Tratamiento de la contractura en flexión de rodilla en parálisis cerebral / Treatment for knee flexion contracture in cerebral palsy

La extensión completa de la rodilla es esencial para la marcha. Los pacientes con parálisis cerebral infantil con frecuencia pueden tener déficit de extensión de distinta magnitud, lo que compromete la marcha e incluso la bipedestación. El tratamiento de la contractura en flexión de rodilla parte por tratar la espasticidad de los músculos comprometidos y con fisioterapia. Cuando el flexo es estructurado, el tratamiento es quirúrgico mediante distintas técnicas, dependiendo de la magnitud de la contractura y de la edad del paciente. Las técnicas sobre partes blandas incluyen alargamientos funcionales de isquiotibiales y transferencias musculares. Cuando la contractura es capsular, es preferible realizar cirugía ósea, la cual extiende el fémur proximal, ya sea en forma progresiva, mediante fisiodesis anterior en pacientes pediátricos, o en forma aguda, mediante osteotomía extensora del fémur distal. Con frecuencia existe una patela alta, la cual hay que corregir en el mismo acto quirúrgico para mantener la eficiencia del aparato extensor

Full knee extension is essential for gait. Patients with cerebral palsy frequently have extension deficits of different magnitudes, which compromise walking and even standing up. The treatment of knee flexion contracture begins by addressing the spasticity of the involved muscles and includes physical therapy. For structured extension deficits, the treatment is surgical, using different techniques depending on the magnitude of the contracture and the patient's age. Soft tissue techniques include functional hamstring lengthening and muscle transfers. For capsular contracture, bone surgery is preferable and extends the proximal femur either progressively, through anterior physiodesis in pediatric patients, or acutely, by extensor distal femoral osteotomy. A high patella is common and requires correction during the same surgical procedure to maintain the efficiency of the extensor apparatus

Intervención con terapia manual: rehabilitación sobre la regulación del tono muscular en parálisis cerebral / Intervention with manual therapy: rehabilitation on the regulation of muscle tone in cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy is a disorder of posture, tone and movement, resulting from damage to an immature central nervous system. The tension of the connective tissue with vascular and nervous entrapment is a frequent alteration that affects the entire locomotor system in children with cerebral palsy, especially in those who present quadriparesis. These increase responses to reactions considered pathological such as tonic postural reflexes, of exaggerated Moro or opisthotonus. The objective of the present study is to analyze the effects obtained on the regulation of muscle tone, after the application of a pediatric manual therapy program in a case with spastic cerebral palsy during 9 months of outpatient treatment in a private office. Acting on the tension of the fascial tissue that surrounds the nervous and muscular system, present in the subject and thus allowing oral nutritional activity. The case patient in this study is a 3-year-old female, with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy and severe quadriparesis. In the initial motor evaluation, fixation of the head and neck and elevated muscle tone in the trunk and limbs were observed. A manual therapy intervention of 45 minutes per session is performed once a week for 9 months. At the end of treatment, oral feeding, free flexion of the head and a decrease in general muscle tone are achieved.

La parálisis cerebral es un trastorno de la postura, el tono y el movimiento, producto de un daño en un sistema nervioso central inmaduro. La tensión del tejido conectivo con atrapamiento vascular y nervioso es una alteración frecuente que afecta a todo el aparato locomotor en los niños con parálisis cerebral, sobre todo en aquellos que presentan cuadriparesia; este trastorno aumenta las respuestas a reacciones consideradas patológicas, como los reflejos tónicos posturales, el reflejo de Moro exagerado u el opistotono. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los efectos obtenidos sobre la regulación del tono muscular, tras la aplicación de un programa de terapia manual pediátrica en un caso con parálisis cerebral espástica, durante 9 meses de tratamiento ambulatorio en consultorio privado. Se actúa sobre la tensión del tejido fascial que envuelve los sistemas nervioso y muscular presente en el sujeto, de manera de permitir la actividad nutricional por vía oral. La paciente caso de este estudio es de sexo femenino, de 3 años de edad, con diagnóstico de parálisis cerebral y cuadriparesia grave. En la evaluación motora inicial se observa fijación de la cabeza y el cuello, y tono muscular elevado en tronco y miembros. Se realiza una intervención de terapia manual de 45 minutos por sesión, una vez por semana durante 9 meses. Al final del tratamiento se logra la alimentación por vía oral, flexión libre de la cabeza y disminución del tono muscular general.

Anthropometric profile and body composition of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy on enteral diet / Perfil antropométrico e composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral em uso de dieta enteral

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the anthropometric variables and body composition of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy based on the type of enteral diet received. Methods A case-series study involving 38 individuals with spastic quadriparetic cerebral palsy, aged four to 18 years, fed only by the enteral route, followed up at a Reference Hospital in the city of Recife (PE), Brazil. One group received an exclusively industrialized enteral diet, while the other received a mixed diet (industrialized and homemade). Weight, stature, arm circumference, and arm muscle area were measured. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results There was no significant difference between the groups receiving industrialized and mixed diets, with a high stature deficit frequency (63.6% versus 68.7%; p=0.743), excess fat mass (93.3% versus 58.3%; p=0.060), and fat free mass deficit (73.3% versus 66.7%; p=1.000) observed in both groups. Regarding the nutritional composition of the enteral diet, 54.5% and 53.8% of the individuals in the industrialized and mixed diet groups, respectively, received an industrialized enteral diet with a hypercaloric, hyperlipidic, and hypoproteic nutritional composition. Conclusion It was concluded that there was no difference in anthropometric parameters and body composition based on the type of diet received. It should be considered that the nutritional composition of the most commonly used industrialized diet among the individuals in this study may have influenced the unfavorable outcomes, such as the high frequency of low muscle mass and excess fat mass. This highlights the need for the formulation and availability of an enteral diet that meets the nutritional needs of this population.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar os parâmetros antropométricos e a composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral em função do tipo de dieta enteral recebida. Métodos Estudo tipo série de casos, envolvendo 38 indivíduos com paralisia cerebral tetraparética espástica entre 4 e 18 anos, alimentados apenas por via alternativa, acompanhados em um Hospital de Referência em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Um grupo recebia dieta enteral industrializada exclusiva e outro, dieta mista (industrializada e artesanal). Foram aferidos, peso, estatura, circunferência e área muscular do braço. A composição corporal se deu por meio da utilização de bioimpedância elétrica. Resultados Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos dieta industrializada e dieta mista, sendo constatada elevada frequência de déficit estatural (63,6% versus 68,7%; p=0,743), excesso de massa gorda (93,3% versus 58,3%; p=0,060) e déficit de massa livre de gordura (73,3% versus 66,7%; p=1,000), em ambos os grupos. Quanto à composição nutricional da dieta enteral ofertada, 54,5% e 53,8% dos indivíduos nos grupos dieta industrializada e dieta mista, respectivamente, recebiam dieta enteral industrializada de composição nutricional hipercalórica, hiperlipídica e hipoproteica. Conclusão Conclui-se que não houve diferença nos parâmetros antropométricos e na composição corporal em função do tipo de dieta recebida. Deve-se considerar que a composição nutricional da dieta industrializada mais utilizada pelos indivíduos dessa pesquisa pode ter influenciado os resultados desfavoráveis, como a elevada frequência de baixa massa muscular e excesso de massa gorda. Surgindo por sua vez, a necessidade da formulação e disponibilização de uma dieta enteral que atenda às necessidades nutricionais dessa população.

EFECTIVIDAD DE LA TOXINA BOTULÍNICA TIPO A EN EL MANEJO DE LA CADERA ESPÁSTICA DE NIÑOS CON PARÁLISIS CEREBRAL / EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TOXIN BOTULINUM TYPE A IN THE DRIVING OF THE HIP CHILDREN'S SPASTICS WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

La espasticidad es uno de los principales factores de riesgo que predispone a la luxación de cadera en los niños con parálisis cerebral (PC). La aplicación de toxina botulínica (BTX A) en los músculos aductores de caderas reduce este riesgo

Spasticity is one of the main risk factors predisposing to hip dislocation in children with cerebral palsy (CP), Botulinum toxin A (BTX A) injection in hip adductor muscles reduces this risk

Toxina botulínica no tratamento de bruxismo severo em paciente com paralisia cerebral: relato de caso / Botulinic toxin in the treatment of severe bruxism in a patient with cerebral palsy: case report

Paralisia cerebral é um quadro resultante de lesão encefálica não progressiva que ocorre no desenvolvimento fetal ou primeira infância caracterizada principalmente por alterações no tônus muscular. Nestas pessoas, as estruturas de mastigação, como músculos e articulações tem repercussões graças aos distúrbios neuromotores. Bruxismo é uma atividade involuntária de contração muscular, de origem central, caracterizado pelo hábito de ranger ou apertar os dentes, sendo o hábito oral parafuncional que mais acomete esses indivíduos. Este artigo tem o objetivo de relatar o caso de uma paciente de 26 anos portadora de paralisia cerebral que procurou tratamento na clínica odontológica da Universidade Federal Fluminense. A paciente apresentava bruxismo severo e foi utilizada a toxina botulínica tipo A para o tratamento, como alternativa eficiente e segura. Pode-se concluir que as aplicações intramusculares de toxina botulínica foi um tratamento eficiente e seguro no relato de caso apresentado para o tratamento de bruxismo severo em paciente com autismo.

Cerebral palsy is a result of non-progressive brain injury that occurs in fetal development or early childhood, characterized mainly by changes in muscle tone. In these people, chewing structures, such as muscles and joints, have repercussions thanks to neuromotor disorders. Bruxism is an involuntary activity of muscle contraction, of central origin, characterized by the habit of grinding or clenching teeth, being the parafunctional oral habit that most affects these individuals. This article aims to report the case of a 26-year-old patient with cerebral palsy who sought treatment at the dental clinic of Universidade Federal Fluminense. The patient had severe bruxism and botulinum toxin type A was used for treatment as an efficient and safe alternative. It can be concluded that the intramuscular applications of botulinum toxin was an efficient and safe treatment in the case report presented for the treatment of severe bruxism in a patient with autism.

Evaluación de los movimientos generales en niños prematuros para predicción de parálisis cerebral / Assessment of general movements in preterm infants as a predictor of cerebral palsy

La identificación temprana de la parálisis cerebral es aún en la actualidad un gran desafío para el sistema de salud en el mundo. Hubo grandes avances de la neonatología en disminuir la mortalidad, pero no así la morbimortalidad; la parálisis cerebral continúa siendo la secuela más común de todos los trastornos del desarrollo, especialmente entre quienes nacen prematuramente. La posibilidad de realizar detección precoz antes de los 5 meses de edad conlleva múltiples beneficios para el niño y su familia, ya que permite su incorporación muy temprana a tratamiento. En este trabajo describimos una herramienta con gran sensibilidad y especificidad conocida como evaluación de los movimientos generales de Prechtl y su posible complementación con aplicaciones tecnológicas para la detección temprana.

At present, the early identification of cerebral palsy still poses a major challenge for the health system worldwide. Great advances have been made in neonatology in reducing mortality, but not morbimortality. Cerebral palsy remains the most common sequela of all developmental disorders, especially among those born prematurely. The possibility of early detection before 5 months of age has many benefits for the child and their family, since it allows very early initiation of treatment. In this study, we describe a highly sensitive and specific tool known as Prechtl's assessment of general movements and its potential complementation with technological apps for early detection.

Detección temprana y seguimiento de la parálisis cerebral / Early detection and follow-up of cerebral palsy

La parálisis cerebral es la discapacidad física más común en la niñez y ocurre en 1 de cada 500 nacidos vivos. Históricamente, el diagnóstico se ha realizado entre los 12 y los 24 meses de edad, aunque actualmente se puede realizar antes de los 6 meses de edad corregida. El diagnóstico temprano comienza con un cuidadoso historial médico e implica la utilización de neuroimágenes, evaluaciones neurológicas y motoras estandarizadas que indican hallazgos indicativos de parálisis cerebral. Para ello, en la presente revisión se desarrolla un procedimiento que ha sido propuesto en la literatura. El seguimiento y el control de la evolución de la condición se deben hacer desde múltiples especialidades. Los médicos deben comprender la importancia de la pronta derivación a una intervención temprana específica de diagnóstico y del seguimiento adecuado de la condición para optimizar la plasticidad motora y cognitiva del niño, prevenir complicaciones secundarias y mejorar el bienestar del paciente y entorno familiar(AU)

Cerebral palsy is the most common physical disability in childhood, occurring in 1 of 500 live births. historically, the diagnosis has been made between 12 and 24 months of age, but now it can be made before 6 months of corrected age. Early diagnosis begins with a judicious medical history and involves neuroimaging, standardized neurological, and motor assessments that indicate abnormal findings indicative of cerebral palsy. In the present review, the authors propose a process widely developed in the medical literature. Monitoring during growth and control of the condition must be done from multiple specialties. Clinicians should understand the importance of prompt referral to an early diagnostic-specific intervention to optimize infant motor and cognitive plasticity, prevent secondary complications, and enhance caregiver well-being(AU)

Cuestionario sobre salud oral para cuidadores de niños con parálisis cerebral: análisis psicométrico / Questionnaire about oral health for caregivers of children with cerebral palsy: psychometric analysis

Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de un cuestionario específicamente diseñado para determinar el grado de conocimiento sobre salud bucal de cuidadores de niños con Parálisis Cerebral. Materiales y métodos: Participaron cien cuidadores de niños con Parálisis Cerebral, usuarios del Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Pedro Aguirre Cerda, Santiago. Se evaluó el instrumento mediante el análisis de componentes principales, se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson para indagar los patrones de asociación existentes entre sus componentes, se analizó la confiabilidad (alfa de Cronbach) y, considerando los valores percentiles del promedio de las respuestas, se determinaron los puntajes de corte, estableciéndose los niveles de conocimiento reportados por los participantes. Resultados: El análisis indicó que existe un factor latente sobre el único constructo definido -el grado de conocimiento sobre salud bucodental de cuidadores de niños con Parálisis Cerebral. El alfa de Cronbach fue 0.91. Todas las correlaciones fueron positivas y de magnitud no despreciable. Se establecieron cuatro niveles de conocimiento: "muy por debajo de lo esperado", "bajo lo esperado", "sobre lo esperado" y "muy sobre lo esperado". Conclusiones: La confiabilidad de las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento son apropiadas para su uso en atención clínica o proyectos de investigación.

Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of a specifically designed questionnaire to determine the degree of oral health knowledge of caregivers of children with Cerebral Palsy. Material and methods: One hundred caregivers of children with cerebral palsy participated, users of the "Pedro Aguirre Cerda" National Rehabilitation Institute, Santiago. To evaluate the instrument, the principal component analysis was performed, Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the existing association patterns between its components, reliability was analysed (Cronbach's alpha) and, considering the percentile values of the average of the responses, the cut-off scores were determined to establish the levels of knowledge reported by the participants. Results: The analysis indicated the existence of a latent factor on the only construct defined in its design - the degree of knowledge about oral health of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. A Cronbach's alpha of 0,91 was obtained. All the correlations were positive and of a non-negligible magnitude. Four levels of knowledge were established: "well below expectations", "below expectations", "above expectations" and "very above expectations". Conclusion: The reliability of the instrument´s psychometric properties makes it suitable for its use in clinical practice or research projects.

Efficacy and mechanism of scalp acupuncture for spastic cerebral palsy / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical efficacy of scalp acupuncture for spastic cerebral palsy (CP), and to explore its possible mechanism based on brain white matter fiber bundles, nerve growth related proteins and inflammatory cytokines.@*METHODS@#A total of 90 children with spastic CP were randomly divided into a scalp acupuncture group and a sham scalp acupuncture group, 45 cases in each group. The children in the two groups were treated with conventional comprehensive rehabilitation treatment. The children in the scalp acupuncture group were treated with scalp acupuncture at the parietal temporal anterior oblique line, parietal temporal posterior oblique line on the affected side, and parietal midline. The children in the sham scalp acupuncture group were treated with scalp acupuncture at 1 cun next to the above point lines. The needles were kept for 30 min, once a day, 5 days a week, for 12 weeks. Before and after treatment, the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indexes of magnetic resonance (FA values of corticospinal tract [CST], anterior limb of internal capsule [ICAL], posterior limb of internal capsule [ICPL], genu of internal capsule [ICGL], genu of corpus callosum [GCC], body of corpus callosum [BCC] and splenium of corpus callosum [SCC]), serum levels of nerve growth related proteins (neuron-specific enolase [NSE], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], myelin basic protein [MBP], ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase-L1 [UCH-L1]) and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 33 [IL-33], tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α]), cerebral hemodynamic indexes (mean blood flow velocity [Vm], systolic peak flow velocity [Vs] and resistance index [RI], pulsatility index [PI] of cerebral artery), surface electromyography (SEMG) signal indexes (root mean square [RMS] values of rectus femoris, hamstring muscles, gastrocnemius muscles, tibialis anterior muscles), gross motor function measure-88 (GMFM-88) score, modified Ashworth scale (MAS) score, ability of daily living (ADL) score were observed in the two groups. The clinical effect of the two groups was compared.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the FA value of each fiber bundle, Vm, Vs, GMFM-88 scores and ADL scores in the two groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the above indexes in the scalp acupuncture group were higher than those in the sham scalp acupuncture group (P<0.05). After treatment, the serum levels of NSE, GFAP, MBP, UCH-L1, IL-33, TNF-α as well as RI, PI, MAS scores and RMS values of each muscle were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the above indexes in the scalp acupuncture group were lower than those in the sham scalp acupuncture group (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 95.6% (43/45) in the scalp acupuncture group, which was higher than 82.2% (37/45) in the sham scalp acupuncture group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Scalp acupuncture could effectively treat spastic CP, improve the cerebral hemodynamics and gross motor function, reduce muscle tension and spasticity, and improve the ability of daily life. The mechanism may be related to repairing the white matter fiber bundles and regulating the levels of nerve growth related proteins and inflammatory cytokines.

Re-evaluation of systematic reviews of acupuncture and moxibustion for children with cerebral palsy / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the methodological quality, report quality and evidence quality of the Meta-analysis and systematic reviews of acupuncture and moxibustion for children with cerebral palsy, aiming to provide decision-making basis for clinical treatment.@*METHODS@#The systematic reviews and Meta-analysis of acupuncture and moxibustion for children with cerebral palsy were searched in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, Cochrane Library, PubMed and EMbase. The retrieval time was from the database establishment to June 30th, 2022. AMSTAR 2 (a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews) was used to evaluate the methodological quality， and PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Meta-analyses) was used to evaluate the report quality, and GRADE was used to evaluate the quality of evidence.@*RESULTS@#A total of 14 systematic reviews were included, including 37 primary outcome indexes. According to AMSTAR 2 evaluation results, there were 4 low quality studies, 10 very low quality studies, and low scores on items 2, 4, 7, 10 and 16. PRISMA scores ranged from 15 to 25, and the main reporting problems reflected in structured abstracts, program and registration, retrieval, and funding sources, etc. According to the GRADE classification results, there were 3 high quality evidences, 7 medium quality evidences, 10 low quality evidences and 17 very low quality evidences. The main downgrading factors were limitations, imprecision and publication bias.@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture and moxibustion has a certain effect for cerebral palsy in children, but the quality of methodology, reporting and evidence in the included literature is poor, and the comparison of curative effect between different acupuncture and moxibustion methods is unclear.

Relationship between the gross motor function classification system and hip and lumbar spine development in children with spastic cerebral palsy / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the relationship among the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS)and the development of hip joint and lumbar spine in children with spastic cerebral palsy.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 125 children with spastic cerebral palsy admitted from January 2018 to July 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 85 males and 40 females, aged from 4 to 12 years old with an average of (8.4±2.9) years. According to GMFCS, the patients were divided into gradeⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups. There were 27 cases in gradeⅠgroup, 40 cases in gradeⅡgroup, 35 cases in grade Ⅲ group and 23 cases in grade Ⅳ group. The migration percentage(MP), central edge angle(CE), neck-shaft angle(NSA), acetabular index(AI) were measured by the radiograph of pelvis, abnormal parameters were selected to evaluate the relationship between different GMFCS grades and hip joint development. Lumbar sagittal Cobb angle, lumbar sacral angle, lumbar lordosis index and apical distance were measured by lateral lumbar radiographs to evaluate the relationship between different GMFCS grades and lumbar spine development.@*RESULTS@#①Among the 125 spastic cerebral palsy children, there were 119 cases of pelvic radiographs that met the measurement standards. In the four groups with gradeⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, MP was (22.72±3.88), (26.53±4.36), (33.84±4.99), and (49.54±7.87)%, CE was(30.10±6.99) °, ( 22.92±4.19) °, ( 17.91±5.50) °, and (-0.70±17.33)°, AI was (16.41±2.77) °, (20.46±4.63) °, (23.76±5.10) °, and ( 29.15±7.35)°, respectively, there were significant differences between the two comparisons (P<0.05). And the higher GMFCS grade, the greater MP and AI, and the smaller CE.The NSA was(142.74±10.03) °, (148.66±9.09) °, (151.66±10.52) °, and (153.70±8.05)° in four groups with gradeⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, respectively. The differences between the two comparisons of the GMFCS gradeⅠgroup and the other three groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). NSA of GMFCSⅠgroup was significantly lower than that of the others, there was no significant difference among other groups(P>0.05). ② Among the 125 spastic cerebral palsy children, there were 88 cases of lumbar spine radiographs that met the measurement standards. ③The lumbar sagittal Cobb angle was(32.62±11.10) °, (29.86±9.90) °, (31.70±11.84) °, and (39.69±6.80)° in the four groups with gradeⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, respectively;GMFSS of grade Ⅳ group was significantly higher than that of other three groups, there was significant difference between the two comparisons (P<0.05);there were no significant differences between other groups (P>0.05). In the four groups with gradeⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, the lumbosacral angle was (31.02±9.91) °, ( 26.57±9.41) °, (28.08±8.56) °, and ( 27.31±11.50)°, the lumbar lordosis index was (4.14±12.89), (8.83±13.53), (13.00±11.78), and (10.76±9.97) mm, the arch apex distance was (9.50±6.80), (6.68±3.20), (7.16±4.94), and (6.62±4.13) mm, respectively, there were no significant differences between the two comparisons(P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#①In children with GMFCS gradeⅠ-Ⅳ, the higher the GMFCS grade, the worse the hip develops. ② Children with GMFCS grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ may be at greater risk for lumbar kyphosis.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the gingival health of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy / Impacto da pandemia do COVID-19 na saúde gengival de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral

Objective: to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents with cerebral palsy, comparing the gingival condition and the type of dental treatment before and after the interruption of dental care. Material and Methods: the retrospective longitudinal study consisted of 273 participants undergoing Dental Clinic of the AACD (Disabled Child Assistance Association), divided into three groups according to age: Group 1 (G1: 0 to 5 years and 11 months; n=137), Group 2 (G2: 6 to 11 years and 11 months; n=85) and Group 3 (G3: 12 to 17 years and 11 months; n=51). Sociodemographic, data, clinical pattern of cerebral palsy and use of medication were collected, evaluating the gingival condition by the gingival index and the type of dental treatment before the pandemic and during, nine months after the interruption of dental care. Chi-square, Fisher Exact and Kruskal-Wallis (α=5%) tests were used. Results: the groups were homogeneous in terms of sex (p=0.4581), race (p=0.1725), clinical pattern (p=0.3482) and use of antiepileptic drugs (p=0.3509). Regarding the gingival condition, in the period during the pandemic, there was a reduction in the number of participants with Gingival Index scores 0 and 1 and an increase in participants with scores 2 and 3 (p<0.05). As for the procedures performed, the three groups showed a reduction in preventive procedures (p<0.05) and an increase in surgical, periodontal and restorative procedures (p<0.05). Conclusion: it is concluded that the interruption of dental care for nine months during the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy had a negative impact on oral health (AU)

Objetivo: avaliar o impacto da pandemia da COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes com Paralisia Cerebral, comparando a condição gengival e o tipo de tratamento odontológico antes e após a interrupção dos atendimentos odontológicos. Material e Métodos: o estudo longitudinal retrospectivo foi composto por 273 participantes atendidos na Clínica odontológica da AACD (Associação de Assistência à Criança Deficiente), reunidos em três grupos segundo a faixa etária: Grupo 1 (G1: 0 a 5 anos e 11 meses; n=137), Grupo 2 (G2: 6 a 11 anos e 11 meses; n=85) e Grupo 3 (G3: 12 a 17 anos e 11 meses; n=51). Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, padrão clínico da Paralisia Cerebral e o uso de medicação, avaliando a condição gengival pelo índice gengival e o tipo de tratamento odontológico antes e durante a pandemia, nove meses após a interrupção dos atendimentos. Foram empregados os testes Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher e Kruskal-Wallis (α=5%). Resultados: os grupos eram homogêneos quanto ao sexo (p=0,4581), raça (p=0,1725), padrão clínico (p=0,3482) e uso de drogas antiepiléticas (p=0,3509). Com relação à condição gengival, no período Durante Pandemia, observou-se redução no número de participantes com escores Índice Gengival 0 e 1 e aumento de participantes com escores 2 e 3 (p<0,05). Quanto aos procedimentos realizados, os três grupos apresentaram redução de procedimentos preventivos (p<0,05) e aumento dos procedimentos cirúrgicos, periodontal e restaurador (p<0,05). Conclusão: conclui-se que a interrupção do acompanhamento odontológico por nove meses na pandemia da COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes com PC acarretou impacto negativo na saúde bucal (AU)

Impacto e sobrecarga familiar em cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes com deficiência intelectual / Family mpact and burden on caregivers of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities

A Deficiência Intelectual (DI) se caracteriza por déficits funcionais, intelectuais, funções adaptativas, ou seja, os padrões de desenvolvimento e socioculturais relacionados à independência pessoal e responsabilidade social não são atingidos adequadamente. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto familiar e a sobrecarga em cuidadores familiares de crianças e adolescentes com DI. Métodos: Estudo transversal de caráter analítico. Os dados foram coletados na Clínica Intelectual, de um Centro de Reabilitação e Readaptação. Foram aplicadas a Escala de Impacto Familiar, Escala de Burden Interview e dois questionários, um sobre o perfil sociodemográfico de cuidadores familiares e outro de perfil demográfico e clínico de crianças e adolescentes com DI. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 50 participantes, a maioria do gênero feminino, com baixa renda mensal e que dedicam maior parte do tempo aos seus filhos. O estudo evidenciou que o diagnóstico da DI pode gerar impactos moderados e em partes, baixa sobrecarga, na vida destes cuidadores. A baixa escolaridade, baixa renda mensal e as rupturas de papéis ocupacionais influenciaram os resultados encontrados. Conclusões: O acesso aos estudos, mercado de trabalho e suporte financeiro, podem repercutir de forma positiva na vida dos cuidadores familiares, diminuindo o impacto e a sobrecarga que o diagnóstico da DI pode causar

Intellectual Disability (ID) is characterized by functional, intellectual and adaptive function deficits, that is, developmental and socioculturais standards related to personal independence and social responsibility are not adequately achieved. Objective: To assess the family impact and burden on family caregivers of children and adolescents with ID. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. Data were collected at Clínica Intelectual, from a Rehabilitation and Readaptation Center. The Family Impact Scale, the Burden Interview Scale and two questionnaires were applied, one on the sociodemographic profile of family caregivers and the other on the demographic and clinical profile of children and adolescents with ID. Results: 50 participants were interviewed, mostly female, with low monthly income and who dedicate most of their time to their children. The study showed that the diagnosis of ID can generate moderate impacts and in parts, low burden, in the lives of these caregivers. Low schooling, low monthly income and ruptures in occupational roles influenced the results found. Conclusions: Access to studies, the job market and financial support can have a positive impact on the lives of family caregivers, reducing the impact and burden that the diagnosis of ID can cause

Informal caregivers of children with cerebral palsy ways of coping with the uncertainty of illness / Formas de afrontar la incertidumbre de la enfermedad por parte de los cuidadores informales de niños con parálisis cerebral / Enfrentamento da incerteza na doença pelo cuidador informal de crianças com paralisia cerebral

ABSTRACT Objective: To unveil the process of collective construction of interventions for coping by informal caregivers of children with cerebral palsy using the Theory of Uncertainty in Illness. Method: Qualitative action-research in a hybrid format with informal caregivers of children with cerebral palsy registered with the Raros group in Petrolina, Pernambuco. The research followed the planned intervention cycle, going through four phases. The analysis was carried out using the IRAMUTEQ software and content analysis. Results: Interventions were designed collectively, both virtually and in person, which resulted in improvements for informal caregivers in coping with the conditions associated with the disability, promotion of self-care, empowerment and the construction of a sense of belonging to the group. There were 12 participants, all of whom were mothers. Conclusion: There was a facilitation of the process of coping with uncertainty in the disease on the part of the informal caregiver of children with cerebral palsy and it was evidenced that for this a prismatic perspective is necessary, which understands that the uncertainties are not only related to the conditions associated with cerebral palsy, but involve subjective aspects of the caregivers.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desvelar el proceso de construcción colectiva de intervenciones de afrontamiento por cuidadores informales de niños con parálisis cerebral a la luz de la Teoría de la Incertidumbre en la Enfermedad. Método: Investigación-acción cualitativa en formato híbrido con cuidadores informales de niños con parálisis cerebral inscritos en el grupo Raros, en Petrolina, Pernambuco. La investigación siguió el ciclo de intervención previsto, pasando por cuatro fases. El análisis se realizó mediante el software IRAMUTEQ y análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se diseñaron intervenciones colectivas, virtuales y presenciales, que resultaron en mejoras para los cuidadores informales en el afrontamiento de las condiciones asociadas a la discapacidad, la promoción del autocuidado, el empoderamiento y la construcción de un sentido de pertenencia al grupo. Participaron 12 personas, todas ellas madres. Conclusión: Hubo una facilitación del proceso de afrontamiento de la incertidumbre en la enfermedad por parte de los cuidadores informales de niños con parálisis cerebral y se evidenció que esto requiere una perspectiva prismática, que entienda que las incertidumbres no se relacionan solamente con las condiciones asociadas a la parálisis cerebral, sino que involucran aspectos subjetivos de los cuidadores.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desvelar o processo de construção coletiva de intervenções para o enfrentamento pelo cuidador informal de crianças com paralisia cerebral, à luz da Teoria da Incerteza na Doença. Método: Pesquisa-ação, de abordagem qualitativa, no formato híbrido, com os cuidadores informais de crianças com paralisia cerebral cadastrados no grupo Raros em Petrolina, Pernambuco. A pesquisa seguiu o ciclo de intervenção planejada, percorrendo quatro fases. A análise contou com o auxílio do software IRAMUTEQ e da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Coletivamente foram concebidas intervenções, na modalidade virtual e presencial, que resultaram para os cuidadores informais em melhorias do enfrentamento às condições associadas à deficiência, promoção do autocuidado, empoderamento e construção de significado de pertença ao grupo. Houve 12 participantes, sendo todas elas mães. Conclusão: Houve uma facilitação do processo de enfrentamento de incerteza na doença por parte do cuidador informal de crianças com paralisia cerebral e evidenciou-se que para isso é necessária uma ótica prismática, que compreenda que as incertezas não são relacionadas apenas às condições associadas à paralisia cerebral, mas envolvem aspectos subjetivos dos cuidadores.

Percepción de la calidad de vida en para-deportistas y no deportistas chilenos con lesión cerebral / Perception of quality of life in chilean para-athletes and non-athletes with brain injury

Cornejo, M. I., Henríquez, M., Herrera, F., Muñoz, F., Bernardes, N., Auricchio, J. R., y Castelli-Correia de Campos, L. F. (2022). Percepción de la calidad de vida en para- deportistas y no deportistas chilenos con lesión cerebral. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-18. La calidad de vida (CV) y la actividad física son aspectos relevantes en la salud de la población, y esta última con un impacto positivo en las personas con discapacidad. Debido a esto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron comparar las características e identificar la asociación entre los dominios de la percepción de la CV entre un grupo de personas con lesión cerebral que practican fútbol, para-deportistas (PD) y personas con lesión cerebral no para-deportistas (NPD), además determinar si existen diferencias en la percepción de la CV según las diferentes clases deportivas (FT1, FT2 y FT3). El estudio se desarrolló en Chile, donde se aplicó el cuestionario WHOQOL-BREF para determinar la CV de los participantes. Los resultados identificaron una relación positiva y significativa entre los distintos dominios de la CV (p < .001, r = .44 - .67). Además, se observó una mejor percepción de la CV en los PD (p < .001, TE = 1.18, grande) en comparación con lo reportado por el grupo NPD. Por otro lado, no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre los dominios para las diferentes clases deportivas en el grupo PD. Estos datos refuerzan la idea de que la práctica deportiva influye en la participación social y en la percepción de la CV en PD con lesión cerebral. El desarrollo conjunto de los factores asociados entre la salud y el bienestar socioemocional podrían colaborar con la consolidación de la práctica deportiva y de actividad física, los cuales, a su vez son beneficiosos para las personas con discapacidad tal como lo plantean los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible en su agenda de trabajo provista al año 2030.

Cornejo, M. I., Henríquez, M., Herrera, F., Muñoz, F., Bernardes, N., Auricchio, J. R., y Castelli-Correia de Campos, L. F. (2022). Perception of quality of life in chilean para-athletes and non-athletes with brain injury. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-16. Quality of life (QOL) and physical activity are relevant aspects in the health of the population, and the latter has a positive impact on people with disabilities. For this reason, the objectives of this study were to compare the characteristics and identify the association between the domains of QOL perception between a group of people with brain injury who practice soccer, para-athletes (PD) and non-para-athletes with brain injury (NPD), as well as to determine if there are differences in the perception of QOL according to the different sports classes (FT1, FT2 and FT3). The study was carried out in Chile, where the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was applied to determine the QOL of participants. The results identified a positive and significant relationship between the different domains of QOL (p < .001, r = .44 - .67). In addition, a better perception of QoL was observed in the PDs (p < .001, TE = 1.18, large) compared to that reported by the NPD group. On the other hand, no significant differences between domains were obtained for the different sport classes in the PD group. These data reinforce the idea that sport practice influences social participation and perception of QoL in PD with brain injury. The joint development of the factors associated between health and socioemotional well-being could collaborate in the consolidation of sports practice and physical activity, which, in turn, are beneficial for people with disabilities, as proposed by the Sustainable Development Goals in their work agenda foreseen for the year 2030.

Cornejo, M. I., Henríquez, M., Herrera, F., Muñoz, F., Bernardes, N., Auricchio, J. R., y Castelli-Correia de Campos, L. F. (2022). Percepção da qualidade de vida em paratletas e não-atletas chilenos com lesões cerebrais. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-16. Qualidade de vida (QV) e atividade física são aspectos relevantes da saúde da população, tendo esta última um impacto positivo sobre as pessoas com deficiências. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar as características e identificar a associação entre os domínios da percepção de QV entre um grupo de pessoas com lesões cerebrais que praticam futebol, paratletas (P) e pessoas com lesões cerebrais não paratletas (NP), e determinar se existem diferenças na percepção de QV de acordo com as diferentes classes esportivas (FT1, FT2 e FT3). O estudo foi realizado no Chile, onde o questionário WHOQOL-BREF foi utilizado para determinar o QV dos participantes. Os resultados identificaram uma relação positiva e significativa entre os diferentes domínios da QV (p < 0,001, r = 0,44 - 0,67). Além disso, uma melhor percepção de QV foi observada nos Ps (p < 0,001, TE = 1,18, grande) em comparação com a relatada pelo grupo NP. Por outro lado, não foram obtidas diferenças significativas entre os domínios para as diferentes classes esportivas do grupo P. Estes dados reforçam a ideia de que a prática esportiva influencia a participação social e a percepção da QV nos P com lesão cerebral. O desenvolvimento conjunto de fatores associados à saúde e ao bem-estar socioemocional poderia contribuir para a consolidação da prática do esporte e da atividade física, que, por sua vez, são benéficos para as pessoas com deficiência, conforme estabelecido nas Metas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável em sua agenda para 2030.

Percepções dos pais acerca da participação e comunicação de seus filhos com paralisia cerebral não oralizados / Parents' perceptions about the participation and communication of their children with non-speaking cerebral palsy / Percepciones de los padres sobre la participación y comunicación de sus hijos no oralizados con parálisis cerebral

Introdução: O conhecimento das percepções de familiares acerca da participação e comunicação de seus filhos com PC (Paralisia Cerebral) não oralizados contribui com processos educacionais e terapêuticos centrados na pessoa e na família. Objetivo: Conhecer aspectos da participação e comunicação de crianças e adolescentes com PC não oralizados, bem como fatores que favorecem ou dificultam o uso da CSA (Comunicação Suplementar e/ou Alternativa) no ambiente familiar e na escola. Método: Estudo descritivo e transversal de abordagem qualitativa, com amostra de cinco mães de alunos com PC não oralizados. Resultados: As mães relatam barreiras à participação de seus filhos e reconhecem a importância da comunicação nas interações e nas atividades familiares. Mencionam, também, não terem alcançado uso funcional da CSA, em casa, mas expressam satisfação com o nível de comunicação que têm com seus filhos. Por outro lado, abordam dificuldades de comunicação quando não identificam os desejos de seus filhos ou quando eles estão com outros interlocutores. Conclusão: Os achados evidenciam participação reduzida das crianças e do adolescente do estudo, e pouco, ou nenhum uso da CSA. Diante das dificuldades relatadas pelas participantes, os achados reforçam a necessidade de equipar os familiares, no sentido de promoverem a participação e a comunicação de seus filhos. Reforça-se a importância de profissionais de CSA e professores de educação especial trabalhar em parceria com os familiares, a fim de expandir as maneiras como interagem e se comunicam com seus filhos, e vice-versa, visando uma maior participação dos mesmos.

Introduction: Knowing family members' perceptions about the participation and communication of their children with non-speaking CP (Cerebral Palsy), contributes to educational and therapeutic processes centered on the person and family. Aim: Become acquainted with participation and communication aspects of children and adolescents with non-speaking CP, as well as factors that favor or hinder AAC (Augmentative Alternative Communication) use in the family environment and school. Method: Descriptive and cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach, with a sample of five mothers of students with non-speaking CP. Results: Mothers report barriers to their children's participation and recognize the importance of communication in family interactions and activities. They mention not having achieved functional use of AAC at home, but express satisfaction with the level of communication they have with their children. On the other hand, they address communication difficulties when they are unable to identify their children's wishes or when their children are with other interlocutors. Conclusion: The findings show reduced participation of the children and the adolescent in the study, as well as little or no AAC use. In view of the difficulties reported by the participants, the findings reinforce the need to equip family members, in order to promote these children's communication and participation. The importance of AAC professionals and special education teachers working in partnerships with families is reinforced. These professionals can help expand the ways in which mothers interact and communicate with their children, and vice versa, aiming at greater participation among them.

Introducción: Conocer las percepciones de los familiares sobre la participación y comunicación de sus hijos con PC (Parálisis Cerebral) no hablantes, contribuye a procesos educativos y terapéuticos centrados en la persona y la familia. Objetivo: Conocer aspectos de la participación y comunicación de niños y adolescentes con PC no hablantes, así como factores que favorecen o dificultan el uso de la CAA (Comunicación Aumentativa y Alternativa) en el ámbito familiar y en la escuela. Método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal con enfoque cualitativo, con una muestra de cinco madres de alumnos con PC no hablantes. Resultados: Las madres relatan barreras para la participación de sus hijos y reconocen la importancia de la comunicación en las interacciones y en las actividades familiares. Mencionan no haber logrado uso funcional de la CAA en casa, pero expresan satisfacción por el nivel de comunicación que tienen con sus hijos. Por otro lado, abordan las dificultades de comunicación cuando no identifican los deseos de sus hijos o cuando ellos están con otros interlocutores. Conclusión: Los hallazgos muestran una participación reducida de los niños y adolescente en el estudio y poco o ningún uso de CAA. Los hallazgos refuerzan la necesidad de equipar a las familias para promover la participación y comunicación de sus hijos. Se refuerza la importancia de que profesionales de CAA y maestros de educación especial trabajen en colaboración con las familias para ampliar las formas en que interactúan y se comunican con sus hijos, y viceversa, buscando una mayor participación de estos.

Barreras y facilitadores para la práctica de actividad física en niños y jóvenes con parálisis cerebral: una revisión sistemática / Barriers and facilitators for the practice of physical activity in children and young people with cerebral paralysis: a systematic review / Barreiras e facilitadores para a prática de atividade física em crianças e jovens com paralisia cerebral: uma revisão sistemática

Objetivo: describir los principales facilitadores y barreras presentados en la población con parálisis cerebral (PC) y cómo estos ayudan o dificultan la práctica de actividad física. Metodología: se realizó una revisión sistemática de los últimos 10 años siguiendo lo expuesto en la declaración PRISMA, para lo que se utilizaron las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed. La estrategia de búsqueda arrojó un total de 99 documentos de los que finalmente fueron seleccionados 11 estudios. Resultados: los estudios establecen que existe una variedad de factores fisiológicos, psicológicos, sociales y macro ambientales que actúan tanto para promover como inhibir la participación en el deporte y el ejercicio en adolescentes con PC. Por otro lado, los facilitadores que más se dan a conocer, son la familia como foco principal, acompañada de su entorno y la estimulación temprana realizada desde que son pequeños. Conclusión: las barreras son un aspecto modificable y que pueden ser disminuidas con el objetivo de potenciar los facilitadores para aumentar la práctica de actividad física siendo duradera en el tiempo. Las principales barreras son la falta de acceso, los cambios en su cuerpo respecto a la práctica de actividad física, factores medioambientales, falta de profesionales que estén relacionados con el área, y el acceso a la actividad física en ambientes y espacios seguros. La familia juega un rol fundamental desde edades tempranas para incentivar a los niños, niñas o adolescentes con PC a realizar actividades físicas y/o deportivas.

Objective: To describe the main facilitators and barriers presented in population with cerebral palsy (PC) and how they help or hinder the practice of physical activity. Methods: A systematic review of the last 10 years was carried out, following what was stated in the PRISMA declaration, for which the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases were used. The search strategy yielded a total of 99 documents where 11 studies were finally selected. Results: Studies have established that there are a variety of macro physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors that both promote and inhibit participation in sport and exercise in adolescents with PC. On the other hand, the most common facilitators in the research are the family as the main focus, accompanied by their environment and the early stimulation that they get from an early age. Conclusion: Barriers are a modifiable aspect which can be reduced to empower facilitators that increase the practice of physical activity, being sustainable over time. The main barriers are lack of access, changes in the body regarding the practice of physical activity, environmental factors, lack of professionals who are related to the field, and access to physical activity in safe environments and spaces. Family plays a fundamental role from an early age in encouraging children or adolescents with CP to carry out physical and/or sports activities.

Objetivo: Descrever os principais facilitadores e barreiras que ocorrem na população com paralisia cerebral (PC) e como eles auxiliam ou dificultam a prática de atividade física. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática dos últimos 10 anos seguindo o estabelecido na declaração PRISMA, para a qual foram utilizadas as bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e PubMed. A estratégia de busca lançou um total de 99 documentos dos quais 11 estudos foram finalmente selecionados. Resultados: Os estudos estabeleceram que há uma variedade de fatores fisiológicos, psicológicos, sociais e macroambientais que atuam tanto para promover quanto para inibir a participação em esportes e exercícios em adolescentes com PC. Por outro lado, os facilitadores mais conhecidos na variedade de estudos têm como eixo principal a família, acompanhada de seu ambiente e da estimulação precoce que desenvolveram desde a infância. Conclusão: As barreiras são um aspecto modificável que pode ser reduzido com o objetivo de capacitar os facilitadores para aumentar a prática de atividade física de forma duradoura. As principais barreiras são a falta de acesso, as alterações em seus corpos devido à prática de atividade física, fatores ambientais, a falta de profissionais relacionados à área e o acesso à atividade física em ambientes e espaços seguros. A família desempenha desde cedo um papel fundamental para estimular as crianças e adolescentes com PC a realizarem atividades físicas e/ou esportivas.

Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System ­ EDACS: equivalência cultural para o português brasileiro / Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System ­ EDACS: cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian Portuguese / Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System ­ EDACS: equivalencia cultural para el portugués brasileño

Objetivo: realizar a tradução e equivalência cultural e linguística para o Português Brasileiro do Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS). Método: realizou-se a tradução do EDACS para a língua portuguesa por duas fonoaudiólogas bilíngues e especialistas em disfagia. As duas traduções foram comparadas entre as próprias fonoaudiólogas, sendo as incompatibilidades discutidas entre si e decisões tomadas por consenso. Após o instrumento traduzido, este foi enviado para uma terceira fonoaudióloga, brasileira, bilíngue, residente nos Estados Unidos, para que a retrotradução para o inglês fosse realizada. A versão inicial do instrumento e a retro tradução foram confrontadas entre si, sendo as discrepâncias analisadas, discutidas e definidas por consenso. Resultados: os processos de tradução e adaptação cultural requereram maior esforço na definição da nomenclatura das consistências utilizadas e não trouxeram modificações com relação à estrutura da escala original. Conclusão: realizou-se a equivalência cultural do Sistema de Classificação das Habilidades do Comer e Beber ­ EDACS-PT/BR para o português brasileiro.

Objective: to perform the translation and cultural equivalence to Brazilian Portuguese of the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS). Method: EDACS was translated into Brazilian Portuguese by two bilingual speech language therapists, specialists in dysphagia. The two translations were compared by the speech therapists, the incompatibilities were discussed among themselves and decisions were taken by consensus. After the instrument was translated, it was sent to a third Brazilian speech language therapist, bilingual and resident in the United States, for back-translation into English. The initial version of the instrument and the back-translation were compared and the discrepancies were analyzed, discussed and defined by consensus. Results: the processes of translation and cultural adaptation required more effort in defining the terms of the used consistencies and did not change the structure of the original scale. Conclusion: the cultural equivalence of the Sistema de Classificação das Habilidades do Comer e Beber ­ EDACS-PT/BR was performed for Brazilian Portuguese.

Objetivo: llevar a cabo la traducción y equivalencia cultural y lingüística al portugués brasileño del Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS). Método: la EDACS fue traducida al portugués por dos logopedas bilingües y especialistas en disfagia. Las dos traducciones se compararon entre los propios logopedas, discutiéndose las incompatibilidades y tomando decisiones por consenso. Una vez traducido el instrumento, se envió a un tercer logopeda, brasileño, bilingüe, residente en Estados Unidos para la retrotraducción al inglés. La versión inicial del instrumento y la retrotraducción se compararon entre sí, y las discrepancias fueron analizadas, discutidas y definidas por consenso. Resultados: los procesos de traducción y adaptación cultural requirieron un mayor esfuerzo en la definición de la nomenclatura de las consistencias utilizadas y no trajeron cambios en relación a la estructura de la escala original. Conclusión: se realizó la equivalencia cultural del Sistema de Classificação das Habilidades do Comer e Beber ­ EDACS-PT/BR para el portugués brasileño.

Multimedia educativa Equinoterapia como medio de consulta para el tratamiento de pacientes con parálisis cerebral / Teaching multimedia Echinotherapy as means of reference for the treatment of patients with cerebral paralysis

Introducción: Desde 1997 se utiliza en Cuba como una variante del tratamiento físico-motor de pacientes con parálisis cerebral la Equinoterapia. Varios han sido los recursos que se han empleado desde los inicios para alcanzar la vía en el desarrollo lógico de este proceso. El presente trabajo versa sobre un medio digital que proporciona las herramientas necesarias para la adecuación de la labor de los profesionales dedicados a esta actividad y que específicamente intervienen en el tratamiento de pacientes en edad infantil. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la multimedia educativa Equinoterapia como medio de consulta para el tratamiento de pacientes con parálisis cerebral. Método: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo de 53 profesionales, pertenecientes a los ministerios de Educación, Salud Pública e INDER de La Habana, desde enero del 2018 hasta marzo del 2019. La propuesta fue aplicada y evaluada en 3 etapas fundamentales, para lo cual se emplearon el cuestionario y la guía de observación. Resultados: Se destacaron los aspectos pedagógicos y funcionales. Entre los primeros sobresalieron indicadores, tales como adaptación al contexto educativo, fomento de la iniciativa y el autoaprendizaje (con 5 puntos cada uno), mantenimiento de la atención a los usuarios (4,8 puntos), así como diversidad de contenidos y actividades (4,7 puntos); entre los segundos, prevaleció el indicador eficiente para su propósito con 4,8 puntos. Además, se reconocieron las posibilidades de aplicación e incidencia en la adquisición de los contenidos desarrollados. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos ofrecen confiabilidad y seguridad en el producto, así como muestran una incidencia positiva en la educación de posgrado, lo cual beneficiará a los profesionales y pacientes, quienes recibirán este servicio.

Introduction: Echinotherapy is used in Cuba as a variant of the physical-motor treatment of patients with cerebral paralysis since 1997. There have been several resources that have been used since the beginnings to reach the way in the logical development of this process. The present work is about a digital means that provides the necessary tools for the adaptation of the professionals work dedicated to this activity and that specifically intervene in the treatment of patients in children age. Objective: To evaluate the impact of the teaching multimedia Echinotherapy as means of reference for the treatment of patients with cerebral paralysis. Method: A qualitative study of 53 professionals, belonging to the ministries of Education, Public Health and INDER of Havana, was carried out from January, 2018 to March, 2019. The proposal was applied and evaluated in 3 fundamental phases, for which the questionnaire and observation guide were used. Results: Pedagogic and functional aspects were remarkable. Among the first ones some indicators were notable, such as adaptation to the teaching context, promotion of initiative and self-learning (with 5 points each one), preservation of the users service (4.8 points), as well as diversity of contents and activities (4.7 points); among the seconds, the efficient indicator prevailed for its purpose with 4.8 points. Also, the possibilities of application and incidence in the acquisition of developed contents were recognized. Conclusion: The obtained results offer reliability and security in the product, as well as they show a positive incidence in the postdegree education, which will benefit professionals and patients who will receive this service.

Protocol proposal for early dental care in infants with cerebral palsy

Introduction: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are at high risk of developing oral diseases. Objective: To propose an early dental care protocol for infants with CP. Materials and Methods: A computerized systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus and Embase electronic databases for relevant articles. An early dental care protocol was then proposed for infants with cerebral palsy focused on comprehensive care with a multidisciplinary approach and effective health promotion by caregivers. Results: Fifteen published papers were included in the present literature review and protocol proposal. The protocol comprised the following topics: First dental visit, aspects related to the appointment, oral hygiene recommendations, dietary recommendations and recommendations for the prevention and control of harmful oral habits. The first dental visit should occur prior to the eruption of the teeth. As a special group, it is important to determine the affective bond between the patient and caregiver who will receive the oral health care recommendations. During the clinical examination, the correct positioning and stabilization of the infant is important for the control of involuntary movements and the minimization of swallowing difficulties. Counseling with regards to adequate oral hygiene, a healthy diet and the prevention of harmful oral habits is important to the prevention of dental diseases. Children with oral-motor motility problems and feeding difficulties should be referred to therapeutic follow-up. Due to the neuropsychomotor disorders often found in cerebral palsy, affected children are more vulnerable to oral diseases. Thus, oral health care must be performed as early as possible by the parents/caregivers of these children. Conclusion: Individuals with cerebral palsy are at greater risk of developing oral problems. Thus, oral health programs starting in early childhood and targeting the specificities of these individuals is a strategy for minimizing the occurrence of such problems and the associated burden.

Introdução: Crianças com Paralisia Cerebral (PC) apresentam um alto risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças bucais. Objetivo: Propor um protocolo de atendimento odontológico precoce para lactentes com PC. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca computadorizada sistemática nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Scopus e Embase. Também foi desenvolvida uma proposta de protocolo de atendimento a bebês com Paralisia Cerebral com foco no cuidado integral, abordagem transdisciplinar e promoção efetiva da saúde pelos cuidadores. Resultados: Foram incluídos 15 artigos publicados na literatura científica. O protocolo desenvolvido é composto pelos seguintes tópicos: Primeira consulta odontológica, tempo ideal da consulta, recomendações de higiene bucal, recomendações sobre dieta e recomendações sobre prevenção e controle dos hábitos bucais. A primeira visita ao dentista deve ser feita antes da erupção do primeiro dente. Como um grupo especial, é importante determinar o vínculo afetivo entre o paciente e o cuidador que receberá as recomendações de cuidados com a saúde bucal. Durante o exame clínico, a correta posição e estabilização do bebê na cadeira odontológica é importante para controlar os movimentos involuntários e reduzir a dificuldade de deglutição. Recomendações quanto à higiene bucal adequada, alimentação saudável e prevenção de hábitos bucais deletérios são importantes para prevenir o desenvolvimento de doenças bucais. Crianças com problemas de motilidade oral-motora e dificuldades de alimentação devem ser encaminhadas para acompanhamento terapêutico. Devido à presença de distúrbios neuropsicomotores normalmente presentes na Paralisia Cerebral, as crianças afetadas são mais vulneráveis às doenças bucais. Assim, os cuidados com a saúde bucal devem ser realizados o quanto antes pelos pais/responsáveis. Conclusão: Indivíduos com PC apresentam maior risco de desenvolver doenças bucais e programas de saúde bucal iniciados na primeira infância e direcionados às suas especificidades podem ser uma estratégia para minimizar as consequências que possam vir a acontecer.