Percepción y conocimiento de Diabetes tipo 2 y riesgo de diabesidad en adultos / Perception and knowledge of type 2 Diabetes and diabesity risk in adults / Percepção e conhecimento do risco de Diabetes tipo 2 e diabetes em adultos

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles se han convertido en un problema mundial debido a los altos índices de morbilidad y mortalidad, derivadas de estilos de vida inadecuados que incluyen una falta de una percepción y bajo conocimiento de estos padecimientos. Objetivo: Establecerla relación entre la percepción y el conocimiento de Diabetes Tipo 2 y el Riesgo de Diabesidad en adultos de Puebla. Metodología: Cuantitativo con diseño descriptivo, correlacional y de alcance transversal, se incluyeron personas de 20 a 65 pertenecientes al Centro de Salud de Almecatla, Puebla. Se excluyeron a las personas que hablen lengua indígena y mujeres embarazadas. El cálculo de la muestra fue de 182 personas. Se utilizó el instrumento DKQ-24 y Percepción de Riesgo de Diabetes, una cédula de datos socio demográfica y consentimiento informado. Análisis y resultados: El 78% fueron mujeres, con promedio de edad de 58.8 años, glicemia capilar 163.8, hemoglobina glucosilada 8.6, 88.5% tienen conocimiento de DT2 adecuado y el 50.5% una percepción de riesgo de DT2 alto. Existe una relación positiva y significativa entre el conocimiento y la percepción de riesgo de DT2 (p<05).Conclusión: Existe una correlación positiva significativa entre el conocimiento de DT2 y la percepción de riesgo de DT2. Existen indicadores corporales y bioquímicos que sugieren el aumento del riesgo de Diabesidad, a pesar de la asistencia al centro de salud no se refleja el control de las patologías, por tal motivo persisten los niveles de morbi-mortalidad.

Introduction: Chronic non-communicable diseases have become a global problem due to high morbidity and mortality rates, derived from inadequate lifestyles that include a lack of perception and low knowledge of these conditions. Objective: To stablish the relation between perception and knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes and the Risk of Diabesity in adults from Puebla. Method: Quantitative with a descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional design, including people from 20 to 65 belonging to the Almecatla Health Center, Puebla. People who spoke an indigenous language and pregnant women were excluded. The calculation of the sample was 182 people. The DKQ-24 instrument and Diabetes Risk Perception, a socio-demographic data card and informed consent were acquired. Analysis and results: 78% were women, with an average age of 58.8 years, capillary glycemia 163.8, glycosylated hemoglobin 8.6, 88.5% have adequate knowledge of T2D and 50.5% a perception of high T2D risk. There is a positive and significant relationship between knowledge and perception of T2D risk (p<05).Conclusion: There is a significant positive correlation between the knowledge of T2D and the perception of T2D risk. There are bodily and biochemical indicators that suggest the increased risk of Diabesity, despite the attendance at the health center, the control of the pathologies is not reflected, for this reason the levels of morbidity and mortality persist.

Introdução: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis tornaram-se um problema global devido às altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, decorrentes de estilos de vida inadequados que incluem a falta de percepção e baixo conhecimento dessas condições. Objetivo: Estabelecer a relação entre percepção e conhecimento sobre Diabetes Tipo 2 e Risco de Diabesidade em adultos de Puebla. Método: Quantitativa com desenho descritivo, correlacional e transversal, incluindo pessoas de 20 a 65 anos pertencentes ao Centro de Saúde Almecatla, Puebla. Foram excluídas pessoas que falam línguas indígenas e gestantes. O cálculo amostra foi de 182 pessoas. Foram utilizados o instrumento DKQ-24 e Percepção de Risco de Diabetes, ficha de dados sociodemográficos e consentimento informado. Análise e resultados: 78% eran mulheres, com idade média de 58,8 anos, glicemia capilar 163,8, hemoglobina glicosilada 8,6, 88,5% têm conhecimento adequado de DM2 e 50,5% percepção de alto risco de DM2. Existe uma relação positiva e significativa entre o conhecimento e a percepção do risco de DM2 (p<0,05). Conclusão: Existe uma correlação positiva significativa entre o conhecimento de DM2 e a percepção do risco de DM2. Existem indicadores corporais e bioquímicos que sugerem o aumento do risco de Diabesidade, apesar da ida ao centro de saúde não se reflectir no controlo das patologias, por isso persistem os níveis de morbilidade e mortalidade.

Acidosis láctica en un paciente usuario de metformina / Metformin-associated lactic acidosis

Metformin is a hypoglycemic agent used as the first line for the treatment of non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus. While it is a generally safe drug, it has an infrequent adverse reaction called lactic acidosis. We report a 49 year-old patient with non-insulin-requiring type 2diabetes who developed an acute kidney failure injury along with severe metabolic acidosis secondary to pneumonia during treatment.

La metformina es un agente hipoglucemiante que se ocupa de primera línea para el tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus no insulino dependiente. Si bien es un medicamento bien tolerado, tiene una reacción adversa bastante infrecuente que es la acidosis láctica. Reportamos el caso de una paciente de 49 años insulino no dependiente que desarrolló una injuria renal aguda junto con acidosis metabólica severa secundaria a una neumonía en tratamiento.

Educational intervention on perceived stress among adults with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a non-randomized clinical trial / Intervención educativa sobre el estrés percibido en adultos con diabetes tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico: ensayo clínico no aleatorizado / Intervenção educativa sobre o estresse percebido de adultos com diabetes tipo 2 e síndrome metabólica: ensaio clínico não-randomizado

Objective.To assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention on perceived stress and metabolic syndrome parameters among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method. Fifty-one adults (aged 48.73±7.84; 86.3% of women) were included in a non-randomized clinical trial performed in a healthcare unit for six months (Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry: RBR-43K52N). All participants were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (intervention group, n=26; control group, n=25). The intervention consisted of a nurse-led educational health-promoting program with a multidisciplinary approach organized in seven workshops. The primary outcome was decreased perceived stress, and the secondary outcome was improvement in metabolic syndrome parameters according to perceived stress levels. These outcomes were assessed at two points in time, at the baseline and follow-up. Results. Participation in the intervention program resulted in a significant decrease in perceived stress (p=0.028). The stressed participants in the intervention group experienced a significant decrease in blood glucose levels (p=0.001) and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p=0.003) concentrations after the six-month intervention. Conclusion.The nurse-led educational health-promoting program decreased perceived stress among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, improving fasting blood glucose and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among the stressed participants in the intervention group.

Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa sobre el estrés percibido y los componentes del síndrome metabólico en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos. Se incluyeron 51 adultos (48.73±7.84 años; 86.3% mujeres) de un estudio no-ensayo aleatorizado realizado en una unidad de salud durante seis meses, con Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos: RBR-43K52N, todos los participantes fueron diagnosticados con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico (grupo intervención, n=26; grupo control, n=25). La intervención consistió en un programa educativo de promoción de la salud con enfoque multidisciplinario, liderado por una enfermera, estructurado en siete talleres grupales. El resultado primario fue la reducción del estrés percibido y el secundario, la mejora de los componentes del síndrome metabólico influenciados por el nivel de estrés percibido, evaluado en dos momentos, al inicio y después del seguimiento. Resultados. La participación en el programa de intervención resultó en una reducción significativa del estrés percibido en comparación con el grupo control (p=0.028). Los participantes estresados en el grupo de intervención tuvieron, respectivamente, una disminución y un aumento significativos en las concentraciones séricas de glucosa (p=0.001) y lipoproteínas de alta densidad-colesterol (p=0.003) después de seis meses de intervención. Conclusión. Un programa educativo de promoción de la salud liderado por enfermeras fue eficiente para reducir el estrés percibido entre adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico, además de mejorar la glucemia en ayunas y el colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad en los participantes del grupo estresado de intervención.

Objetivo. Avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção educativa sobre o estresse percebido e os componentes da síndrome metabólica em adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos. Foram incluídos 51 adultos (48.73±7.84 anos de idade; 86.3% mulheres) em um ensaio clínico não-randomizado realizado em uma unidade de saúde durante seis meses, com Registro de Ensaio Clínico Brasileiro: RBR-43K52N.Todos os participantes apresentavam diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e síndrome metabólica (grupo intervenção, n=26; grupo controle, n=25). A intervenção consistiu em um programa educativo de promoção da saúde com abordagem multidisciplinar, liderado por enfermeiro, estruturado em sete oficinas em grupo. O desfecho primário foi a redução do estresse percebido, e o secundário, a melhora dos componentes da síndrome metabólica conforme influência do nível de estresse percebido, avaliados em dois momentos, na condição basal e após o acompanhamento. Resultados. A participação no programa de intervenção resultou na redução significativa do estresse percebido em comparação com o grupo controle (p=0.028). Os participantes estressados do grupo intervenção tiveram, respectivamente, diminuição e aumento significativos das concentrações séricas de glicose (p=0.001) e da lipoproteína-colesterol de alta densidade (p=0.003) após seis meses de intervenção. Conclusão. Um programa educativo de promoção da saúde liderado por enfermeiros foi eficiente para reduzir estresse percebido entre adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e síndrome metabólica, além de causar melhora da glicemia de jejum e e da lipoproteína-colesterol de alta densidade dos participantes estressados do grupo intervenção.

Mapa de evidências - Estratégias para o cuidado de pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensão arterial sistêmica ou obesidade / Evidence map - Strategies for the care of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension or obesity

DESTAQUES ● Este mapa de evidências tem como objetivo apresentar estratégias que podem ser efetivas para o cuidado de pessoas com diabetes, hipertensão ou obesidade. ● Foram incluídas 93 revisões sistemáticas, cujos estudos primários foram realizados em sua maioria (65,1%) na América do Norte, Ásia e Europa. ● As intervenções foram classificadas em 5 categorias e 26 subcategorias. Observouse maior frequência da categoria "Teleconsulta/eHealth" e da subcategoria "cuidado assistencial". ● Os desfechos analisados foram classificados em clínicos e não clínicos. Desfechos clínicos foram relatados em 53 revisões sistemáticas, com destaque para a pressão arterial. Desfechos não clínicos foram relatados em 51 revisões sistemáticas, com destaque para a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico. ● As cinco categorias de intervenções - Teleconsulta/eHealth, Educação, Automonitoramento/autogerenciamento, Tratamento farmacológico, Serviço de saúde - apresentaram efeito positivo ou potencialmente positivo acima de 50% para os desfechos avaliados.

HIGHLIGHTS ● This evidence map aims to present strategies that may be effective for the care of people with diabetes, hypertension or obesity. ● 93 systematic reviews were included, the majority of whose primary studies were carried out (65.1%) in North America, Asia and Europe. ● Interventions were classified into 5 categories and 26 subcategories. There was a greater frequency of the "Teleconsultation/eHealth" category and the "assistance care" subcategory. ● The analyzed outcomes were classified as clinical and non-clinical. Clinical outcomes were reported in 53 systematic reviews, with emphasis on blood pressure. Non-clinical outcomes were reported in 51 systematic reviews, with emphasis on adherence to pharmacological treatment. ● The five categories of interventions - Teleconsultation/eHealth, Education, Self-monitoring/self-management, Pharmacological treatment, Health service - showed a positive or potentially positive effect above 50% for the evaluated outcomes.

Effect of Brassica rapa var. rapifera on Insulin Resistance and Inflammatory Analysis of Visceral Adipose Tissue of Obese Wistar Rats Under Glucolipotoxicity Condition / Efecto de Brassica rapa var. rapifera sobre la Resistencia a la Insulina y el Análisis Inflamatorio del Tejido Adiposo Visceral de Ratas Wistar Obesas en Condiciones de Glucolipotoxicidad

SUMMARY: Obesity-related pathophysiologies such as insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome show a markedly increased risk for type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This risk appears to be linked to alterations in adipose tissue function, leading to chronic inflammation and the dysregulation of adipocyte-derived factors. Brassica rapa have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional stress induced by a high-fat and high-sucrose diet on the pathophysiology of visceral adipose tissue and the therapeutic effect of Brassica rapa in male Wistar rats. We subjected experimental rats to a high-fat (10 %) high-sucrose (20 %)/per day for 11 months and treated them for 20 days with aqueous extract Br (AEBr) at 200 mg/kg at the end of the experiment. At the time of sacrifice, we monitored plasma and tissue biochemical parameters as well as the morpho-histopathology of visceral adipose tissue. We found AEBr corrected metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers in homogenized visceral adipose tissue and reduced hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and lipid droplets. These results suggest that AEBr enhances anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and a protective effect on adipose tissue morphology in type 2 diabetes and obesity.

La fisiopatología relacionadas con la obesidad, como la resistencia a la insulina y el síndrome metabólico, muestran un riesgo notablemente mayor de diabetes tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Este riesgo parece estar relacionado con alteraciones en la función del tejido adiposo, lo que lleva a una inflamación crónica y a la desregulación de los factores derivados de los adipocitos. Brassica rapa se ha utilizado en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de varias enfermedades, incluida la diabetes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto del estrés nutricional inducido por una dieta rica en grasas y sacarosa sobre la fisiopatología del tejido adiposo visceral y el efecto terapéutico de Brassica rapa en ratas Wistar macho. Sometimos a ratas experimentales a una dieta rica en grasas (10 %) y alta en sacarosa (20 %)/por día durante 11 meses y las tratamos durante 20 días con extracto acuoso de Br (AEBr) a 200 mg/kg al final del experimento. En el momento del sacrificio, monitoreamos los parámetros bioquímicos plasmáticos y tisulares, así como la morfohistopatología del tejido adiposo visceral. Encontramos parámetros metabólicos corregidos por AEBr y marcadores inflamatorios en tejido adiposo visceral homogeneizado y reducción de hipertrofia, hiperplasia y gotitas de lípidos. Estos resultados sugieren que AEBr mejora el efecto antidiabético, antiinflamatorio y protector sobre la morfología del tejido adiposo en la diabetes tipo 2 y la obesidad.

Programas centrados en el apoyo social para personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 dirigidos por enfermeros: revisión de alcance / Nurse-Led Programs Focusing on Social Support for People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review / Programas com foco no suporte social para pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 liderados por enfermeiros: scoping review

Introdução: os programas liderados por enfermeiros desempenham um papel fundamental no engajamento do indivíduo na autogestão do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), pois impactam na melhoria da qualidade de vida. A autogestão apoiada pelo suporte social torna-se crucial, sobretudo por descrever a importância do enfermeiro na promoção da saúde da pessoa com DM2, tendo em vista que essa intervenção pode contribuir para reduzir as consequências e os agravamentos da doença. Objetivo: mapear os programas com foco no suporte social para pessoas com DM2 liderados por enfermeiros. Materiais e método: revisão de escopo que seguiu as diretrizes metodológicas do Joanna Briggs Institute. Utilizou-se como descritores de busca "autocuidado", "intervenção liderada por enfermeiro", "diabetes mellitus tipo 2", com busca nos bancos de dados Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Capes, Scopus, JBI Evidence Synthesis, PsycINFO e Repositórios Científicos de Acesso Aberto de Portugal, entre fevereiro e março de 2022. Os critérios de elegibilidade foram estudos publicados nos últimos 10 anos, em inglês, espanhol e português, abrangendo a experiência do indivíduo em programas com foco na autogestão por meio do suporte social liderados por enfermeiros. Resultados: 12 estudos incluídos, publicados nos Estados Unidos, na Inglaterra e no Irã, com foco no suporte social de apoio à autogestão de pessoas com DM2 e com concentração em locais de atendimento às pessoas com doenças crônicas. Observou-se que a maioria dos programas liderados por enfermeiros é implementada em países desenvolvidos e apresenta como característica principal ênfase na teoria social cognitiva. O público se caracterizou por ser maioria mulheres, faixa etária de adultos maiores de 22 anos, com baixa escolaridade. Conclusões: o estudo respondeu ao objetivo proposto ao demonstrar que, apesar do baixo custo para a implementação com alta devolutiva social e econômica, ainda é considerado escasso o desenvolvimento desses programas. Reitera-se a necessidade de estudos posteriores com ênfase nos níveis emocionais, como depressão e ansiedade.

Introducción: los programas dirigidos por enfermeras desempeñan un papel fundamental a la hora de implicar a las personas en el autocontrol de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), ya que repercuten en la mejora de la calidad de vida. El autocontrol respaldado por el apoyo social es crucial, especialmente porque describe la importancia de los profesionales de enfermería en la promoción de la salud de las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), dado que esta intervención puede ayudar a reducir las consecuencias y el empeoramiento de la enfermedad. Objetivo: mapear los programas centrados en el apoyo social para personas con DM2 dirigidos por enfermeros. Materiales y método: una revisión de alcance que siguió las directrices metodológicas del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Los descriptores de búsqueda utilizados fueron "autocuidado", "intervención dirigida por enfermeros", "diabetes mellitus tipo 2", con búsqueda en la Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, Catálogo de Tesis y Disertaciones de la Capes [Coordinación de Perfeccionamiento de Personal de Nivel Superior], Scopus, JBI Evidence Synthesis, PsycINFO y Repositorios Científicos de Acceso Abierto de Portugal, entre febrero y marzo de 2022. Los criterios de elegibilidad fueron estudios publicados en los últimos 10 años, en inglés, español y portugués, que cubrieran la experiencia individual de programas dirigidos por profesionales de enfermería centrados en la autogestión a través del apoyo social. Resultados: se incluyeron 12 estudios, publicados en Estados Unidos, Inglaterra e Irán, centrados en el apoyo social para la autogestión de personas con DM2 y en entornos de atención a personas con enfermedades crónicas. Se observó que la mayoría de los programas dirigidos por enfermeros se aplican en países desarrollados y tienen como característica principal el énfasis en la teoría cognitiva social. El público se caracterizó por ser mayoritariamente femenino, mayor de 22 años y con bajo nivel de estudios. Conclusiones: el estudio respondió al objetivo propuesto demostrando que, a pesar del bajo costo de implementación con alto retorno social y económico, el desarrollo de estos programas aún es considerado escaso. Se reitera la necesidad de nuevos estudios que enfaticen niveles emocionales como la depresión y la ansiedad.

Introduction: Nurse-led programs have a determinant role in the engagement of individuals in the self-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as they contribute to improving quality of life. Self-management assisted by social support is vital, especially as it describes the importance of nurses in promoting health for people with T2DM, as this intervention can help reduce the consequences and progression of the disease. Objective: To map programs focused on nurse-led social support for people with T2DM. Materials and Methods: This is a scoping review in line with the methodological guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search descriptors used were "autocuidado" (self-care), "intervenção liderada por enfermeiro" (nurse-led intervention), and "diabetes mellitus tipo 2" (type 2 diabetes mellitus), with searches in the Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, Capes Theses and Dissertations Catalog, Scopus, JBI Evidence Synthesis, PsycINFO, and the Portuguese Open Access Scientific Repositories databases conducted between February and March 2022. The eligibility criteria were studies published within the last 10 years, in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, covering the individual's experience in programs focused on self-management through nurse-led social support. Results: A total of 12 studies were included, all of which were published in the United States, England, and Iran, focusing on social support for self-management in people with T2DM, and centered on care facilities for people with chronic diseases. It was found that most nurse-led programs have been implemented in developed countries and that their main characteristic is their emphasis on social cognitive theory. The population was characterized by being mostly women, aged over 22, with a low level of education. Conclusions: The study met the proposed objective by demonstrating that, despite the low implementation cost with high social and economic returns, the development of these programs is still scarce. The need for further studies focusing on emotional levels, such as depression and anxiety, is highlighted.

Level of medication adherence and associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Cebu South Medical Center family medicine outpatient clinic: A cross-sectional study

@#<strong>BACKGROUND</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is one of the leading chronic conditions that greatly impacts Filipino families. Medication non-adherence is a significant challenge in achieving optimal treatment outcomes for individuals with this condition.</p><strong>OBJECTIVE</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">This study determined the level of medication adherence and explored the associated factors contributing to nonadherence among patients with T2DM at Cebu South Medical Center (CSMC) Family Medicine outpatient clinic.</p><strong>METHOD</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">A cross-sectional study was done in CSMC Family Medicine outpatient clinic from August to October 2023. A selfadministered questionnaire divided into three domains of non-adherence was adopted. Means, frequencies, and percentages were used to analyze level of adherence, sociodemographic and clinical factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine association of factors to medication non-adherence.</p><strong>RESULTS</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">There was a total of 69 participants. Overall, there was partial adherence to T2DM medications. There was a high prevalence of partial adherence (39.1%) in the cost-related non-adherence (CRNA) domain. Factors that showed non-significant increased odds of non-adherence included older age (AOR 1.363, 95% CI 0.345-5.386), female sex (AOR 1.544, 95% CI 0.386-6.176), low income (AOR 1.05, 95% CI 0.352-3.135), increased frequency of daily medication intake (AOR 1.436, 95% CI 0.44-4.664), and less than 10 years duration of T2DM (AOR 1.99, 95% CI 0.46-8.637).</p><strong>CONCLUSION</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">Adherence to diabetes medication may be affected by medication costs and financial status as reflected in the overall partial adherence, the high prevalence of partial adherence in CRNA domain, and the increased odds of non-adherence with low income. More studies should be done to investigate other possible contributing factors for non adherence to diabetes medication such as diabetes knowledge, patient’s self efficacy, and healthcare provider communication.</p>

Effectiveness of family-focused interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in family and community practice: A systematic review and meta-analysis

@#<strong>BACKGROUND</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">Type 2 DM is a chronic disease and is increasing in prevalence and incidence worldwide. In developing nations like the Philippines, it affects patients and their families. Family-oriented interventions, like family counseling, meetings, interviews, and home visits, can support commitment to change and enhance medication adherence, health behavior, and knowledge ensuring adherence to the multifaceted diabetes type 2 management. Patients and families should be permitted to make decisions about lifestyle modifications and medication interventions and finding the appropriate family-focused intervention that works for managing type 2 diabetes is essential. With this information, family physicians can provide more effective care to patients hence, improving their quality of life.</p><strong>OBJECTIVE</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">This review’s objective was to determine the effectiveness of family-focused intervention among patients with type 2 diabetes in terms of glycemic control (HbA1c and FBS) and in terms of improving the quality of life.</p><strong>METHODS</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">This is a meta-analysis that included clinical trials randomized involving adult participants that were diagnosed to have type 2 DM. The interventions tested was family-based interventions and the primary outcomes included are HbA1c and FBS. A systematic review was conducted for secondary outcome, patients’ quality of life. Reviewers used the RevMan5 software in the analysis of data.</p><strong>RESULTS</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">Seven studies met the inclusion criterion. The overall mean difference in post-treatment HbA1c was −0.54%(95%CI [-0.82,-0.25];p=0.0003) for the 1,265 participants included, showing an overall significant benefit of reducing HbA1c favoring intervention, especially on the 3-month follow-up. On subgroup analysis, the results were as follows: 3-months, -0.45%(95%CI [-0.73,-0.16];p=0.002); 6-month, -0.15%(95%CI[-0.51,0.22];p=0.44), and 12-month, -0.77%(95%CI[-1.75,0.21], p=0.12). The overall difference in mean change in FBS showed a result of -7.8(95%CI[-17.52,1.92],p=0.12) showing benefit, though not statistically significant, favoring intervention in decreasing FBS.</p><strong>CONCLUSION</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">Family-focused interventions among Type 2 DM patients shows significant benefit on improving glycemic control and QOL.</p>

Efficacy and safety of Bromocriptine-QR as an adjunctive therapy on glycemic control in subjects with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus:A systematic review and meta-analysis / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Introduction@#There has been an increasing awareness of the effects of combining bromocriptine-QR with other medications for diabetes mellitus type 2. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of bromocriptine-QR as an adjunctive therapy for patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus.@*Methodology@#This systematic review is registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42022360326). Literature search was done via MEDLINE, NCBI, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Europe PMC and Cochrane Library databases. We included randomized controlled trials with participants 18 years old and above with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. The primary outcome of interest is the efficacy and safety of bromocriptine-QR as an adjunctive therapy for glycemic control. Case reports, case series, reviews and animal studies were excluded. The risk of bias was reviewed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 and presented as a weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval for changes from the baseline level.@*Results@#Nine studies were included in the systematic review with a total of 2709 participants. The baseline HbA1c in the bromocriptine-QR group was 7.42% and 7.51% in the control group. The bromocriptine-QR group was favoured, outperforming the control group in terms of reducing hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), with a statistically significant difference (weighted mean difference -0.6%; 95% CI [-0.83,-0.36]; p<0.00001). The most common side effects were nausea (33.75% vs 6.92%), fatigue (13.11% vs 5.94%), and headache (11.17% vs 6.87%).@*Conclusion@#Administration of bromocriptine-QR at a dose range of 1.6 to 4.8 mg/day as an adjunctive therapy reduced HbA1c and FBG in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, there were also statistically greater odds of the occurrence of adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, and headache compared to controls.

Effects of combination of curcumin and piperine supplementation on glycemic profile in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Objective@#This study aimed to evaluate the effects of combination of curcumin and piperine supplementation on Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Homeostatic Model of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), Body Mass Index (BMI) in patients with prediabetes and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This review was done to identify potential herbal remedies that may help improve glycemic parameters, leading to better health outcomes in combination with current antidiabetic treatment.@*Methodology@#This systematic review was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). It was conducted in 2023 with sources and databases from MEDLINE, EBSCO-Host, ScienceDirect and ProQuest. This paper included randomized-controlled trials exploring the effects of the combination of curcumin and piperine on patients with prediabetes and T2DM. Systematic reviews, observational studies, case reports, case series, conference abstracts, book sections, commentaries/editorials, non-human studies and articles with unavailable full-text and written in non-English language, were excluded. The key terms for the literature search were “curcumin,” “piperine,” “prediabetes” and “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” We use Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) 2 for quality assessment of the included studies and Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4 to do the meta-analysis.@*Results@#A total of three studies were included in this systematic review. Two studies from Neta et al., and Cicero et al., showed no significant difference in HOMA-IR, BMI and FPG levels between the curcumin, piperine and placebo groups. One study from Panahi et al. demonstrated a significant difference in BMI levels between the curcumin and piperine and placebo groups (p <0.01). The meta-analysis showed that FPG levels, HOMA-IR and BMI improved among patients with diabetes given in curcumin and piperine with reported mean differences (MD) of = -7.61, 95% CI [-15.26, 0.03], p = 0.05, MD = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.77 to 0.05], p = 0.09, and MD = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.85 to 0.03], p = 0.07, respectively).@*Conclusions@#The supplementation of curcumin and piperine showed a numerical reduction in FPG, HOMA-IR and BMI, but were not statistically significant. Further research is needed as there is a paucity of studies included in the review.

Falciparum malaria is associated with risk markers of type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with or without COVID-19 exposure

Background: Scientific information on the impact of malaria on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after recovery from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited in the Ghanaian context. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between selected risk markers of T2DM in falciparum malaria patients post-COVID-19 or not at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study of 38-recovered COVID-19 adult participants with malaria and 40 unexposed COVID-19 adults with malaria at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Demographic, anthropometric and levels of glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein and lipid profiles were measured in the two groups of participants under fasting conditions. Parasitaemia was assessed microscopically but insulin resistance and beta-cell function were assessed by the homeostatic model. Results: The COVID-19 exposed participants were older (p=0.035) with lower parasitaemia (p=0.025) but higher mean levels of insulin, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function compared with their unexposed counterparts (p<0.05). Parasitaemia correlated positively with a number of the measured indices of diabetogenic risk markers in the COVID-19 exposed group only, and predicted (Adjusted R2=0.751; p=0.031) by beta-cell function, C-reactive protein and triglycerides with the model explaining about 75% of the observed variation. Parasitaemia could only be predicted (Adjusted R2=0.245; p=0.002) by C-reactive protein with the model explaining just about a quarter of the observed variation in the COVID-19 unexposed group. Insulin resistance and sub-optimal beta-cell function were detected in both groups of participants. Conclusion: Falciparum malaria is associated with risk markers for development of T2DM irrespective of COVID-19 exposure. Insulin resistance, inflammation and sub-optimal beta-cell secretory function may drive the risk. The observed diabetogenic risk is higher in the recovered COVID-19 participants.

Prevalence of Anemia in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#Anemia is a common public health concern in patients with type 2 diabetes worldwide. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of anemia among patients with diabetes.@*METHODS@#Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar, were searched systematically for studies published between 2010 and 2021. After removing duplicates and inappropriate reports, the remaining manuscripts were reviewed and appraised using theNewcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) tool. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled estimates of the extracted data using Stata version 17. Heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the Q statistic.@*RESULTS@#A total of 51 articles containing information on 26,485 patients with diabetes were included in this study. The articles were mainly from Asia (58.82%) and Africa (35.29%). The overall prevalence of anemia was 35.45% (95% CI: 30.30-40.76), with no evidence of heterogeneity by sex. Among the two continents with the highest number of studies, the prevalence of anemia in patients with diabetes was significantly higher in Asia [40.02; 95% CI: 32.72-47.54] compared to Africa [28.46; 95% CI: 21.90-35.50] ( P for heterogeneity = 0.029). Moreover, there has been an increasing trend in the prevalence of anemia in patients with diabetes over time, from [15.28; 95% CI: 9.83-22.21] in 2012 to [40.70; 95% CI: 10.21-75.93] in 2022.@*CONCLUSION@#Globally, approximately 4 in 10 patients with diabetes suffer from anemia. Therefore, routine anemia screening and control programs every 3 months might be useful in improving the quality of life of these patients.

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus among college students enrolled in Quezon City: A descriptive, cross-sectional study / Health Sciences Journal

Introduction@#In 2021, the International Diabetes Federation, reported 536 million people with diabetes, mainly from countries with lower income.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional descriptive study was employed using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC), a validated questionnaire which determines the risk of developing diabetes. The questionnaire was conducted online to be accomplished by students enrolled in universities located in Quezon City.@*Results@#Among the 178 college students in Quezon City, with average age of 20 years old, 28.1% are at risk of developing T2DM. The factors contributing to the risk were: (1) Lack of physical activity of at least 30 minutes a day (51.7%); (2) lack of daily intake of vegetables and fruits or berries (52.8%); and (3) family history of DM (74.7%).@*Conclusion@#The study found that one in every four college students in Quezon City is at risk of developing T2DM in the next ten years.

Asociación del riesgo a desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según la calculadora de la asociación americana de diabetes (ADA) y los hábitos tóxicos no ilícitos en pacientes que residen en una comunidad rural de Peravia, República Dominicana / Association of the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) calculator and non-illicit toxic habits in patients residing in a rural community in Peravia, Dominican Republic

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) se define como un trastorno metabólico caracterizado por niveles de glucosa en sangre crónicamente elevados. La DM2 representa el paradigma de las enfermedades crónicas en las que existe una estrecha asociación entre factores familiares y ambientales. Por este motivo, este estudio tiene como finalidad determinar la asociación del riesgo a desarrollar DM2 y los hábitos tóxicos no ilícitos en pacientes que residen en una comunidad rural de Peravia, República Dominicana. Tales incluyen: alcohol, café y té. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal, analítico y prospectivo. Se aplicó cuestionario, recolectaron datos antropométricos y se determinó glucosa capilar a la muestra (n=304). Resultados: la prevalencia a presentar un alto riesgo a desarrollar DM2 en la población es de 35.5%, mientras que la prevalencia a presentar riesgo bajo es de 64.5%. En cuanto a hábitos tóxicos, no existió correlación positiva entre consumo de té y desarrollo de DM2. Sin embargo, sí entre el consumo de café y alcohol. Conclusiones: los habitantes de salinas presentan un bajo riesgo a desarrollar DM2, pero utilizan factores de riesgos modificables que aumentan la prevalencia a DM2.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is defined as a metabolic disorder characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels. DM2 represents the paradigm of chronic diseases in which there is a close association between family and environmental factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the association of the risk of developing DM2 and non-illicit toxic habits in patients residing in a rural community in Peravia, Dominican Republic. Such habits include alcohol, coffee and tea. Methodology: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical and prospective study. A questionnaire was applied, anthropometric data was collected, and capillary glucose was determined in the study sample (n=304). Results: the prevalence of presenting a high risk of developing DM2 in the population is 35.5%, while the prevalence of presenting low risk is 64.5%. Regarding toxic habits, there was no positive correlation between tea consumption and the development of DM2. However, this result differed between consumption of coffee and alcohol. Conclusions: the inhabitants of Salinas have a low risk of developing DM2 but are subject to modifiable risk factors that increase said prevalence.

Terminology subset for the International Classification of Nursing Practice in Diabetes Mellitus / Subconjunto terminológico para la Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería en Diabetes Mellitus / Subconjunto terminológico para la Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería en Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: to describe the process of developing a terminological subset for the International Classification of Nursing Practice in Diabetes Mellitus, based on Horta's Basic Human Needs Theory and Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. Method: a methodological study based on the identification in the literature of 313 statements of nursing diagnoses pertinent to diabetes care, selected and validated by a consensus of nurses from different states of Brazil, specialists in diabetes, using the nominal group technique. Results: 156 nursing diagnosis/result statements were selected, of which 111 (71.15%) related to psychobiological needs, 42 (26.92%) to psychosocial needs and three (1.92%) to psychospiritual needs. A total of 433 nursing interventions were developed. The diagnostic statements were validated on the basis of a consensus among the experts, with an average content validity index of 0.89: 0.87 for psychobiological needs, 0.93 for psychosocial needs, and 0.77 for psychospiritual needs. Conclusion: the study validated the terminological subset for the International Classification of Nursing Practice in Diabetes, favoring clinical reasoning, the qualification of the Nursing Process, and the improvement of self-care practices in diabetes. It has made it possible to use nursing's own language based on a globally recognized classification.

Objetivo: describir el proceso de elaboración de un subconjunto terminológico para la Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería en Diabetes Mellitus , basado en la Teoría de las Necesidades Humanas Básicas de Horta y en la Teoría Social Cognitiva de Bandura. Método: estudio metodológico realizado a partir de la identificación en la literatura de 313 enunciados de diagnósticos de Enfermería pertinentes al cuidado en diabetes, seleccionados y validados por consenso de enfermeras especializadas en diabetes, provenientes de diferentes estados de Brasil, utilizando la técnica de grupo nominal. Resultados: fueron seleccionados 156 enunciados diagnósticos/resultados de Enfermería, así relacionados: 111 (71,15%) con las necesidades psicobiológicas; 42 (26,92%) con las psicosociales y tres (1,92%) con las psicoespirituales. Fueron construidas 433 intervenciones de Enfermería. Los enunciados diagnósticos fueron validados a partir del consenso entre las especialistas con índice de validez de contenido medio de 0,89; siendo: 0,87 para las necesidades psicobiológicas; 0,93 para las psicosociales y 0,77 para las psicoespirituales. Conclusión: el estudio validó los enunciados del subconjunto terminológico para la Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería en diabetes, favoreciendo el raciocinio clínico, la calificación del Proceso de Enfermería y la mejora de las prácticas de autocuidado en diabetes. También, posibilitó la utilización de lenguaje propio de la Enfermería basado en una clasificación reconocida mundialmente.

Objetivo: descrever o processo de elaboração de um subconjunto terminológico para a Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem em Diabetes Mellitus , baseado na Teoria das Necessidades Humanas Básicas de Horta e na Teoria Social Cognitiva de Bandura. Método: estudo metodológico realizado a partir da identificação na literatura de 313 enunciados de diagnósticos de Enfermagem pertinentes ao cuidado em diabetes, selecionados e validados por consenso de enfermeiras especialistas em diabetes, provenientes de diferentes estados do Brasil, utilizando a técnica de grupo nominal. Resultados: foram selecionados 156 enunciados diagnósticos/resultados de Enfermagem, sendo relacionados: 111 (71,15%) às necessidades psicobiológicas; 42 (26,92%) às psicossociais e três (1,92%) às psicoespirituais. Foram construídas 433 intervenções de Enfermagem. Os enunciados diagnósticos foram validados a partir do consenso entre os especialistas com índice de validade de conteúdo médio de 0,89, sendo: 0,87 para as necessidades psicobiológicas; 0,93 para as psicossociais e 0,77 para as psicoespirituais. Conclusão: o estudo validou os enunciados do subconjunto terminológico para a Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem em diabetes, favorecendo o raciocínio clínico, a qualificação do Processo de Enfermagem e a melhoria das práticas de autocuidado em diabetes. Possibilitou a utilização de linguagem própria da Enfermagem com base em uma classificação reconhecida mundialmente.

Adherencia al automonitoreo en diabetes tipo 2: plataforma "ClouDi" vs. Educación presencial. / Adherence to self-monitoring in type 2 diabetes: "ClouDi" platform vs. Face-to-face follow-up / Adesão à automonitorização na diabetes tipo 2: plataforma "ClouDi" vs. acompanha-mento presencial

Introducción: El uso de mHealth puede mejorar la adherencia a el automonitoreo con glucometría capilar (GC) en la transición del ámbito hospitalario al ambulatorio. Objetivo: evaluar la adherencia al automonitoreo con GC de los pacientes con Diabetes Tipo 2 (DM2) vinculados a un programa de educación usuarios de mHealth (ClouDi) comparado con el programa de educación y seguimiento presencial usual. Materiales y métodos: Estudio longitudinal prospectivo. Se analizaron pacientes con DM2 valorados por consulta de educación de diabetes con indicación de tratamiento con insulina al egreso hospitalario. Se analizaron dos grupos: uno con seguimiento presencial y otro vinculado a un programa educativo y uso de ClouDi. Resultados: De los 86 pacientes (44% de sexo femenino, 41 usuarios ClouDi, edad promedio 58.8 ± 11.2 años, con una media de duración de la diabetes de 7.8 ± 7.4 años), 53.6% se encontraban en estrato 2, el 92.9% pertenecían al régimen contributivo, el 42.9% con educación básica primaria y 51.2% empleados. Fue considerada la adherencia a la GC al realizar y registrar 3 o más mediciones por día en los pacientes de ClouDi fue mayor comparado con los pacientes en cuidado usual (64.4% vs 28.2%, p <0.001), independiente de las variables sociodemográficas. Conclusión: El uso de ClouDi se asoció a mayor adherencia a automonitoreo con GC comparado con seguimiento presencial independiente de variables sociodemográficas. El uso de esta tecnología podría ser útil en el seguimiento de pacientes usuarios de insulina al egreso hospitalario

Introduction: The use of mHealth can improve adherence to self-monitoring blood Glucose (SMBG) in the transition from hospital to outpatient setting. Objective: To evaluate adherence to self-monitoring with GC in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) linked to an mHealth user education program (ClouDi) compared with the usual face-to-face education and follow-up program. Materials and Methods: Prospective longitudinal study. Patients with T2D assessed by diabetes education counseling with an indication for insulin treatment at hospital discharge were analyzed. Two groups were analyzed: one with face-to-face follow-up and another linked to an educational program and use of ClouDi. Results: Of the 86 patients (44% female, 41 ClouDi users, mean age 58.8 ± 11.2 years, with a mean duration of diabetes of 7.8 ± 7.4 years), 53.6% were in stratum 2, 92.9% belonged to the contributory system, 42.9% with basic pri-mary education and 51.2% were employed. Compliance with the SMBG was considered if 3 or more measurements per day were taken and recorded, was higher in ClouDi patients com-pared to usual care patients (64.4% vs. 28.2%, p <0.001), independent of sociodemographic variables.Conclusions: The use of ClouDi was associated with greater adherence to SMBG compared to in-person follow-up, independent of sociodemographic variables. The use of this technology may be useful in monitoring insulin-using patients after hospital discharge

Introdução: A utilização do mHealth pode melhorar a adesão à automonitorização com glico-metria capilar (GC) na transição do hospital para o ambulatório. Objetivo: avaliar a adesão ao automonitoramento com GC de pacientes com Diabetes Tipo 2 (DM2) vinculados a um progra-ma de educação de usuários de mHealth (ClouDi) em comparação com o programa habitual de educação e acompanhamento presencial. Materiais e métodos: Estudo prospectivo longitudi-nal. Foram analisados pacientes com DM2 avaliados por consulta de educação em diabetes com indicação de tratamento insulínico na alta hospitalar. Foram analisados dois grupos: um com acompanhamento presencial e outro vinculado a um programa educativo e uso do ClouDi. Re-sultados: Dos 86 doentes (44% do sexo feminino, 41 utilizadores do ClouDi, idade média 58,8 ± 11,2 anos, com duração média da diabetes de 7,8 ± 7,4 anos), 53,6% encontravam-se no estra-to 2, 92,9% pertenciam ao regime contributivo, 42,9% com ensino fundamental básico e 51,2% empregados. A adesão ao GC foi considerada quando realizada e registrada 3 ou mais medidas por dia em pacientes ClouDi foi maior em comparação aos pacientes em cuidados habituais (64,4% vs 28,2%, p <0,001), independente das variáveis sociodemográficas. Conclusão: O uso do ClouDi esteve associado à maior adesão ao automonitoramento com GC em comparação ao acompanhamento presencial independente das variáveis sociodemográficas. O uso dessa tecnologia pode ser útil no monitoramento de pacientes usuários de insulina na alta hospitalar

Avaliação do risco de sarcopenia em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Assessment of the risk of sarcopenia in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Introdução: Diabéticos podem apresentar perda de força e massa muscular de forma acentuada. Assim, as triagens SARC-F e SARC-CALF são úteis na investigação do risco de sarcopenia. Objetivo: Associar o risco de sarcopenia em pacientes diabéticos com as variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas, clínicas, antropométricas e de estilo de vida. Método: Estudo do tipo série de casos realizado com adultos diabéticos tipo 2, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 20 e 59 anos. A avaliação do risco de sarcopenia se deu pela aplicação dos questionários SARC-F e SARC-CALF. Para caracterização da amostra e associação com o risco de sarcopenia, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e econômicos, medidas antropométricas, condições clínicas e estilo de vida. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 69 pacientes, com média de idade de 53±7,5 anos e maior proporção de mulheres (63,8%; IC95%: 50,7-75,4). A frequência do risco positivo para sarcopenia segundo o SARC-F e o SARC-CALF foi de 43,48% e 46,38%, respectivamente. O SARC-F não mostrou associação significativa com as variáveis estudadas; já o SARC-CALF associou-se com índice de massa corporal (p <0,001), circunferência da cintura (p <0,001) e hábito de fumar (p = 0,027). Conclusão: O risco de sarcopenia foi observado em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes avaliados. O instrumento SARC-CALF apresentou associação com as variáveis antropométricas e o hábito de fumar, podendo ser considerado satisfatório para avaliar o risco de sarcopenia e intervir de forma precoce e efetiva.

Introduction: Individuals with diabetes often experience an accentuated loss of muscle mass and strength. Thus, the SARC-F and SARC-CALF screening tools are useful for the investigation of the risk of sarcopenia. Objective: Associate the risk of sarcopenia with sociodemographic, economic, clinical, anthropometric and lifestyle variables in individuals with diabetes. Methods: A case-series study was conducted involving male and female adults with type 2 diabetes between 20 and 59 years of age. The assessment of the risk of diabetes was performed using the SARC-F and SARC-CALF instruments. Data were collected on sociodemographic-economic variables, anthropometric measures, clinical conditions and lifestyle for the characterization of the sample and to test associations with the risk of sarcopenia. Results: The sample was composed of 69 patients, with a mean age of 53 ± 7.5 years and a predominance of women (63.8%; 95%CI: 50.7-75.4). The prevalence of risk of sarcopenia was 43.48% and 46.38% based on the SARC-F and SARC-CALF, respectively. Using the SARC-F, no significant associations were found with the variables of interest. Using the SARC-CALF, however, the risk of sarcopenia was associated with body mass index (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001) and smoking habit (p = 0.027). Conclusion: Approximately half of the individuals analyzed were at risk of sarcopenia. The SARC-CALF questionnaire was associated with anthropometric variables and the smoking habit and can be considered adequate for the assessment of the risk of sarcopenia, enabling early, effective interventions.

Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Taif population: a case-control study / Associação de polimorfismos do gene do receptor de vitamina D com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na população Taif: um estudo de caso-controle

Abstract Several reasons may underlie the dramatic increase in type2 diabetes mellitus. One of these reasons is the genetic basis and variations. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with different diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible association of two identified mutations ApaI (rs7975232) and TaqI (rs731236). Eighty-nine healthy individuals and Fifty-six Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) patients were investigated using RFLP technique for genotyping and haplotyping as well. The distribution of Apal genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.65) as well as for diabetic patients (P=0.58). For Taql allele frequencies of T allele was 0.61 where of G allele was 0.39. The frequency distribution of Taql genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.26) as well as diabetic patients (P=0.17). Relative risk of the allele T of Apa1 gene is 1.28 and the odds ratio of the same allele is 1.53, while both estimates were < 1.0 of the allele G. Similarly, with the Taq1 gene the relative risk and the odds ratio values for the allele T are 1.09 and 1.27 respectively and both estimates of the allele C were 0.86 for the relative risk and 0.79 for the odds ratio. The pairwise linkage disequilibrium between the two SNPs Taq1/apa1 was statistically significant in control group (D = 0.218, D' = 0.925 and P value < 0.001) and similar data in diabetic groups (D = 0.2, D' = 0.875 and P value < 0.001). These data suggest that the T allele of both genes Apa1 and Taq1 is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We think that we need a larger number of volunteers to reach a more accurate conclusion.

Resumo Várias razões podem estar subjacentes ao aumento dramático da diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Um desses motivos é a base genética e variações. Os polimorfismos do receptor da vitamina D estão associados a diferentes doenças, como artrite reumatoide e diabetes. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a possível associação de duas mutações identificadas ApaI (rs7975232) e TaqI (rs731236). Oitenta e nove indivíduos saudáveis ​​e 56 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (T2D) foram investigados usando a técnica RFLP para genotipagem e haplotipagem também. A distribuição dos genótipos Apal não foi estatisticamente significativa entre o controle (P = 0,65), bem como para os pacientes diabéticos (P = 0,58). Para as frequências do alelo Taql, o alelo T foi de 0,61, onde o alelo G foi de 0,39. A distribuição de frequência dos genótipos Taql não foi estatisticamente significativa entre o controle (P = 0,26), bem como os pacientes diabéticos (P = 0,17). O risco relativo do alelo T do gene Apa1 é 1,28 e a razão de chances do mesmo alelo é 1,53, enquanto ambas as estimativas foram < 1,0 do alelo G. Da mesma forma, com o gene Taq1, os valores de risco relativo e razão de chances para o alelo T são 1,09 e 1,27, respectivamente, e ambas as estimativas do alelo C foram de 0,86 para o risco relativo e 0,79 para o odds ratio. O desequilíbrio de ligação par a par entre os dois SNPs Taq1 / apa1 foi estatisticamente significativo no grupo de controle (D = 0,218, D' = 0,925 e valor P < 0,001) e dados semelhantes em grupos diabéticos (D = 0,2, D' = 0,875 e valor P < 0,001). Esses dados sugerem que o alelo T de ambos os genes Apa1 e Taq1 está associado ao aumento do risco de diabetes tipo 2. Achamos que precisamos de um número maior de voluntários para chegar a uma conclusão mais precisa.

Correlación entre tiempo en rango y hemoglobina glicosilada en personas con diabetes mellitus: revisión sistemática / Correlation between time on target and glycated hemoglobin in people with diabetes mellitus: systematic review / Correlação entre tempo no alvo e hemoglobina glicada de pessoas com diabetes mellitus: revisão sistemática

Objetivo: analizar la correlación entre el tiempo en rango y la hemoglobina glicosilada de personas que viven con diabetes mellitus y realizan la monitorización continua de la glucemia o el automonitoreo de la glucemia capilar Método: revisión sistemática de etiología y riesgo basada en las directrices del JBI e informada según los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, abarcando seis bases de datos y la literatura gris. La muestra incluyó 16 estudios y la calidad metodológica fue evaluada utilizando las herramientas del JBI. Protocolo registrado en Open Science Framework, disponible en https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NKMZB. Resultados: tiempo en rango (70-180 mg/dl) mostró una correlación negativa con la hemoglobina glicosilada, mientras que el tiempo por encima del rango (>180 mg/dl) mostró una correlación positiva. Los coeficientes de correlación variaron entre -0,310 y -0,869 para el tiempo en rango, y entre 0,66 y 0,934 para el tiempo por encima del rango. Un estudio se realizó en una población que hacía el automonitoreo. Conclusión: hay una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre el tiempo en rango y el tiempo por encima del rango con la hemoglobina glicosilada. Cuanto mayor sea la proporción en el rango glucémico adecuado, más cerca o por debajo del 7% estará la hemoglobina glicosilada. Se necesitan más estudios que evalúen esta métrica con datos del automonitoreo de la glucemia.

Objective: to analyze the correlation between time on target and glycated hemoglobin in people living with diabetes mellitus and carrying out continuous blood glucose monitoring or self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose. Method: systematic review of etiology and risk based on JBI guidelines and reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses, covering six databases and grey literature. The sample included 16 studies and methodological quality was assessed using JBI tools. Protocol registered in the Open Science Framework, available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NKMZB. Results: time on target (70-180 mg/dl) showed a negative correlation with glycated hemoglobin, while time above target (>180 mg/dl) showed a positive correlation. Correlation coefficients ranged between -0.310 and -0.869 for time on target, and between 0.66 and 0.934 for time above target. A study was carried out on a population that performed self-monitoring. Conclusion: there is a statistically significant correlation between time on target and time above target with glycated hemoglobin. The higher the proportion in the adequate glycemic range, the closer to or less than 7% the glycated hemoglobin will be. More studies are needed to evaluate this metric with data from self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Objetivo: analisar a correlação entre o tempo no alvo e a hemoglobina glicada de pessoas que vivem com diabetes mellitus e realizam a monitorização contínua da glicemia ou a automonitorização da glicemia capilar. Método: revisão sistemática de etiologia e de risco pautada nas diretrizes do JBI e reportada conforme Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, abrangendo seis bases de dados e a literatura cinzenta. A amostra incluiu 16 estudos e a qualidade metodológica foi avaliada utilizando as ferramentas do JBI. Registrado protocolo no Open Science Framework, disponível em https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NKMZB. Resultados: tempo no alvo (70-180 mg/dl) apresentou correlação negativa com a hemoglobina glicada, enquanto o tempo acima do alvo (>180 mg/dl) mostrou correlação positiva. Os coeficientes de correlação variaram entre -0,310 e -0,869 para o tempo no alvo, e entre 0,66 e 0,934 para o tempo acima do alvo. Um estudo foi efetuado com população que realizava a automonitorização. Conclusão: há correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o tempo no alvo e o tempo acima do alvo com a hemoglobina glicada. Quanto maior a proporção na faixa glicêmica adequada, mais próxima ou inferior a 7% estará a hemoglobina glicada. São necessários mais estudos que avaliem essa métrica com dados da automonitorização da glicemia.

Morphometry of the Middle Cerebral Arteries: A Radio-Anatomical Study Based on Computed Tomography Angiography Findings / Morfometría de las Arterias Cerebrales Medias: Un Estudio Anátomo-Radiológico Basado en los Hallazgos de la Angiografía por Tomografía Computada

SUMMARY: Middle cerebral artery (MCA), which has the largest irrigation area of the arteries that feed the brain, is an important artery whose microanatomy should be well known because of its vascular variation. In pathologies which are known to affect the cerebrovascular system such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, morphometric characteristics of MCA gain importance. The aim of this study is to compare the morphometric characteristics of M1 segment of MCA in T2DM and hypertensive patients with those of healthy control group by using computed tomographic angiography (CTA). The study was carried out with retrospective morphometric analysis of CTA images of 200 individuals between 40 and 65 years of age. The individuals were grouped in four as hypertensive patients (group 1), patients with T2DM (group 2), patients with hypertension and T2DM (group 3) and healthy control group (group 4). Length and diameter measurements of M1 segment were performed and recorded by using 3D CTA images. While statistically significant difference was found between bilateral M1 segment diameters of both women and men (p0.05). As a result of the post hoc analysis performed, it was concluded that right and left M1 segment diameter of group 1, group 2 and group 3 was found to be different from group 4 in both sexes (p<0.05). We believe that this study will both be a guide in radio-anatomic assessments to be performed and also increase microanatomic level of information in the surgical treatment of the artery by showing the morphometric changes that occur in M1 segment of MCA in T2DM diseases.

La arteria cerebral media (ACM), que otorga la mayor área de irrigación de las arterias que alimentan el cerebro, es un vaso importante cuya microanatomía debe ser bien conocida por su variación vascular. En patologías que afectan al sistema cerebrovascular, como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y la hipertensión, las características morfométricas de la ACM cobran importancia. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las características morfométricas del segmento M1 de la ACM en pacientes con DM2 e hipertensos con las del grupo control sano mediante el uso de angiografía por tomografía computada (TC). El estudio fue realizado através de análisis morfométrico retrospectivo de imágenes de TC de 200 individuos entre 40 y 65 años de edad. Los individuos fueron divididos en cuatro grupos, como pacientes hipertensos (grupo 1), pacientes con DM2 (grupo 2), pacientes con hipertensión y DM2 (grupo 3) y grupo control sano (grupo 4). Las mediciones de longitud y diámetro del segmento M1 se realizaron y registraron utilizando imágenes 3D TC. Si bien se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diámetros bilaterales de los segmentos M1 de mujeres y hombres (p0,05). Como resultado del análisis post hoc realizado, se concluyó que el diámetro de los segmentos M1 derecho e izquierdo del grupo 1, grupo 2 y grupo 3 fue diferente del grupo 4 en ambos sexos (p<0.05). Creemos que este estudio será una guía en las evaluaciones anátomo-radiológicas y también mejorará el nivel de información microanatómica en el tratamiento quirúrgico al mostrar los cambios morfométricos que ocurren en el segmento M1 de la ACM en las enfermedades con DM2.