finding: a purpose of a case

El Aneurisma se define como la dilatación del diámetro aórtico mayor a 5 cm. 40 por ciento de los mismos se localiza en aorta ascendente. El diagnóstico clínico sólo es posible en casos sintomáticos, con dolor torácico sordo, generado por expanción y compresión de estructuras vecinas, en una radiografía simple de tórax se ve la imagen de crecimiento aórtico o ensanchamiento del mediastino. Confirmación diagnóstica debe incluir estudio tomográfico o angiografía para definir el aneurisma con las ramas aórticas. 58 por ciento de los pacientes es asintomático, sin antecedentes de importancia. Se presenta una paciente femenina de 24 años de edad asintomática cardiovascular hasta el 24-01-2006, cuando inicia cuadro de dolor torácico súbito y disnea, radiografía de tórax, se evidencia gran imagen paracardíaca izquierda de densidad agua impresiona estar en relación con aorta descendente. La tomografía computarizada y ecosonograma transesofágico, concluye: aneurisma toracoabdominal con disección tipo B. Se procede a una toracotonomía posterolateral izquierda con freno laparotomía con abordaje de saco aneurismático y colocación de prótesis aórtica, desde la emergencia de la subclavia izquierda hasta por encima de las arterias renales. Evoluciona bien. Se concluye en la importancia de la clínica y los estudios radiológicos.