Effects of Bisphenol A and Its Substitute, Bisphenol F, on the Gut Microbiota in Mice / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#The aim of this study was to assess the impact of bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitute, bisphenol F (BPF), on the colonic fecal community structure and function of mice.@*METHODS@#We exposed 6-8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to 5 mg/(kg∙day) and 50 μg/(kg∙day) of BPA or BPF for 14 days. Fecal samples from the colon were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing.@*RESULTS@#Gut microbiome community richness and diversity, species composition, and function were significantly altered in mice exposed to BPA or BPF. This change was characterized by elevated levels of Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 and Oscillibacter and decreased levels of Prevotella 9 and Streptococcus. Additionally, pathways related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism showed substantial enrichment.@*CONCLUSION@#Mice exposed to different BP analogs exhibited distinct gut bacterial community richness, composition, and related metabolic pathways. Considering the essential role of gut bacteria in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, our study highlights the intestinal toxicity of BPs in vertebrates.

Probiotics intervention in colorectal cancer: From traditional approaches to novel strategies / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

The intestine harbors a large population of microorganisms that interact with epithelial cells to maintain host healthy physiological status. These intestinal microbiota engage in the fermentation of non-digestible nutrients and produce beneficial metabolites to regulate host homeostasis, metabolism, and immune response. The disruption of microbiota, known as dysbiosis, has been implicated in many intestinal diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). As the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, CRC poses a significant health burden. There is an urgent need for novel interventions to reduce CRC incidence and improve clinical outcomes. Modulating the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a promising approach for CRC prevention and treatment. Current research efforts in CRC probiotics primarily focus on reducing the incidence of CRC, alleviating treatment-related side effects, and potentiating the efficacy of anticancer therapy, which is the key to successful translation to clinical practice. This paper aims to review the traditional probiotics and new interventions, such as next-generation probiotics and postbiotics, in the context of CRC. The underlying mechanisms of probiotic anti-cancer effects are also discussed, including the restoration of microbial composition, reinforcement of gut barrier integrity, induction of cancer cell apoptosis, inactivation of carcinogens, and modulation of host immune response. This paper further evaluates the novel strategy of probiotics as an adjuvant therapy in boosting the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Despite all the promising findings presented in studies, the evaluation of potential risks, optimization of delivery methods, and consideration of intra-patient variability of gut microbial baseline must be thoroughly interpreted before bench-to-bedside translation.

Alterations in nasal microbiota of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Links between alterations in gut microbiota composition and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have previously been reported. This study aimed to examine the microbiota in the nasal cavity of ALS.@*METHODS@#Sixty-six ALS patients and 40 healthy caregivers who live in close proximity with patients were enrolled. High throughput metagenomic sequencing of the 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) gene V3-V4 region of nasal microbiota was used to characterize the alpha and beta diversity and relative abundance of bacterial taxa, predict function, and conduct correlation analysis between specific taxa and clinical features.@*RESULTS@#The nasal microbiome of ALS patients showed lower alpha diversity than that of corresponding healthy family members. Genera Gaiella , Sphingomonas , Polaribacter _1, Lachnospiraceae _NK4A136_group, Klebsiella , and Alistipes were differentially enriched in ALS patients compared to controls. Nasal microbiota composition in ALS patients significantly differed from that in healthy subjects (unweighted UniFrac P = 0.001), while Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis indicated that Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominated healthy nasal communities at the phylum level, whereas Actinobacteria was the predominant phylum and Thermoleophilia was the predominant class in ALS patients. Genus Faecalibacterium and Alistipes were positively correlated with ALS functional rating scale revised (ALSFRS-R; rs = 0.349, P = 0.020 and rs = 0.393, P = 0.008), while Prevotella -9 and Bacteroides operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were positively associated with lung function (FVC) in ALS patients ( rs = 0.304, P = 0.045, and rs = 0.300, P = 0.048, respectively). Prevotella -1 was positively correlated with white blood cell counts (WBC, rs = 0.347, P = 0.021), neutrophil percentage (Neu%, rs = 0.428, P = 0.004), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR, rs = 0.411, P = 0.006), but negatively correlated with lymphocyte percentage (Lym%, rs = -0.408, P = 0.006). In contrast, Streptococcus was negatively associated with Neu% ( rs = -0.445, P = 0.003) and NLR ( rs = -0.436, P = 0.003), while positively associated with Lym% ( rs = 0.437, P = 0.003). No significant differences in nasal microbiota richness and evenness were detected among the severe and mild ALS patients.@*CONCLUSIONS@#ALS is accompanied by altered nasal microbial community composition and diversity. The findings presented here highlight the need to understand how dysbiosis of nasal microbiota may contribute to the development of ALS.

Effect of Moringa olifera leaves on growth and gut microbiota of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Efeito das folhas da Moringa olifera no crescimento e na microbiota intestinal da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abstract The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Moringa olifera on the growth and gut health of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The feed having 30% crude protein was prepared as an experimental diet with 4%, 8% and 10% M. olifera leaf supplementation, respectively. The control diet was devoid of M. olifera leaves. The 10 weeks feeding trial was carried out on 60 fish in aquaria. Fish was fed @ 3% of body weight twice a day. Diet with the high level of inclusion of M. olifera leaves significantly increased the growth rate, Survival Rate (SR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) in all treatment groups compared to the control group. Similarly, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) gradually decreased and found highly-significant. To check the gut health of the Tilapia, random samples were selected and dissected. Nutrient agar was used as culture media to check the growth of bacteria. Pour Plate Method was used for viable colonies count by colony counter. Through staining method, the different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identify abundantly in the intestine of control diet fish but less number present in treatment diets groups. These results showed that M. olifera leaves up to 10% of dietary protein can be used for Nile tilapia for significant growth and healthy gut microbiota of fish.

Resumo O estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito da Moringa olifera no crescimento e saúde intestinal da tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus). A ração com 30% de proteína bruta foi preparada como dieta experimental com 4%, 8% e 10% de suplementação de folhas de M. olifera, respectivamente. A dieta controle foi desprovida de folhas de M. olifera. O ensaio de alimentação de 10 semanas foi realizado em 60 peixes em aquários. O peixe pesava 3% do peso corporal duas vezes ao dia. A dieta com alto nível de inclusão de folhas de M. olifera aumentou significativamente a taxa de crescimento, taxa de sobrevivência (SR), taxa de crescimento de sobrevivência (SGR) e eficiência de conversão alimentar (FCE) em todos os grupos de tratamento em comparação com o grupo de controle. Da mesma forma, a taxa de conversão de alimentação (FCR) diminuiu gradualmente e foi considerada altamente significativa. Para verificar a saúde intestinal da tilápia, amostras aleatórias foram selecionadas e dissecadas. O ágar nutriente foi usado como meio de cultura para verificar o crescimento das bactérias. O método da placa de Verter foi usado para a contagem de colônias viáveis ​​por contador de colônias. Através do método de coloração, diferentes como Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram identificados abundantemente no intestino de peixes da dieta controle, mas em menor número nos grupos de dieta de tratamento. Esses resultados mostraram que M. olifera deixa até 10% da proteína dietética e pode ser usado para tilápia do Nilo para um crescimento significativo e microbiota intestinal saudável de peixes.

Escenarios lácteos y microbiota intestinal en los primeros 1000 días / Milk scenarios and gut microbiota in the first 1000 days of life

La leche humana es el estándar de oro para la nutrición del bebé y debe iniciarse en la primera hora de vida. La leche de vaca, de otros mamíferos o las bebidas vegetales no se deben ofrecer antes del año de vida. Sin embargo, algunos niños requieren, al menos en parte, de fórmulas infantiles. Aun con las sucesivas mejoras a lo largo de la historia mediante la incorporación de oliogosacáridos, probióticos, prebióticos, sinbióticos y postbióticos, las fórmulas infantiles siguen siendo perfectibles para reducir la brecha de salud entre los bebés amamantados y aquellos alimentados con fórmula. En este sentido, se espera que la complejidad de las fórmulas siga aumentando a medida que se conozca mejor cómo modular el desarrollo de la microbiota intestinal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión no sistemática del efecto de los diferentes escenarios lácteos sobre la microbiota intestinal.

Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition, and breastfeeding should be started within the first hour of life. Cow's milk, other mammalian milk, or plant-based beverages should not be offered before 1 year of age. However, some infants require, at least in part, infant formulas. Even with subsequent enhancements throughout history, with the addition of oligosaccharides, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, infant formulas still have room for improvement in reducing the health gap between breastfed and formula-fed infants. In this regard, the complexity of infant formulas is expected to continue to increase as the knowledge of how to modulate the development of the gut microbiota is better understood. The objective of this study was to perform a non-systematic review of the effect of different milk scenarios on the gut microbiota.

Insuflación rectal con ozono en infecciones intestinales / Rectal Insufflation with Ozone in Intestinal Infections

Introducción: Las infecciones intestinales se relacionan con trastornos del sistema inmune y de la microbiota intestinal. Pueden ser recurrentes y producir otras alteraciones intestinales y sistémicas, que empeoran con la terapia antimicrobiana. La ozonoterapia ha sido usada en el tratamiento de infecciones intestinales. Objetivos: Recopilar información sobre los efectos biológicos, terapéuticos y la seguridad de la administración del ozono por insuflación rectal en el tratamiento de las infecciones intestinales. Métodos: Para la búsqueda de información se empleó el motor de búsqueda Google Académico. Se consultaron artículos en las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. Además, se realizó una búsqueda general en los idiomas español e inglés, a partir de los artículos más relevantes acerca del estudio. Se utilizaron como palabras clave: infecciones, insuflación, microbioma gastrointestinal, ozono como términos más concretos. En el estudio no se aplicó ninguna restricción acerca del ámbito geográfico ni de la edad. Conclusiones: La aplicación rectal de ozono es segura, tiene acciones biológicas y terapéuticas útiles para tratar las infecciones intestinales. Actúa como inmunomodulador y protector de la microbiota intestinal, lo que permite enfrentar esta problemática de salud desde el punto de vista preventivo, curativo y de rehabilitación de los daños causados, tanto por los gérmenes como por los efectos de los antibióticos(AU)

Introduction: Intestinal infections are related to disorders of the immune system and intestinal microbiota. They can be recurrent and produce other intestinal and systemic alterations, which worsen with antimicrobial therapy. Ozone therapy has been used in the treatment of intestinal infections. Objectives: To compile information on the biological, therapeutic effects and safety of the administration of ozone by rectal insufflation in the treatment of intestinal infections. Methods: Google Scholar search engine was used for searching information. Articles were consulted in PubMed and SciELO databases of the Virtual Health Library. In addition, a general search was carried out in Spanish and English, based on the most relevant articles about the study. The keywords used were infections, insufflation, gastrointestinal microbiome, ozone as more specific terms. No restrictions on geographic area or age were applied in the study. Conclusions: The rectal application of ozone is safe, it has useful biological and therapeutic actions to treat intestinal infections, acting as an immunomodulator and protector of the intestinal microbiota, which allows us to face this health problem from a preventive, curative and rehabilitation point of view of the damage caused, both by germs and by the effects of antibiotics(AU)

The impact of intestinal microbiota imbalance on the development of obesity / O impacto do desequilíbrio da microbiota intestinal no desenvolvimento da obesidade

Objective: review current databases to identify the impacts of intestinal dysbiosis on obesity, as well as serve as a pillar for carrying out preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Methodology: this is an integrative review carried out from the collection of data obtained from the SciELO, PubMed, VHL, and LILACS platforms using the descriptors "dysbiosis", "obesity" and "gastrointestinal microbiome"; Inclusion criteria were: articles published in the last five years (from 2017 to 2022), original articles, meta-analyses, and observational studies (clinical trials and cohort study) and written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. Results: Western diet and use of sweeteners cause anthropometric changes, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, among others, in addition to leading to the prevalence of deleterious bacteria in the body, culminating in obesity and diabetes mellitus; on the other hand, a diet rich in fiber and administration of probiotics can generate beneficial changes in the diversity of the intestinal flora, in addition to combating the inflammatory state generated by obesity (AU).

Objetivo: revisar as bases de dados atuais para identificar os impactos da disbiose intestinal na obesidade, bem como servir de pilar para realização de medidas preventivas, diagnósticas e terapêuticas. Metodologia: trata-se de revisão integrativa realizada a partir de coleta de dados obtidos nas plataformas SciELO, PuBMed, BVS e LILACS usando os descritores "dysbiosis", "obesity" and "gastrointestinal microbiome"; os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos (de 2017 a 2022), artigos originais, metanálises e estudos observacionais (ensaios clínicos e estudo de coorte) e escritos em português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: dieta ocidental e uso de adoçante provocam alterações antropométricas, de pressão arterial, intolerância à glicose, entre outras, além de levar à prevalência de bactérias deletérias ao organismo, culminando em obesidade e diabetes mellitus; em contrapartida, dieta rica em fibras e administração de probióticos podem gerar mudanças benéficas na diversidade da flora intestinal, ademais combatem o estado inflamatório gerado pela obesidade (AU).

Microbiota intestinal y cólicos infantiles: ¿hay lugar para los prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos? / Gut Microbiota and Infant Colic: is there a Place for Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics?

El consumo de probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos, o su combinación, puede contribuir a mantener una microbiota intestinal saludable ya que permite la regulación de su disbiosis en el caso de algunas enfermedades o trastornos, principalmente en los trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales (TGIF). El microbioma intestinal es protagonista esencial en la fisiopatología de los TGIF a través de sus funciones metabólicas y nutricionales, el mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y la regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Las investigaciones realizadas hasta la fecha indican que los probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos pueden tener efectos inmunomoduladores directos y clínicamente relevantes. Existen pruebas del uso de esta familia de bióticos en individuos sanos para mejorar la salud general y aliviar los síntomas en una serie de enfermedades como los cólicos infantiles. La colonización y establecimiento de la microbiota comienza en el momento del nacimiento; los primeros 2-3 años de vida son fundamentales para el desarrollo de una comunidad microbiana abundante y diversa. Diversos estudios científicos realizados mediante técnicas tradicionales dependientes de cultivo y más recientemente por técnicas moleculares han observado diferencias en las poblaciones bacterianas de bebés sanos y aquellos que sufren TGIF, estos últimos caracterizados por un aumento de especies patógenas y una menor población de bifidobacterias y lactobacilos, en comparación con los primeros. En tal contexto, se considera que la microbiota intestinal como protagonista en el desarrollo de esos trastornos, entre ellos los cólicos infantiles, a través de sus funciones metabólicas, nutricionales, de mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Esto ha abierto la puerta al estudio de la utilización de prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos en el tratamiento y/o prevención de los TGIF infantiles. El parto vaginal y de término así como la lactancia son fundamentales en la constitución de una microbiota saludable. Como herramientas de apoyo, existen estudios de eficacia que sustentan la administración de esta familia de bióticos, principalmente en los casos en que la lactancia no sea posible o esté limitada. (AU)

The consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, or a combination of them, can contribute to maintaining a healthy intestinal microbiota as it allows the regulation of its dysbiosis in the case of some diseases or disorders, mainly in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The gut microbiome is an essential player in the pathophysiology of FGIDs through its metabolic and nutritional functions, the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity, and the regulation of the immune response. Research results thus far indicate that probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics may have direct and clinically relevant immunomodulatory effects. There is evidence regarding the prescription of this family of biotics in healthy individuals to improve overall health and alleviate symptoms in many conditions like infantile colic. The colonization and microbiota establishment begins at birth; the first 2-3 years of life are critical for developing an abundant and diverse microbial community. Several scientific studies performed by traditional culture-dependent techniques and more recently by molecular techniques have observed differences in the bacterial populations of healthy infants and those suffering from FGIDs, the latter characterized by an increase in pathogenic species and a lower population of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, compared to the former. In this context, the intestinal microbiota plays a leading role in the onset of these disorders, including infantile colic, through its metabolic and nutritional functions, maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, and regulation of the immune response. That has opened the door to the study of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics usage in the treatment and or prevention of infantile FGIDs. Vaginal and term delivery and breastfeeding are fundamental in the constitution of a healthy microbiota. As supportive tools, there are efficacy studies that support the administration of this family of biotics, mainly in cases where lactation is not possible or is limited.

Relação entre hábitos alimentares, peso corporal e saúde intestinal em indivíduos adultos / Relationship between eating habits, body weight, and intestinal health in adults

Introdução: A disbiose pode estar relacionada à hábitos alimentares ruins e alterações metabólicas que podem contribuir para o excesso de peso. Objetivo: Avaliar as escolhas alimentares que modulam a microbiota intestinal e a associação entre a saúde intestinal e o peso corporal de indivíduos adultos. Método: Estudo analítico, correlacional-descritivo e transversal realizado com 99 participantes, adultos, de ambos os sexos. Utilizou-se um Questionário Sociodemográfico e de Frequência Alimentar para coletar dados sociodemográficos, peso corporal, altura, frequência de consumo de alimentos fontes de prebióticos e probióticos e o Questionário de Rastreamento Metabólico (QRM), para investigar a saúde intestinal. O estudo ocorreu de forma online, via Google forms, sendo divulgado através das redes sociais (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp). Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos dados e para associação entre variáveis empregou-se o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: Do total de participantes, 74,7% eram mulheres. Quanto à classificação do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), 60,6% apresentaram eutrofia 24,2% sobrepeso e 9,1% algum grau de obesidade. Os alimentos fontes de probióticos e prebióticos mais consumidos foram queijo, iogurte, leites fermentados e banana, maçã, aveia, respectivamente. Porém, são alimentos que não fazem parte do consumo diário para a maioria dos participantes. Não houve diferença significativa entre a associação com IMC com sexo, escore final do QRM e somatório final dos sintomas gastrointestinais (p=0,76, p=0,29, p=0,70), respectivamente. Conclusão: Nota-se uma baixa frequência de consumo de alimentos que auxiliam na saúde intestinal. No entanto, não foi constatado que o peso corporal exerce influência na composição da microbiota intestinal.

Introducción: La disbiosis puede estar relacionada con malos hábitos alimentarios y alteraciones metabólicas que pueden contribuir al sobrepeso. Objetivo: Evaluar las elecciones alimentarias que modulan la microbiota intestinal y la asociación entre la salud intestinal y el peso corporal en personas adultas. Método: Estudio analítico, correlacional-descriptivo y transversal realizado con 99 personas participantes adultas de ambos sexos. Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y de frecuencia alimentaria para recoger datos sociodemográficos, peso corporal, altura, frecuencia de consumo de fuentes alimentarias de prebióticos y probióticos y el Cuestionario de Seguimiento Metabólico para investigar la salud intestinal. El estudio se realizó online, a través de formularios de Google, siendo difundido a través de redes sociales (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos y para la asociación entre variables se empleó el test Chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados: Del total de participantes, el 74.7 % fueron mujeres. En cuanto a la clasificación del Índice de Masa Corporal, el 60.6 % eran personas eutróficas, el 24.2 % con sobrepeso y el 9.1% personas obesas. Los alimentos fuente de probióticos y prebióticos más consumidos fueron el queso, el yogur, las leches fermentadas, el plátano, la manzana y la avena. Sin embargo, se trata de alimentos que no forman parte del consumo diario de la mayoría de los participantes. No hubo diferencias significativas entre la asociación del Índice de Masa Corporal con el sexo, la puntuación final del Cuestionario de Seguimiento Metabólico y la suma final de síntomas gastrointestinales (p=0.76, p=0.29, p=0.70), respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se observa una baja frecuencia de consumo de alimentos que ayudan a la salud intestinal. Sin embargo, no se encontró que el peso corporal ejerza influencia sobre la composición de la microbiota intestinal.

Introduction: Dysbiosis may be related to poor eating habits and metabolic changes that can contribute to being overweight. Objective: To evaluate the food choices that modulate the gut microbiota and the association between gut health and body weight in adult individuals. Method: Analytical, correlational-descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted with 99 adult participants of both sexes. A Sociodemographic and Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data, body weight, height, and frequency of consumption of food sources of prebiotics and probiotics; and the Metabolic Tracking Questionnaire was applied to investigate gut health. The study took place online, via Google Forms, and was disseminated through social media (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp). A descriptive analysis of the data was performed and for association between variables, the Pearson's Chi-square test was used. Results: Of the total number of participants, 74.7% were women. As for the classification of Body Mass Index, 60.6% were eutrophic, 24.2% were overweight, and 9.1% were somewhat obese. The most consumed probiotic and prebiotic food sources were cheese, yogurt, fermented kinds of milk; and banana, apple, and oatmeal, respectively. However, these are foods that are not part of the daily consumption for most participants. There was no significant difference between the association of the Body Mass Index with the sex of the participants or the final Metabolic Tracking Questionnaire score and the final sum of gastrointestinal symptoms (p=0.76, p=0.29, p=0.70). Conclusion: A low frequency of consumption of foods that aid intestinal health is noted. However, body weight was not found to influence the composition of the gut microbiota.

Impacto do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados na microbiota intestinal na infância / Impact of ultra-processed foods consumption on the infant gut microbiota

Objetivo: Investigar o impacto do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) na diversidade da microbiota intestinal no primeiro ano de vida dos participantes do Estudo MINA-Brasil. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado com participantes do seguimento de um ano da coorte de nascimento de base populacional Estudo MINA-Brasil, com coleta de microbiota intestinal (n=728). O consumo alimentar foi medido por recordatório alimentar semiestruturado referente à alimentação no dia anterior à entrevista. Uma variável combinada de aleitamento materno e AUP foi gerada (mama sim/não; AUP sim/não), considerando "sim" o consumo de ao menos um AUP (macarrão instantâneo, salgadinhos, embutidos, bebidas açucaradas e guloseimas). Um modelo hierárquico conceitual foi utilizado para seleção de covariáveis segundo níveis de determinação (p<0,05) nos modelos múltiplos finais. Coeficientes de regressão mediana com ajuste múltiplo (IC95%) foram analisados com a diversidade alfa da microbiota intestinal como variável dependente. A diversidade beta da microbiota intestinal foi analisada por PCoA e PERMANOVA. A abundância diferencial foi realizada por ANCOM-BC e árvore de calor filogenética, corrigida por FDR. Análises foram realizadas nos softwares Stata 16.0 e R. Resultados: O consumo de embutidos, salgadinhos e macarrão instantâneo (≥1 vez/dia) ou de qualquer tipo de AUP (≥2 vezes/dia) foi positivamente associado aos parâmetros de alfa diversidade. Crianças desmamadas que consumiam AUP associaram-se positivamente aos parâmetros de alfa diversidade, em relação ao grupo de crianças amamentadas que não consumiam AUP. O consumo de AUP não se associou à filogenia, sendo distinta apenas entre grupos de práticas de aleitamento materno contrastantes (mama sim ou não), segundo análises de beta diversidade e árvore de calor de abundância diferencial filogenética. Apesar disso, a prática de consumo de AUP induziu diferenças na diversidade e abundância dentro dos mesmos ramos filogenéticos. Conclusão: O aleitamento materno conseguiu atenuar o impacto do consumo de AUP, sendo observadas diferenças nos parâmetros de diversidade e abundância dos mesmos ramos filogenéticos, protegendo a microbiota intestinal de uma maturidade precoce no primeiro ano de vida.

Objective: To investigate the impact of consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) on the diversity of the gut microbiota in the first year of life of participants in the MINA-Brasil Study. Methods: The study was carried out with participants from the one-year follow-up of the population-based birth cohort Study MINA-Brazil, with gut microbiota collection (n=728). Diet was measured using a semi structured questionnaire referring to the diet on the day before the interview. A combined variable of breastfeeding and UPF was generated (breastfeeding yes/no; UPF yes/no), considering "yes" the consumption of at least one UPF (instant noodles, snacks, sausages, sugary drinks and candy). A conceptual hierarchical model was used to select covariates according to levels of determination (p<0.05) in the final multiple models. Median regression coefficients with multiple adjustment (95% CI) were analyzed with alpha diversity of the gut microbiota as the dependent variable. The beta diversity of the gut microbiota was analyzed by PCoA and PERMANOVA. Differential abundance was performed by ANCOM-BC and phylogenetic heat tree, corrected by FDR. Analyzes were performed using Stata 16.0 and R software. Results: Consumption of sausages, snacks and instant noodles (≥1 time/day) or any type of UPF (≥2 times/day) was positively associated with alpha diversity parameters. Weaned children who consumed UPF were positively associated with the alpha diversity parameters, in relation to the group of breastfed children who did not consume UPF, indicating more distinct bacteria. UPF consumption was not associated with phylogeny, being distinct only between groups of contrasting breastfeeding practices (yes or not), according to analyzes of beta diversity and heat tree of phylogenetic differential abundance. Despite this, the practice of UPF consumption induced differences in diversity and abundance within the same phylogenetic branches. Conclusion: Breastfeeding was able to mitigate the impact of UPF consumption, with differences being observed in the diversity and abundance parameters of the same phylogenetic branches, protecting the gut microbiota from premature maturity in the first year of life.

Una aproximación actualizada hacia el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple / An updated approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis

La presente es una revisión bibliográfica actualizada sobre el manejo de la Esclerosis Múltiple (EM), enfermedad neurológica progresiva de tipo desmielinizante más frecuente a nivel mundial. En Chile, su presentación remitente-recurrente (RRMS) es patología GES, por lo que se vuelve relevante para el médico general y estudiantes del área de la salud reconocer e identificar las terapias disponibles para el control de esta patología. Si bien la EM no es un cuadro frecuente, su sintomatología es alarmante e incapacitante, por lo que, con frecuencia, el primer acercamiento del paciente es a los servicios de urgencia, tornándose necesario contar con nociones básicas sobre el tratamiento y manejo. La presente revisión recopiló artículos publicados entre 2019 y 2023 de distintos motores de búsqueda con énfasis en el tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico de esta enfermedad. Además de describir el tratamiento convencional como la inmunomodulación, las terapias biológicas, el soporte con glucocorticoides y los fármacos remielinizantes, se abordan nuevas líneas de investigación prometedoras, como el rol inmunogénico de la microbiota intestinal, la capacidad epigenética de la dieta, estrategias de rehabilitación cognitiva y el potencial uso de cannabinoides para el manejo paliativo del dolor. Se concluye que un tratamiento oportuno con fármacos modificadores de la enfermedad, tanto de primera línea como de segunda, son imprescindibles para el manejo de la EM, sin embargo, la calidad de vida puede verse significativamente acrecentada por la incorporación de estrategias que se encuentran al alcance del médico general y que no requieren de derivación a nivel secundario.

This is an updated bibliographical review on the management of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the most common progressive neurological disease of demyelinating disorders worldwide. In Chile, its relapsing-remitting presentation (RRMS) is a state-covered illness pathology, so it becomes relevant for the general practitioner and med students to recognize and identify therapies available for the control of this desease. Although MS is not a frequent condition, its symptoms are alarming and disabling, which is why, frequently, the first approach of the patient is to the emergency services, making it necessary to have basic knowledge about treatment and management. The present review compiled articles published between 2019 and 2023 from different search engines with an emphasis on the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of the MS. In addition to describing conventional treatment such as immunomodulation, biological therapies, glucocorticoid support and remyelinating drugs, new promising lines of research are addressed, such as the immunogenic role of the intestinal microbiota, the epigenetic capacity of the diet, strategies on cognition rehabilitation and the potential use of cannabinoids for the palliative management of pain. It is concluded that the classic treatment with disease-modifying drugs, both first-line and second-line, are essential for the management of MS; however, quality of life can be significantly increased by incorporating strategies found at the reach of the general practitioner and do not require referral at a greater complexity center.

Importancia del microbioma en la salud humana y aplicaciones médicas / Importance of the microbiome in human health and medical implications

Recientes investigaciones han relacionado la microbiota intestinal con la salud humana en múltiples aspectos. La evolución de los estilos de vida ha determinado un cambio en la composición de las bacterias intestinales, así como la implicación que la comunidad de estas ejerce sobre la salud. Actualmente, se conoce que la mayoría de las bacterias presentes en el sistema gastrointestinal pertenecen principalmente a los fila Firmicutes y Bacterioidetes, aunque también se encuentran otros grupos tales como proteobacterias y actinobacterias. A medida que se avanza en el tracto gastrointestinal predominan algunos géneros de bacterias. Los efectos de la microbiota pueden ser directos e indirectos, además, dependen de muchos factores tales como la edad de la persona, el grupo etario, la genética del individuo, la dieta y el estilo de vida. Durante los últimos años, la accesibilidad a tecnologías de secuenciación ha permitido tener un acercamiento más estrecho a la microbiota intestinal. Esto, sumado a herramientas bioinformáticas, ha permitido establecer relaciones microbiales entre la cantidad y estructura poblacional y las manifestaciones clínicas en el ser humano. Algunas de las afecciones estudiadas y que tienen relación con la microbiota intestinal son: la obesidad, la diabetes, el cáncer, las enfermedades relacionadas con el cerebro, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las enfermedades gastrointestinales. De acuerdo con lo mencionado, se hizo una recopilación de información de carácter científico en cuanto a estudios relevantes que describen la relación microbiota-salud humana y casos donde se observa compromiso del organismo, al mismo tiempo que se describen opciones terapéuticas propuestas y un abordaje de perspectivas futuras.

Recent research has linked gut microbiota to human health in multiple ways. The evolution of lifestyles has determined a change in the composition of intestinal bacteria, as well as the implications that they exert on health. Currently, it is known that most of the bacteria present in the gastrointestinal sector belong mainly to the phylum Firmicutes and Bacterioidetes, although there are also other groups such as proteobacteria and actinobacteria. As it progresses through the gastrointestinal tract, some genera of bacteria and species predominate. The effects of the microbiota can be direct and indirect, and also depend on many factors such as the age of the person, the age group, the individual's genetics, diet, and lifestyle. In recent years, accessibility to sequencing technologies has allowed for a closer approach to the intestinal microbiota. This, added to bioinformatic tools has allowed establishing microbial relationships in terms of quantity and population structure with clinical manifestations in humans. Some of the pathologies studied that are related to intestinal microbiota are obesity, diabetes, cancer, brain-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases. A compilation of scientific information is made regarding relevant studies that describe the microbiota-human health relationship, cases where the organism is affected, as well as proposed therapeutic options and an approach to future perspectives

Role of gut microbiota in perioperative neurocognitive disorders after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in rats with humanized gut flora / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate whether gut microbiota disturbance after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) contributes to the development of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND).@*METHODS@#Fecal samples were collected from healthy individuals and patients with PND after CPB to prepare suspensions of fecal bacteria, which were transplanted into the colorectum of two groups of pseudo-germ-free adult male SD rats (group NP and group P, respectively), with the rats without transplantation as the control group (n=10). The feces of the rats were collected for macrogenomic sequencing analysis, and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured with ELISA. The expression levels of GFAP and p-Tau protein in the hippocampus of the rats were detected using Western blotting, and the cognitive function changes of the rats were assessed with Morris water maze test.@*RESULTS@#In all the 3 groups, macrogenomic sequencing analysis showed clustering and clear partitions of the gut microbiota after the transplantation. The relative abundances of Klebsiella in the control group (P < 0.005), Akkermansia in group P (P < 0.005) and Bacteroides in group NP (P < 0.005) were significantly increased after the transplantation. Compared with those in the control group, the rats in group NP and group P showed significantly decreased serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and lowered expression levels of GFAP and p-Tau proteins (all P < 0.05). Escape platform crossings and swimming duration in the interest quadrant increased significantly in group NP (P < 0.05), but the increase was not statistically significant in group N. Compared with those in group P, the rats in group NP had significantly lower serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and protein expressions of GFAP and p-Tau (all P < 0.05) with better performance in water maze test (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#In patients receiving CPB, disturbances in gut mirobiota contributes to the development of PND possibly in relation with inflammatory response.

Association between gut microbiome and intracerebral hemorrhage based on genome-wide association study data / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has the highest mortality and disability rates among various subtypes of stroke. Previous studies have shown that the gut microbiome (GM) is closely related to the risk factors and pathological basis of ICH. This study aims to explore the causal effect of GM on ICH and the potential mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Genome wide association study (GWAS) data on GM and ICH were obtained from Microbiome Genome and International Stroke Genetics Consortium. Based on the GWAS data, we first performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the causal association between GM and ICH. Then, a conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) method was conducted to identify the pleiotropic variants.@*RESULTS@#MR analysis showed that Pasteurellales, Pasteurellaceae, and Haemophilus were negatively correlated with the risk of ICH, whileVerrucomicrobiae, Verrucomicrobiales, Verrucomicrobiaceae, Akkermansia, Holdemanella, and LachnospiraceaeUCG010 were positively correlated with ICH. By applying the cFDR method, 3 pleiotropic loci (rs331083, rs4315115, and rs12553325) were found to be associated with both GM and ICH.@*CONCLUSIONS@#There is a causal association and pleiotropic variants between GM and ICH.

Characteristics of intestinal flora in patients with cerebral infarction complicated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#The intestinal microbial characteristics of patients with simple cerebral infarction (CI) and CI complicated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (CI-T2DM) are still not clear. This study aims to analyze the differences in the variable characteristics of intestinal flora between patients simply with CI and CI-T2DM.@*METHODS@#This study retrospectively collected the patients who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University from September 2021 to September 2022. The patients were divided into a CI group (n=12) and a CI-T2DM group (n=12). Simultaneously, 12 healthy people were selected as a control group. Total DNA was extracted from feces specimens. Illumina Novaseq sequencing platform was used for metagenomic sequencing. The Knead Data software, Kraken2 software, and Bracken software were applied for sequencing analysis.@*RESULTS@#At phylum level, the average ratio of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria in the CI-T2DM group were 33.07%, 54.80%, and 7.00%, respectively. In the CI group, the ratios of each were 14.03%, 69.62%, and 11.13%, respectively, while in the control group, the ratios were 50.99%, 37.67%, and 5.24%, respectively. There was significant differences in the distribution of Firmicutes (F=6.130, P=0.011) among the 3 groups. At the family level, compared with the CI group, the relative abundance of Eubacteriaceae (t=8.062, P<0.001) in the CI-T2DM group was significantly increased, while Corynebacteriaceae (t=4.471, P<0.001), Methanobacteriaceae (t=3.406, P=0.003), and Pseudomonadaceae (t=2.352, P=0.028) were decreased significantly. At the genus level, compared with the CI group, there was a relative abundance of Cutibacterium (t=6.242, P<0.001), Eubacterium (t=8.448, P<0.001), and Blautia (t=3.442, P=0.002) in the CI-T2DM group which was significantly increased. In terms of Methanobrevibacter (t=3.466, P=0.002), Pyramidobacter (t=2.846, P=0.009) and Pseudomonas (t=2.352, P=0.028), their distributions were decreased significantly in the CI-T2DM group. At the species level, compared with the CI group, the relative abundance of Cutibacterium acnes (t=6.242, P<0.001) in the CI-T2DM group was significantly increased, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa (t=2.352, P=0.028) was decreased significantly. Still at the genus level, linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that the distributions of Pseudomonas and Blautia were determined to be the most significantly different between the CI-T2DM and the CI group. At the species level, the total number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the 3 groups was 1 491. There were 169, 221, and 192 kinds of OTUs unique to the CI-T2DM, CI, and control group, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#From phylum level to species level, the composition of intestinal flora in the patients with CI-T2DM is different from those in the patients simply with CI. The change in the proportion of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteus compared with the healthy population is an important feature of intestinal flora imbalance in the patients with CI and with CI-T2DM. Attention should be paid to the differential distribution of Bacteroides monocytogenes and butyrate producing bacteria.

Efficacy of Biejiajian Pill on Intestinal Microbiota in Patients with Hepatitis B Cirrhosis/Liver Fibrosis: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the efficacy of Biejiajian Pill (BJJP) on intestinal microbiota in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis/liver fibrosis, and explore its relationship with liver fibrosis.@*METHODS@#This was a prospective, randomized double-blind controlled trial. Using the stratified block randomization method, 35 patients with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis/liver fibrosis were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive entecavir (0.5 mg/d) combined with BJJP (3 g/time, 3 times a day) or placebo (simulator as control, SC group, simulator 3 g/time, 3 times a day) for 48 weeks. Blood and stool samples were collected from patients at baseline and week 48 of treatment, respectively. Liver and renal functions as well as hematological indices were detected. Fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rDNA V3-V4 high-throughput sequencing, and intestinal microbiota changes in both groups before and after treatment were compared, and their correlations with liver fibrosis were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the SC group, there was no significant difference in liver function, renal function and hematology indices in the BJJP group, however, the improvement rate of liver fibrosis was higher in the BJJP group (94.4% vs. 64.7%, P=0.041). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on weighted Unifrac distance showed significant differences in intestinal microbiota community diversity before and after BJJP treatment (P<0.01 and P=0.003), respectively. After 48 weeks' treatment, the abundance levels of beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium and Blautia) increased, whereas the abundance levels of potential pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Parabacteroides and Prevotella decreased, among which Ruminococcus and Parabacteroides were significantly positively correlated with degree of liver fibrosis (r=0.34, P=0.04; r=0.38, P=0.02), respectively. The microbiota in the SC group did not change significantly throughout the whole process of treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#BJJP had a certain regulatory effect on intestinal microbiota of patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis/liver fibrosis (ChiCTR1800016801).

Mechanism of Gardeniae Fructus in ameliorating rheumatoid arthritis based on metabolomics and intestinal microbiota / 中国中药杂志

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA), a chronic autoimmune disease, is featured by persistent joint inflammation. The development of RA is associated with the disturbance of endogenous metabolites and intestinal microbiota. Gardeniae Fructus(GF), one of the commonly used medicinal food in China, is usually prescribed for the prevention and treatment of jaundice, inflammation, ache, fever, and skin ulcers. GF exerts an effect on ameliorating RA, the mechanism of which remains to be studied. In this study, ultra-perfor-mance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)-based serum non-target metabolomics and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing were employed to elucidate the mechanism of GF in ameliorating RA induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats. The results showed that GF alleviated the pathological conditions in adjuvant arthritis(AA) rats. The low-and high-dose GF lo-wered the serum levels of interleukin(IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), IL-1β, and prostaglandin E2 in the rats(P<0.05, P<0.01). Pathways involved in metabolomics were mainly α-linolenic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism. The results of 16S rDNA sequencing showed that the Streptococcus, Facklamia, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, and Kosakonia were the critical gut microorganisms for GF to treat AA in rats. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the three differential metabolites PE-NMe[18:1(9Z)/20:0], PC[20:1(11Z)/18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)], and PC[20:0/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)] were correlated with the differential bacteria. In conclusion, GF may ameliorate RA by regulating the composition of intestinal microbiota, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. The findings provide new ideas and data for elucidating the mechanism of GF in relieving RA.