Evolução atípica de cisto de tenon após implante de válvula de Ahmed / Atypical evolution of tenon cyst after Ahmed valve implantation

Resumo Descrevemos o caso de um paciente portador de glaucoma secundário que evoluiu com cisto de tenon após implante de válvula de Ahmed. A despeito da conduta expectante inicial e das intervenções cirúrgicas posteriores, apenas com a utilização da ciclofotocoagulação transescleral com laser micropulsado a pressão intraocular atingiu valores aceitáveis.

Abstract We describe the case of a patient with secondary glaucoma who developed tenon cyst after Ahmed valve implantation. Despite the initial expectant management and subsequent surgical interventions, only with the micropulse transecleral cyclophotocoagulation did the intraocular pressure reach acceptable values.

Resultados de la válvula de Ahmed en el glaucoma refractario pediátrico / Results of Ahmed valve implantation in pediatric refractory glaucoma

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los resultados del implante dispositivo de glaucoma de Ahmed en pacientes con glaucoma pediátrico refractario. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de serie de casos en 15 pacientes (17 ojos) con glaucoma pediátrico refractario atendidos en el Servicio de Oftalmología Pediátrica del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer" de enero del año 2011 a enero de 2016, a quienes se les implantó una válvula de Ahmed y fueron seguidos por un periodo de 3 años. Se evaluaron la agudeza visual, la presión intraocular pre y posoperatoria, el éxito completo, el éxito calificado, las complicaciones y las reintervenciones. Resultados: La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue de 4,0 años y predominó el sexo masculino (58,8 por ciento). La media de la presión intraocular preoperatoria fue de 37,3 mmHg y disminuyó a 19,4 mmHg de manera significativa (p= 0,000) en el posoperatorio. El análisis de supervivencia global mostró una probabilidad acumulada de éxito completo de 94,1 por ciento al 1,5 mes, 70,6 por ciento a los 12 meses, 58,8 por ciento a los 18 meses, y 47,1 por ciento a los 24 y a los 36 meses. La de éxito calificado fue de: 94,1 por ciento a los 12 meses, 82,4 por ciento a los 18 meses, y 76,5 por ciento a los 24 y a los 36 meses. La frecuencia de complicaciones fue de 29,4 por ciento y la de reintervenciones de 23,5 por ciento. Conclusiones: El implante de válvula de Ahmed en el glaucoma pediátrico refractario es una indicación para la reducción de la presión intraocular(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the results of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in patients with pediatric refractory glaucoma. Methods: A case-series study was conducted of 15 patients (17 eyes) with pediatric refractory glaucoma attending the pediatric ophthalmology service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from January 2011 to January 2016. These patients underwent Ahmed valve implantation and were followed up for a period of three years. Evaluation was performed of visual acuity, pre- and post-operative intraocular pressure, complete success, qualified success, complications and reinterventions. Results: Mean age of patients was 4.0 years, with a predominance of the male sex (58.8 percent). Mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 37.3 mmHg, significantly decreasing to 19.4 mmHg (p= 0.000) in the postoperative period. Overall survival analysis revealed a cumulative probability of complete success of 94.1 percent at 1.5 months, 70.6 percent at 12 months, 58.8 percent at 18 months and 47.1 percent at 24 and 36 months. Cumulative probability of qualified success was 94.1 percent at 12 months, 82.4 percent at 18 months and 76.5 percent at 24 and 36 months. The rate of complications and reinterventions was 29.4 percent and 23.5 percent, respectively. Conclusions: Indication of Ahmed valve implantation in pediatric refractory glaucoma is aimed at reducing intraocular pressure(AU)

Cirugía del glaucoma en estos tiempos / Present-day glaucoma surgery

La cirugía del glaucoma es una opción de tratamiento encaminada a disminuir la presión intraocular, una vez que no hay respuesta a las alternativas no quirúrgicas. En los últimos años está experimentando una evolución sorprendente. Aparecen nuevos dispositivos que buscan obtener un control tensional con las mínimas complicaciones. Actualmente se reserva el término minimally invasive glaucoma surgery para el grupo de técnicas quirúrgicas que favorecen el drenaje del humor acuoso vía ab-interno a través de la córnea clara y con las cuales con frecuencia se coloca un dispositivo biocompatible en el ángulo camerular. El Ex-PRESS, el Trabectome, el iStent y recientemente el Cypass (julio, 2016) son los únicos aprobados por la FDA. Pendiente de esto se encuentran el Hydruss y el XEN. Sin embargo, es necesario para la mayoría de ellos mostrar su éxito en el tiempo(AU)

Glaucoma surgery is a therapeutic alternative aimed at reducing the intraocular pressure when there is no response to non-surgical medical treatment. In the last few years, glaucoma surgery has remarkably evolved. New devices, capable of achieving pressure management with minor complications, have emerged. The term MIGS (minimally invasive glaucoma surgery) is reserved only for those techniques that favor aqueous humor drainage ab-interno approach through clear corneal incision and usually a biocompatible device is placed into the anterior chamber angle. The Ex-PRESS, Trabectome, iStent and recently Cypass (July 2016) are the only devices approved by the Food and Drug Enforcement Agency (FDA). Hydrus and Xen are still pending on approval. Nevertheless, it is required that most of them prove their success in the course of time(AU)

Beneficios y riesgos de dispositivos de drenaje para tratamiento de glaucoma / Benefits and risks of glaucoma drainage devices for glaucoma treatment

En el tratamiento del glaucoma se suele iniciar con medicamentos. En segunda instancia, se recurre a cirugías o implante de dispositivos de drenaje. Los dispositivos de drenaje son usados para tratar glaucomas refractarios (no responden a tratamiento médico o cirugías), cuando la trabeculectomía o cualquier cirugía falla en el control de la presión intraocular. En la actualidad existe una gama de diseños que básicamente consisten en un tubo que drena humor acuoso desde la cámara anterior o posterior a un plato ubicado en la zona ecuatorial del ojo. Asimismo, los dispositivos de drenaje han tenido un avance significativo en los últimos años, y han variado el mecanismo de acción, los materiales, las dimensiones y las indicaciones de uso. Este trabajo proporciona información sobre el estado del arte del glaucoma, así como una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre los dispositivos de drenaje, que describe su mecanismo de funcionamiento, las principales ventajas, la efectividad medida según la variación de la presión intraocular y las complicaciones más importantes halladas en cada estudio(AU)

The glaucoma treatment may be started with drugs, followed by surgeries or implantation of drainage devices. Drainage devices are used to treat refractory glaucomas (they do not respond to medical treatment or surgeries) when trabeculectomy fails to control intraocular pressure. There is a range of designs that basically consist of a tube that drains aqueous humor from the anterior or posterior chamber to a plate located in the equatorial area of the eye. Likewise, drainage devices have made significant progress in recent years, varying the mechanism of action, materials, dimensions and indications of use. This paper provides information on the state of the art of glaucoma, as well as a systematic literature review on the main drainage devices, describing its mechanism of operation, main advantages, effectiveness measured according to the variation of intraocular pressure and the most important complications found in each study(AU)

Implante ExPRESS-P en el glaucoma traumático / ExPRESS-P implant for the traumatic glaucoma

Se presenta un paciente masculino, blanco, de 32 años de edad, con antecedentes de trauma contuso en el ojo izquierdo a los 8 años de edad. El examen oftalmológico del ojo izquierdo reveló agudeza visual mejor corregida 60 VAR; presión intraocular 42 mmHg con terapia hipotensora máxima; catarata corticonuclear traumática y daño glaucomatoso avanzado. Como opción de tratamiento se realizó la cirugía combinada (facoemulsificación e implante de dispositivo ExPRESS, modelo P-50), asociado al uso de mitomicina C 0,2 por ciento. Se obtuvo agudeza visual mejor corregida 97 VAR y presión intraocular 17 mmHg a los 3 meses posoperatorio. Este caso evidencia la necesidad del seguimiento de por vida luego de un trauma ocular, y fundamentalmente cuando existe un receso angular traumático, con la finalidad de diagnosticar precozmente la hipertensión ocular y prevenir la pérdida visual irreversible por glaucoma. La facoemulsificación combinada con el implante ExPRESS resulta una opción favorable para el tratamiento de casos complejos que presentan glaucoma y catarata(AU)

The report presented a 32 years-old white male patient with a history of blunt trauma in his left eye since he was 8 years-old. The ophthalmological exam revealed best corrected visual acuity of 60 VAR, intraocular pressure of 42 mmHg with maximum dose of hypotensive treatment, traumatic corticonuclear cataract and advanced glaucomatous damage. The treatment option was combined surgery (phacoemulsification and implantation of ExPRESS device, P-50 model) associated to the use of 0.2 percent mitomycin C. The best corrected visual acuity increased to 97 VAR and the intraocular pressure lowered to 17 mmHg three months after surgery. This case shows the need of lifelong follow-up after ocular trauma, particularly when there is traumatic angle recession, in order to early diagnose ocular hypertension and to prevent irreversible vision loss due to glaucoma. Phacoemulsification combined with ExPRESS implant results in favorable option for treatment of complex cases suffering glaucoma and cataract(AU)

Panophthalmitis with orbital cellulitis following glaucoma drainage implant surgery in a pediatric patient / Panoftalmite com celulite orbitária após implante de drenagem em glaucoma congênito

ABSTRACT Here we report a case of childhood glaucoma refractory to angle and trabeculectomy surgery. The patient was treated with an Ahmed™ drainage implant that was subsequently complicated by rapid-onset panophthalmitis and orbital cellulitis. Intravenous and intravitreal antibiotic therapy was initiated and the drainage tube was removed. The infectious process resolved within 3 weeks; however, phthisis bulbi developed subsequently.

RESUMO Relato de um caso de uma criança portadora de glaucoma congênito primário, refratário a cirurgias angulares e trabeculectomias prévias, submetido à implante de drenagem do tipo Ahmed®. O paciente evoluiu com panoftalmite e celulite orbitária de aparecimento súbito, sendo submetido à remoção do tubo e antibioticoterapia endovenosa e intravítrea. O processo infeccioso foi resolvido em três semanas, porém o olho evoluiu para phthisis bulbi.

Revisión con aguja tras implante de válvula de Ahmed en la ciclitis heterocrómica de Fuchs / Needle revision after Ahmed valve implantation in the management of Fuch´s heterochromic cyclitis

La ciclitis heterocrómica de Fuchs es una uveítis crónica que puede ser asintomática por años o expresar solo la heterocromía antes que aparezca cualquier otro signo. El glaucoma se considera una de las complicaciones más difíciles de tratar, y requiere cirugía en múltiples ocasiones. Los dispositivos de drenaje están siendo cada vez más utilizados como alternativa de tratamiento quirúrgico en estos casos. Asiste a la consulta médica una paciente de 36 años de edad, con antecedentes de uveítis crónica unilateral del ojo izquierdo asociado a catarata y glaucoma descompensado, a pesar del tratamiento médico. Se presenta con 50 VAR de visión y presión intraocular de 32 mmHg. Se realizó cirugía combinada: facoemulsificación e implante de válvula Ahmed modelo S2 con mitomicina C (0,2 mg/mL) durante cinco minutos. Se diagnostica ampolla de filtración encapsulada en la octava semana. Se realiza revisión con aguja y subconjuntival de 1 mg de bevacizumab (avastin) subtenoniano en área de la filtrante. La inyección se repite días alternos hasta completar tres dosis según protocolo institucional. Se logran cifras de presión intraocular de 17 mmHg y agudeza visual mejor corregida de 95 VAR a los 18 meses posoperatorios(AU)

Fuch´s heterochromic cyclitis is chronic uveitis that may be asymptomatic for years or may express heretochromia just before the onset of any other sign. Glaucoma is considered one of the most difficult complications to be treated and requires multiple surgeries. Drainage devices are increasingly used as a surgical treatment option in these cases. Here is the case of a 36 years-old woman with a history of unilateral chronic uveitis in her left eye associated to cataract and decompensate glaucoma despite the medical therapy. She presented with 50 VAR visual acuity and 32 mmHg intraocular pressure. She underwent combined surgery based on phacoemulsification and S2 model Ahmed valve implantation with mitomycin C (0,2 mg/mL) for 5 minutes. The diagnosis was encapsulated filtering bleb at the 8th week of operation. Subconjuctival needle revision with one mg of subtenial bevacizumab (avastin) in the bleb area was performed. Injection was administered every other day till completion of three doses according to the institutional protocol. Eighteen months after the surgery, the intraocular pressure was 17nnHg and the best corrected visual acuity reached 95 VAR best corrected visual acuity(AU)

Ahmed glaucoma valve in post-penetrating-keratoplasty glaucoma: A critically evaluated prospective clinical study.

Aim: The aim was to evaluate the outcome of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) in post-penetrating-keratoplasty glaucoma (PKPG). Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 20 eyes of 20 adult patients with post-PKPG with intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mmHg, on two or more antiglaucoma medications, underwent AG (model FP7) implantation and were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. Absolute success was defined as 5 <IOP <21 mmHg and qualified success as 5 <IOP <21 mmHg with medications or minor procedures. Results: The mean IOP decreased from 42.95 ± 10.24 to 17.69 ± 3.64 mmHg (P <0.001) and the use of medications dropped from 2.92 to 0.39 (P <0.001) after AGV implantation. The absolute success was achieved in 11 eyes and qualified success in 9. There was no significant change in best corrected visual acuity, graft clarity, or graft thickness. Six device-related complications occurred after AGV implantations which were successfully managed with medical or minor surgical therapy. Conclusions: Postkeratoplasty refractory glaucoma managed by AGV implantation revealed a satisfactory outcome up to 6 months of follow-up.

Management of complications in glaucoma surgery.

Surgical option for glaucoma is considered when other modalities are not working out to keep the intraocular pressure under control. Since the surgical procedures for glaucoma disrupt the integrity of the globe, they are known to produce various complications. Some of those complications can be vision-threatening. To minimize the morbidity, it is very important that one should know how to prevent them, recognize them and treat them. The objective of this article is to provide insight into some of those complications that will help the ophthalmologists in treating glaucoma patients in their clinical practice.

Evaluation of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation through a needle-generated scleral tunnel in Mexican children with glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the results and extrusion rates of the Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation through a needle-generated scleral tunnel, without a tube-covering patch, in children. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of the charts of 106 Mexican children implanted with 128 AGVs operated between 1994 and 2002, with the needle track technique, at our institution, with at least six months follow up was done. Main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP) control, tube extrusions or exposure and other complications. Results: Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a 96.9% survival rate at six months, 82.4% at one year, 78.7% at two years, 70% at three years and 41.6% at four years. Total success at the last follow-up (IOP between 6 and 21 mm Hg without medications) was achieved in 30 eyes (23.5%), 58 eyes (45.3%) had qualified success (only topical hypotensive drugs) and 40 eyes (31.3%) were failures. The mean pre- and post-operative IOP at the last follow up was 28.4 mmHg (SD 9.3) and 14.5 mmHg (SD 6.3), respectively. No tube extrusions or exposures were observed. Tube-related complications included five retractions, a lens touch and a transitory endothelial touch. The risk of failure increased if the eye had any complication or previous glaucoma surgeries. Conclusion: Medium-term IOP control in Mexican children with glaucoma can be achieved with AGV implantation using a needle-generated tunnel, without constructing a scleral flap or using a patch to cover the tube. There were no tube extrusions, nor any tube exposures with this technique.

Avaliação oftalmológica em pacientes submetidos a implante de drenagem em glaucomas refratários / Ophthalmologic evaluation of patients submitted to drainage implant in refractory glaucoma

Objetivo: Avaliar aspectos pré e pós-operatórios em pacientes submetidosa implantes de drenagem. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, com pacientes submetidos a implante de drenagem no setor de glaucoma do Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2006. No estudo foram avaliadas as seguintes características: sexo, idade, olho operado, tipo de glaucoma, número de cirurgias oculares anteriores, pressão intraocular prévia e após, conforme tempo de seguimento. Foram observadas a acuidade visual pré e pós-implante, o número de medicações antiglaucomatosas prescritas pós-implante, as principais complicações e reintervenções necessárias. Resultados:Entre os 92 pacientes a proporção foi de 60 (65,3%) do sexo masculino e 32 (34,7%) do feminino. Os principais tipos de glaucoma foram: 38,9% (n=37) secundário a transplante de córnea e 25,3% (n=24) glaucoma neovascular. A média da pressão intraocular pré-implante foi de 32 (±11,29) mmHg e pós-implante foi de 18, (±8,16) mmHg em 95 (100%) pacientes, 15,00 (±11,00) mmHg em 95 (100%), 16 (±11,64) mmHg em 54(55,7%) e 20 (±10,14) mmHg em 21 (21,6%) para o período de 2 meses,6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos, respectivamente. As complicações mais frequentes foram extrusão do implante (8,5%) e atalamia (5,4%). Conclusão:Observou-se evolução satisfatória nos pós-implantes, independente das diversas causas do glaucoma. Neste estudo foi encontrada redução significante da pressão intraocular 2 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos (p<0,05). Ascomplicações tiveram ocorrência e evolução independente do tipo de glaucoma, número de cirurgias prévias, idade e sexo.

Purpose: To evaluate aspects of patients submitted to drainage implant procedures before and after surgery. Methods: A retrospective study was done, with patients submitted to drainage implant procedures in the Glaucoma Sector of the Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, from January, 2004 to December, 2006. The following characteristics were evaluated: gender, age, treated eye, glaucoma type, number of previousophthalmologic surgeries, previous intraocular pressure and check-ups. The visual acuity was observed before and after the implant, the number of glaucoma medications given after the implant, the main complications and the necessity of a second intervention. Results: Among the 92 patients, 65.3% (n=60) were male and 34.7% (n=32) were female. The main types of glaucoma were 38.9% (n=37) dueto cornea transplant and 25.3% (n=24) to neovascular glaucoma. The intraocular pressure average before implant was 32 (±11.29) mmHg and after implant it was 18 (±8.11) mmHg in100% (n=95) eyes, 15 (± 10.89) mmHg in 100% (n= 95), 16 (±11.64) mmHg in 55.7% (n=54) and 20 (±10.31) mmHg in 21.6% (n=21) for the period of 2 months, 6 months, 1 and 2 years, respectively. The most frequent complications were implant migration (8.5%) and shallow anterior chamber(5.4%). Conclusion: A satisfactory evolution in the patients after implants, taking into consideration several causes of glaucoma. A significant reduction of intraocular pressure was found in the period of 2 months, at 1 and 2 years (p< 0.05). The complications occurred and progressed independent of the type of glaucoma, number of previous surgeries, age or gender.

Malignant glaucoma after Ahmed valve implant

To report and describe the clinical presentation of malignant glaucoma after Ahmed glaucoma valve implant [AGVI] in 2 patients. Chart review of 2 patients who developed malignant glaucoma after AGVI at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh. Both patients developed high intraocular pressure [IOP] associated with axial shallowing of the anterior chamber despite patent iridotomies and normal posterior segment anatomy following AGVI surgery. Both of them did not respond to medical or laser treatment. However, the anterior chamber deepened and the IOP was controlled in both cases after pars plana vitrectomy and anterior chamber reformation. Malignant glaucoma can develop after AGVI. Successful clinical outcomes can be achieved with posterior segment surgery