Genetic analysis of two children with Coffin-Siris syndrome due to variants of ARID1B gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis of two children with unexplained psychomotor developmental delay and facial dysmorphisms suggestive of Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS).@*METHODS@#A boy and a girl suspected for CSS at the 980th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force respectively in July 2019 and January 2021, and seven members from their families, were selected as the study subjects. Clinical data and family history of the children were collected, and detailed physical examination was carried out, in addition with laboratory and related auxiliary examinations. Potential variants and copy number variations (CNVs) were detected by whole exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq).@*RESULTS@#Child 1, an 8-month-old female, had featured microcephaly, atrial septal defect, curving of fifth finger/toe, and low limb muscle tone. Child 2 was a 2.5-year-old male with language delay, social impairment, dense hair but no curving of the fifth fingers. Genetic testing revealed that child 1 had loss of heterozygosity for exons 8 to 21 of the ARID1B gene, which was unreported previously. Family verification showed that both of her parents were of the wild type. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and American Society of Molecular Pathology (AMP), the variant was rated as pathogenic (PVS1+PS2+PM2-supporting). Child 2 was found to harbor a heterozygous c.4263-6 (IVS17) T>G variant of the ARID1B gene. Transcriptome sequencing confirmed that the variant can affect the normal splicing, resulting in retention of a 5 bp sequence in intron 17. Family verification showed that both of his parents were of the wild type. Based on the guidelines from the ACMG, the variant was rated as pathogenic (PS2+PM2-supporting+PP3+PS3).@*CONCLUSION@#WES and RNA-seq have confirmed the diagnosis of CSS in both children. Discovery of the novel variants has expanded the spectrum of pathogenic mutations underlying CSS, and provided a basis for the genetic counseling.

Caracterización de la retención de caninos maxilares en pacientes pediátricos de Ciego de Ávila / Characterization of Maxillary Canine Retention in Pediatric Patients in Ciego de Avila

Introducción: Se reportan hallazgos que permiten observar al canino maxilar impactado como una entidad de importante prevalencia. En la provincia de Ciego de Ávila son escasas las investigaciones publicadas sobre la alteración eruptiva. Objetivos: Describir variables epidemiológicas y clínicas e identificar los factores locales presentes en pacientes pediátricos con retención de caninos maxilares del municipio Ciego de Ávila en el período comprendido entre octubre de 2019 y junio de 2020. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional analítica de casos y controles donde se determinaron los factores locales asociados a la retención de caninos maxilares. La población de estudio se constituyó por 388 escolares, en las edades de 11 y 17 años, pertenecientes al área de salud de la clínica estomatológica docente Dr. Luis Páez Alfonso del municipio Ciego de Ávila, en el período de estudio. Resultados: El 56,9 por ciento de los participantes pertenecían al sexo femenino; prevaleció el grupo de 11 a 13 años con el 70,7 por ciento y el color de piel blanca (74,1 por ciento). El 56,9 por ciento de los pacientes presentaban retención bilateral y el mayor porciento (60,4 por ciento) se ubicó por vestibular. La discrepancia hueso diente negativa, el micrognatismo transversal (OR de 6,3) y la pérdida prematura de dientes temporales (OR fue de 6,1) mostraron una importante significación estadística. Conclusiones: La retención de los caninos maxilares predominó en el sexo femenino, en el grupo etario de 11 a 13 años y en los pacientes pediátricos de piel blanca. La retención bilateral y la localización por vestibular de los caninos se presentaron con mayor frecuencia. Se constató la asociación entre la retención de caninos maxilares y los factores locales discrepancia hueso diente negativa, micrognatismo transversal y pérdida prematura de dientes temporales(AU)

Introduction: We report findings that allow us to observe the impacted maxillary canine as an entity of important prevalence. In the province of Ciego de Avila there is little research published on this eruptive alteration. Objectives: To describe epidemiological and clinical variables and to identify the local factors present in pediatric patients with retained maxillary canines in the municipality of Ciego de Avila between October 2019 and June 2020. Methods: An analytical observational research of cases and controls was carried out to determine the local factors associated to maxillary canine retention. The study population consisted of 388 schoolchildren between the ages of 11 and 17 years old, belonging to the health area of the Dr. Luis Páez Alfonso Stomatological Teaching Clinic in the municipality of Ciego de Avila, during the study period. Results: 56.9 percent of the participants belonged to the female sex; the group of 11 to 13 years old prevailed with 70.7 percent and the skin color was white (74.1 percent). A total of 56.9 percent of the patients had bilateral retention and the highest percentage (60.4 percent) was located in the vestibular region. Negative bone-tooth discrepancy, transverse micrognathism (OR of 6.3) and premature loss of primary teeth (OR was 6.1) showed significant statistical significance. Conclusions: Maxillary canine retention predominated in the female sex, in the 11 to 13 years age group, and in white-skinned pediatric patients. Bilateral retention and vestibular location of the canines occurred more frequently. The association between maxillary canine retention and the local factors negative bone-tooth discrepancy, transverse micrognathism and premature loss of primary teeth was found(AU)

The airway management and treatment of newborns with micrognathia and laryngomalacia / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To explore the perioperative airway management and treatment of newborns with micrognathia and laryngomalacia. Methods:From January to December 2022, a total of 6 newborns with micrognathia and laryngomalacia were included. Preoperative laryngoscopy revealed concomitant laryngomalacia. These micrognathia were diagnosed as Pierre Robin sequences. All patients had grade Ⅱ or higher symptoms of laryngeal obstruction and required oxygen therapy or non-invasive ventilatory support. All patients underwent simultaneous laryngomalacia surgery and mandibular distraction osteogenesis. The shortened aryepiglottic folds were ablated using a low-temperature plasma radiofrequency during the operation. Tracheal intubation was maintained for 3-5 days postoperatively. Polysomnography（PSG） and airway CT examination were performed before and 3 months after the surgery. Results:Among the 6 patients, 4 required oxygen therapy preoperatively and 2 required non-invasiveventilatory support. The mean age of patients was 40 days at surgery. The inferior alveolar nerve bundle was not damaged during the operation, and there were no signs of mandibular branch injury such as facial asymmetry after the surgery. Laryngomalacia presented as mixed type: type Ⅱ+ type Ⅲ. The maximum mandibular distraction distance was 20 mm, the minimum was 12 mm, and the mean was 16 mm. The posterior airway space increased from a preoperative average of 3.5 mm to a postoperative average of 9.5 mm. The AHI decreased from a mean of 5.65 to 0.85, and the lowest oxygen saturation increased from a mean of 78% to 95%. All patients were successfully extubated after the surgery, and symptoms of laryngeal obstruction such as hypoxia and feeding difficulties disappeared. Conclusion:Newborns with micrognathia and laryngomalacia have multi-planar airway obstruction. Simultaneous laryngomalacia surgery and mandibular distraction osteogenesis are safe and feasible, and can effectively alleviate symptoms of laryngeal obstruction such as hypoxia and feeding difficulties, while significantly improving the appearance of micrognathia.

Analysis of ARID1B gene variants in two Chinese pedigrees with Coffin-Siris syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis for two Chinese pedigrees affected with Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS).@*METHODS@#Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for the probands. Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing of the probands and their family members.@*RESULTS@#The two probands were respectively found to harbor a heterozygous c.5467delG (p.Gly1823fs) variant and a heterozygous c.5584delA (p.Lys1862fs) variant of the ARID1B gene, which were both of de novo in origin and unreported previously. Based on the guidelines of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, both variants were predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PS2+PM2).@*CONCLUSION@#The c.5467delG (p.Gly1823fs) and c.5545delA (p.Lys1849fs) variants of the ARID1B genes probably underlay the CSS in the two probands. Above results have enabled genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis for the pedigrees.

A importância da Odontologia na assistência a indivíduos com defeitos congênitos / The importance of Dentistry in assisting individuals with birth defects

Introdução: Defeitos congênitos são alterações estruturais ou funcionais que acontecem durante a vida intrauterina. O cirurgião-dentista deve reconhecer os defeitos craniofaciais para complementar a caracterização fenotípica e manejá-los junto a uma equipe multiprofissional. A presente revisão tem como objetivo auxiliar o cirurgião-dentista para o diagnóstico desses achados e apresentar quadros sindrômicos tipicamente associados a malformações craniofaciais. Revisão de Literatura: Manifestações craniofaciais de defeitos congênitos são condições que devem ser reconhecidas pelos cirurgiões--dentistas, pois frequentemente estão presentes em sua prática diária, podendo ser este profissional o primeiro a identificar tais achados. Os principais quadros sindrômicos tipicamente associados a micrognatia, fendas orais e displasias esqueléticas com manifestação craniofacial são apresentados, assinalando suas características clínicas e genéticas. Discussão: O cirurgião-dentista deve realizar uma anamnese detalhada incluindo a história familiar, bem como reconhecer as dismorfias tanto clínica quanto radiograficamente, observando o paciente de forma sistêmica. Conclusão: Os profissionais da odontologia devem receber treinamento teórico-prático para o diagnóstico, tratamento e vigilância de indivíduos com defeitos congênitos, seja na avaliação individual ou como parte de uma equipe multiprofissional.

Introduction: Birth defects are structural or functional changes that occur during intrauterine life. The dentist must recognize the craniofacial defects, complement the phenotypic characterization and manage them within a multidisciplinary team. The present review aims to assist the dentist to diagnose these findings and present syndromic conditions typically associated with cranio-facial malformations. Literature Review: Craniofacial manifestations of birth defects are conditions that must be recognized by dentists, as they are frequently present in their daily practices, and this professional may be the first to identify such findings. The main syndromic clinical pictures typically associated with micrognathia, oral clefts and skeletal dysplasias with craniofacial man-ifestation are presented, pointing out their clinical and genetic features. Discussion: The dentist must perform a detailed anamnesis including family history, as well as should recognize both clinical and radiographically the dysmorphisms, observing the patient systemically. Conclusion: Dentistry professionals should receive the-oretical-practical training for the diagnosis, treatment and surveillance of individuals with congenital defects, either in individual assessment or as part of a multipro-fessional team.

Diámetro transversal del maxilar en pacientes con maloclusión del Policlínico Mario Escalona. 2019 / Maxillary transverse diameter in patients with malocclusion treated at Mario Escalona Polyclinic. 2019

Introducción: Las anomalías de crecimiento y desarrollo transversal del maxilar constituyen un diagnóstico frecuente en pacientes con maloclusiones. Objetivo: Describir el diámetro transversal del maxilar en pacientes con maloclusiones del Policlínico Mario Escalona, 2019. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo transversal. El universo estuvo formado por todos los pacientes (69), de 12 a 25 años con maloclusiones ingresados en el Servicio de Ortodoncia del policlínico Mario Escalona desde abril de 2018 a febrero de 2019. Se determinó el índice de Bogue y de Mayoral. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas. Resultados: Se encontró el diámetro de Bogue disminuido en el 65,0 por ciento de los pacientes donde se determinó. Todas las medidas de Mayoral analizadas presentaron como promedio valores por debajo de la norma en cada etapa de crecimiento y desarrollo; exceptuando las medidas de 4 a 4 en el Prepúber. En ambos sexos el índice de Mayoral en sus tres niveles o referencias se encontró como promedio por debajo de la norma. En el sexo femenino se detectaron las medias menores (33,7mm, 38,3mm, 44,4mm) respecto al masculino. Se diagnosticó Micrognatismo transversal en el 75,36 por ciento de los pacientes; 80,49 por ciento en las hembras y 67,86 por ciento en varones. Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta frecuencia de micrognatismo transversal. Se detectó discrepancias ligeras del índice de Mayoral según la clasificación sindrómica y la etapa de crecimiento y desarrollo, mientras que en cuanto al sexo se identificaron diferencias de consideración(AU)

Introduction: Growth anomalies and maxillary transverse diameter are frequent diagnoses in patients with malocclusions. Objective: To describe the maxillary transverse diameter in patients with malocclusions treated at Mario Escalona Polyclinic in 2019. Material and method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. The universe consisted of 69 patients aged 12-25 years who presented malocclusions and were admitted to the Orthodontics Service of Mario Escalona polyclinic from April 2018 to February 2019. Bogue´s index and the index of Mayoral were determined. The results were presented in tables. Results: The transverse diameter of Bogue decreased in 65.0 percent of the patients in whom it was determined. All measures established by Mayoral presented ​​lower average values than the norm at each stage of growth and development; except for measures 4/4 in pre-pubertal patients. In both sexes, the index of Mayoral in its three levels or references was found as an average value below the norm. Lower averages (33.7mm, 38.3mm, 44.4mm) were identified in the female sex with respect to the male sex. Transversal micrognathism was diagnosed in 75.36 percent of patients (80.49 percent females and 67.86 percent males). Conclusions: A high frequency of transversal micrognathism was found. Slight discrepancies of the index of Mayoral were identified according to the syndromic classification and the stages of growth and development while in terms of sex, significant differences were identified(AU)

Surgically-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME): indications, planning and treatment of severe maxillary deficiency in an adult patient

ABSTRACT Introduction: Maxillary deficiency, also called transverse deficiency of the maxilla, may be associated with posterior crossbite, as well as with other functional changes, particularly respiratory. In adult patients, because of bone maturation and the midpalatal suture fusion, rapid maxillary expansion has to be combined with a previous surgical procedure to release the areas of resistance of the maxilla. This procedure is known as surgically-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME). Objective: This study discusses the indications, characteristics and effects of SARME, and presents a clinical case of transverse and sagittal skeletal maxillary discrepancy treated using SARME and orthodontic camouflage.

RESUMO Introdução: A atresia maxilar, ou deficiência transversa da maxila, pode estar associada à mordida cruzada posterior, além de outras alterações funcionais, especialmente respiratórias. Em pacientes adultos, devido à maturação óssea e fusão da sutura palatina mediana, a expansão rápida da maxila precisa ser associada a um procedimento cirúrgico prévio, para liberar as áreas de resistência da maxila, sendo conhecida como expansão rápida da maxila assistida cirurgicamente (ERMAC). Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as indicações, características e efeitos esperados da ERMAC, além de apresentar um caso clínico de deficiência maxilar esquelética transversal e sagital, cujo tratamento consistiu na ERMAC associada ao tratamento ortodôntico compensatório.

Pierre Robin sequence: airway management via mandibular distraction: case report / Secuencia de Pierre Robin: manejo de vía aérea mediante distracción ósea mandibular: reporte de caso

Pierre Robin sequence is a set of congenital conditions characterized by the presence of micrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate and obstruction of the airways. The latter can lead to many other complications such as respiratory difficulties, apnea, weight loss and even death. Currently, mandibular distraction, or the lengthening of the mandibular bone, is the most common surgical procedure used to correct a retracted tongue and the airway obstruction it produces in patients with mandibular hypoplasia. The present paper reports the case of a 26-day-old male patient, who presented obstruction on the upper respiratory tract, mandibular retromicrognathia, and retracted tongue and cleft palate, all conditions characteristic to Pierre Robin sequence. The patient also had a medical record of orotracheal intubation due to respiratory difficulties. The subject underwent mandibular distraction surgery with a horizontal vector, which resulted in a satisfactorily cleared airway.

La secuencia de Pierre Robin es una afección congénita caracterizada por la presencia de micrognatia, glosoptosis, paladar hendido y obstrucción de la vía aérea, siendo ésta una de las principales características de la cual derivan varias complicaciones, entre ellas, dificultad respiratoria, apnea, pérdida de peso y hasta la muerte. En la actualidad la distracción ósea mandibular es la técnica quirúrgica de elección, que tiene como finalidad el alargamiento mandibular corrigiendo la posición posterior de la lengua, con la consecuente desobstrucción de la vía aérea en pacientes con hipoplasia mandibular. Se reporta caso clínico de paciente masculino con 26 días de nacido, que presentó obstrucción de la vía aérea superior, retromicrognatismo mandibular, retracción de la lengua y hendidura palatina, relacionado con la secuencia de Pierre Robin, con antecedentes de intubación orotraqueal por dificultad respiratoria, al cual se le realizó distracción ósea mandibular con vector horizontal, destacando resultados satisfactorios en la resolución de la obstrucción de la vía aérea.

"Ortoglossopelveplastia" e o algoritmo de sua utilização na sequência de Pierre-Robin / "Orthoglossopelveplasty" and the algorithm for its use in the Pierre Robin sequence

Introdução: Muitos pacientes portadores de sequência de Pierre Robin (micrognatia, glossoptose e obstrução de via aérea) apresentam o músculo genioglosso alterado, encurtado e retrátil, que impede a protração lingual, mantendo a parte anterior da língua verticalizada e seu volume deslocado em direção posterior. Isso pode corroborar para obstrução supraglótica, dificuldade alimentar e inversão das forças de estímulo do crescimento do corpo mandibular. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com Pierre Robin tratados entre 2012 e 2017 pela equipe, com descrição da "ortoglossopelveplastia", que propõe uma modificação na glossopexia, soltando o genioglosso anômalo da sua inserção, liberando a língua para elevar seu terço anterior e avançar o volume de sua base, sendo auxiliada por ponto de tração da base lingual à sínfise mandibular. Apresentamos um algoritmo de tratamento proposto que prioriza a necessidade desta cirurgia, associada ou não à distração mandibular, de acordo com a gravidade da dificuldade respiratória e/ou alimentar. Resultados: São apresentados 12 casos de obstrução da orofaringe atendidos de 2012 a 2017, discutem-se suas prioridades, a ortoglossopelveplastia e se aplica o algoritmo proposto. Conclusão: A reorganização anatômica da musculatura em uma posição anteriorizada correta proporciona protração e funcionalidade à língua, com desobstrução da via aérea na orofaringe, melhora da função alimentar e do desenvolvimento mandibular, com baixa morbidade cirúrgica e poucas complicações.

Introduction: Several patients with the Pierre Robin sequence (micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction) have an altered, shortened, and retractable genioglossus muscle that prevents protraction of the tongue and keeps the anterior part of the tongue vertical and its volume posteriorly displaced. This can contribute to supraglottic obstruction, feeding difficulty, and inversion of the growth stimulation forces of the mandibular body. Methods: A retrospective study of patients with the Pierre Robin sequence treated between 2012 and 2017 with "orthoglossopelveplasty," which includes modification of glossopexy, releasing the anomalous genioglossus of its insertion and releasing the tongue to raise its anterior third and advance the volume of its base using a traction suture of the tongue base to the mandible symphysis. We present a treatment algorithm that prioritizes the need for surgery associated, or not, with mandibular distraction in accordance with respiratory and/or feeding difficulty severity. Results: Twelve cases of oropharyngeal obstruction treated from 2012 to 2017 are presented, their priorities and orthoglossopleoplasty are discussed, and the proposed algorithm is applied. Conclusion: Anatomical reorganization of the musculature in a correct anterior position provides protraction and functionality to the tongue, clears the airway in the oropharynx, and improves the feeding function and mandibular development, with low surgical morbidity rates and few complications.

Prenatal ultrasonography of craniofacial abnormalities

Craniofacial abnormalities are common. It is important to examine the fetal face and skull Epub ahead of print during prenatal ultrasound examinations because abnormalities of these structures may indicate the presence of other, more subtle anomalies, syndromes, chromosomal abnormalities, or even rarer conditions, such as infections or metabolic disorders. The prenatal diagnosis of craniofacial abnormalities remains difficult, especially in the first trimester. A systematic approach to the fetal skull and face can increase the detection rate. When an abnormality is found, it is important to perform a detailed scan to determine its severity and search for additional abnormalities. The use of 3-/4-dimensional ultrasound may be useful in the assessment of cleft palate and craniosynostosis. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging can facilitate the evaluation of the palate, micrognathia, cranial sutures, brain, and other fetal structures. Invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques are indicated to exclude chromosomal abnormalities. Molecular analysis for some syndromes is feasible if the family history is suggestive.

A Rare Case of Lethal Prenatal-Onset Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis

Infantile cortical hyperostosis, or Caffey's disease, usually presents with typical radiological features of soft tissue swelling and cortical thickening of the underlying bone. The disease can be fatal when it presents antenatally, especially before a gestational age of 35 weeks. This fatal, premature form of the disease is known to occur in various ethnic groups around the globe, and approximately 30 cases have been reported in English literature. This paper is unique in that it is the first paper to report a lethal form of prenatal-type infantile cortical hyperostosis diagnosed in South Korea. Born at gestational age of 27 weeks and 4 days, the patient had typical features of polyhydramnios, anasarca, hyperostosis of multiple bones, micrognathia, pulmonary hypoplasia, and hepatomegaly. The patient was hypotonic, and due to pulmonary hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension, had to be supported with high frequency ventilation throughout the entire hospital course. Due to the disease entity itself, as well as prolonged parenteral nutrition, liver failure progressed, and the patient expired on day 38 when uncontrolled septic shock was superimposed. The chromosome karyotype of the patient was normal, 46, XX, and COL1A1 gene mutation was not detected.

Analysis of clinical feature and genetic mutation in a Chinese family affected with Seckel syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical characteristics and genetic mutation in a family affected with Seckel syndrome.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the proband and his family members were collected. Potential mutations were detected by high-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing.@*RESULTS@#The proband, a 7-year-and-3-month-old boy, has featured proportioned dwarfism, microcephaly, "bird head" appearance (narrow and backward forehead, prominent and protruded eyes, beak-shaped nose and microretrognathia), high-arched palate, enamel dysplasia, hypodontia, and mental retardation. His parents and two sisters were all phenotypically normal. The proband was found to harbor compound heterozygous c.1535T>A (p.L512X) and c.3346-5T>C (splicing) mutations of the CEP152 gene, which were respectively inherited from his mother and father.@*CONCLUSION@#The clinical features and genetic mutation of a case with Seckel syndrome were delineated. The newly discovered mutations have expanded the spectrum of CEP152 gene mutations.

Defining a critical period in calvarial development for Hedgehog pathway antagonist-induced frontal bone dysplasia in mice / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is essential for cellular proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development. Gain and loss of function of Hh signalling are known to result in an array of craniofacial malformations. To determine the critical period for Hh pathway antagonist-induced frontal bone hypoplasia, we examined patterns of dysmorphology caused by Hh signalling inhibition. Pregnant mice received a single oral administration of Hh signalling inhibitor GDC-0449 at 100 mg•kg or 150 mg•kg body weight at preselected time points between embryonic days (E)8.5 and 12.5. The optimal teratogenic concentration of GDC-0449 was determined to be 150 mg•kg. Exposure between E9.5 and E10.5 induced frontal bone dysplasia, micrognathia and limb defects, with administration at E10.5 producing the most pronounced effects. This model showed decreased ossification of the frontal bone with downregulation of Hh signalling. The osteoid thickness of the frontal bone was significantly reduced. The amount of neural crest-derived frontal bone primordium was reduced after GDC-0449 exposure owing to a decreased rate of cell proliferation and increased cell death.

Pierre Robin sequence with severe scoliosis in an adult: A case report of clinical and radiological features

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is characterized by the triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. PRS does not have a single pathogenesis, but rather is associated with multiple syndromes. This report presents the case of a 35-year-old woman with PRS and scoliosis. Among the syndromes related to PRS, cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS), which is characterized by posterior rib gap defects and vertebral anomalies, was suspected in this patient. However, no posterior rib gap defect was detected on radiological examinations. Although over 80 cases of CCMS have been reported to date, few cases of PRS with scoliosis alone have been reported. Therefore, this report demonstrated the clinical, radiological, and cephalometric characteristics of an adult patient with PRS and scoliosis, but without rib anomalies.

Three Cases of Pierre Robin Sequence with Upper Airway Obstruction Relieved by Nasopharyngeal Airway Insertion

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS), also called Robin sequence, is a congenital anomaly characterized by a triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and upper airway obstruction. Infants with PRS can present with varying degrees of respiratory difficulty secondary to upper airway obstruction. There has been no consensus for the treatment of upper airway obstruction in infants with PRS, but recent studies recommend attempting non-surgical interventions before surgical treatment. In this case report, we present 3 cases of infants diagnosed with PRS who showed persistent respiratory difficulties after birth. Before considering surgical intervention, insertion of a nasopharyngeal airway was attempted in these infants. Following this procedure, symptoms of upper airway obstruction were relieved, and all infants were discharged without surgical interventions; the nasopharyngeal airway was removed 1 to 2 months later. To date, no infant has shown signs of upper airway obstruction. Nasopharyngeal airway insertion is a highly effective and less invasive treatment option for infants with PRS. However, it is not widely known and used in Korea. Nasopharyngeal airway insertion can be preferentially considered before surgical intervention for upper airway obstruction in such infants.

Concurrent SHORT syndrome and 3q duplication syndrome

SHORT syndrome is an extremely rare congenital condition due to a chromosomal mutation of the PIK3R1 gene found at 5q13.1. SHORT is a mnemonic representing six manifestations of the syndrome: (S) short stature, (H) hyperextensibility of joints and/or inguinal hernia, (O) ocular depression, (R) Rieger anomaly, and (T) teething delay. Other key aspects of this syndrome not found in the mnemonic include lipodystrophy, triangular face with dimpled chin (progeroid facies, commonly referred to as facial gestalt), hearing loss, vision loss, insulin resistance, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). 3q duplication syndrome is rare syndrome that occurs due to a gain of function mutation found at 3q25.31-33 that presents with a wide array of manifestations including internal organ defects, genitourinary malformations, hand and foot deformities, and mental disability. We present a case of a 2 year and 3 month old male with SHORT syndrome and concurrent 3q duplication syndrome. The patient presented at birth with many of the common manifestations of SHORT syndrome such as bossing of frontal bone of skull, triangular shaped face, lipodystrophy, micrognathia, sunken eyes, and thin, wrinkled skin (progeroid appearance). Additionally, he presented with findings associated with 3q duplication syndrome such as cleft palate and cryptorchidism. Although there is no specific treatment for these conditions, pediatricians should focus on referring patients to various specialists in order to treat each individual manifestation.

A linguagem na Síndrome de Treacher Collins: uma análise dialógica / Language in Treacher Collins Syndrome: a dialogical analysis

RESUMO A Síndrome de Treacher Collins ou Disostose Mandibulofacial é decorrente de mutações genéticas e caracterizada por malformações craniofaciais. Crianças com essa síndrome podem apresentar dificuldades cognitivas, linguísticas e psicomotoras. São raras as publicações que discorrem sobre a complexidade de seus aspectos terapêuticos, especialmente, voltados à evolução clínica vinculada à linguagem. O presente estudo objetiva analisar o processo terapêutico voltado à oralidade de um menino com essa síndrome, considerando a natureza dialógica da linguagem. Trata-se de um estudo de caso longitudinal e prospectivo, realizado em uma clínica-escola de uma Universidade, situada no sul do Brasil, durante quatro anos, desde 2012 até 2016. Os dados foram coletados a partir de gravações semanais do paciente em interação com os seus terapeutas, sendo, também, considerados os registros arquivados em seu prontuário. Os resultados indicam que a criança apresentou evolução no que se refere à apropriação da linguagem oral. Apesar das dificuldades na produção vocal e na articulação de fonemas, decorrentes de alterações craniofaciais próprias da síndrome em questão, as atividades dialógicas estabelecidas entre o menino, seus terapeutas e sua família, propiciaram mudanças gradativas no seu posicionamento em relação ao outro e à linguagem. Inicialmente, ele fazia uso de gestos, mímicas faciais, apontamentos, os quais eram compreendidos apenas pelas pessoas que faziam parte do seu cotidiano. Atualmente, além dos recursos gestuais, ele passou a usar a oralidade para participar de práticas interativas, indicando mais autonomia para interagir com seus interlocutores.

ABSTRACT The Treacher Collins Syndrome or Mandibulofacial dysostosis is due to genetic mutations and characterized by craniofacial malformations. Children with this syndrome may present cognitive, linguistic and psychomotor difficulties. There are few publications that discuss the complexity of its therapeutic aspects, especially those focused on language clinical evolution. The present study aims to analyze a speech - language clinical work on oral language of a boy who has this syndrome, considering the dialogical nature of language. This is a longitudinal and prospective case study, carried out in a university clinic located in the south of Brazil, during four years, from 2012 to 2016. Data were collected from weekly recordings of the patient interacting with his therapists, and also from his record files. The results indicate that this child presented oral language appropriation evolution. Despite his vocal production and phonemes articulation´s difficulties, due to his craniofacial alterations that characterize this syndrome, the dialogical activities established between the child, his therapists and his family, caused gradual changes in his language use. Initially, he used gestures, facial mimics, pointing, which were understood only by people who were part of his daily life. Nowadays, he still uses gestures, but he also began to use oral language to participate in interactive practices, which indicates his autonomy to interact with other people.

Intubação de via aérea difícil em paciente com síndrome de Treacher Collins / Difficult airway intubation in a patient with Treacher Collins syndrome - case report

A síndrome de Treacher Collins é uma patologia rara, com gene causador mapeado no braço longo do cromossomo cinco (5q31. 3-q33.3). Conhecida como disostose craniofacial, apresenta-se com hipoplasia malar, hipoplasia mandibular e malformações do pavilhão auricular. Tal condição representa previsão de dificuldade para o ato anestésico de intubação, necessitando de avaliação pré-operatória minuciosa e cuidado intensivo no perioperatório. A anestesia geral costuma ser realizada por indução de anestésicos inalatórios, uma vez que crianças submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos são não cooperativas, além de haver dificuldade de se obter acesso venoso. Assim, objetiva-se relatar caso de via aérea de intubação difícil em paciente com síndrome de Treacher Collins, correlacionando às manifestações clínicas, ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento cirúrgico, e revisando a literatura sobre o tema. Relatamos um caso cuja singularidade reside no manejo anestésico diferente dos executados em outros centros médicos, ao abordar pacientes com previsão de via aérea difícil. Ao invés de se utilizar máscara laríngea ou intubação com laringoscópio óptico, procedeu-se a: indução inalatória, sedação sem abolir respiração espontânea, visualização das estruturas para introdução do tubo endotraqueal (Cormack 3), acesso venoso, intubação orotraqueal e, posteriormente, indução anestésica e bloqueio neuromuscular. Julgamos importante divulgar tal relato para expor alternativas na indisponibilidade de certos dispositivos, como o fibroscópio. A técnica de intubação sem máscara laríngea ou fibroscópio em pacientes com síndrome craniofacial pode ocorrer sem intercorrências com a estratégia de não abolir a respiração do paciente, porém com leve sedação, devido à não cooperação e à dificuldade de se obter acesso venoso em crianças. (AU)

Treacher Collins syndrome is a rare disease with the culprit gene mapped on the distal long arm of chromosome five (5q31. 3-q33.3). It is known as craniofacial dysostosis, and presents with malar hypoplasia, mandibular hypoplasia, and pinnae malformations. Such condition represents expected difficult airway intubation during anesthesia, requiring detailed preoperative evaluation, and intensive perioperative care. General anesthesia is usually performed through inhaling anesthetics because children undergoing surgical procedures are not cooperative, and their venous access is difficult. Thus, the aim of the study is to report a case of difficult airway intubation in a patient diagnosed with Treacher Collins syndrome, correlating clinical manifestations, diagnosis e surgical treatment, and reviewing the literature on the subject. We report a case that is unique because the anesthetic management is different from what has been done in other medical centers, since it manages patients with expected difficult airway. Instead of using a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) device or a flexible optical intubation (FOI), an inhaling induction was performed, with preserved spontaneous breathing sedation, and visualization of the structures to receive the endotracheal tube (Cormarck 3), venous access, orotracheal intubation and then, anesthetic induction and neuromuscular block. We consider it important to share this report to give alternatives when some devices, such as the fiberscope, are not available. The intubation technique without laryngeal mask airway device or fiberscope in patients with craniofacial syndrome may take place with no complications, when the patient's spontaneous breathing is not aborted, but with light sedation, because of children's noncooperation, and difficulty venous access. (AU)

Jaws can be referred to as narrow or hypoplastic, but the term "atresia" is inaccurate!

ABSTRACT In order to lead to insights and discussion on proper use of Orthodontics and Pathology-related terminology, particularly in cases of smaller-than-usual maxilla and mandible - that is, anomalous ones -, this study compared the conceptual meaning of the term "atresia." It is considered improper when referring to maxilla and mandible with deficient growth compared to development that is satisfactory enough to reach normal size. To identify smaller maxilla and mandible, the most proper and accurate term is hypoplastic maxilla or mandible. This is because "atresia" stands for an anomaly related to lumen blockage in hollow organs, which is not the case for neither maxilla nor mandible. Hypoplastic maxilla or mandible can be properly and specifically referred to as micrognathia.

RESUMO Para induzir reflexões e discussões sobre o uso adequado da nomenclatura em Ortodontia e Patologia, para os casos em que a maxila e a mandíbula apresentam-se pequenas ou menores do que o habitual, ou seja, anômalas, comparou-se o significado conceitual do termo "atrésica". Esse termo não é adequado quando aplicado à maxila e à mandíbula para identificar situações em que houve um desenvolvimento com crescimento insuficiente para se chegar ao tamanho normal. Para identificar maxila e mandíbula menores, é mais adequado e preciso o uso do termo maxila ou mandíbula hipoplásica. Isso porque atresia representa uma anomalia por obstrução da luz ou lume em órgãos ocos, o que não ocorre na maxila ou na mandíbula. Maxila ou mandíbula hipoplásica também podem ser chamadas, apropriada e especificamente, de micrognatia.

Tratamiento de anquilosis temporomandibular con materiales aloplásticos en niños: reporte de 3 casos / Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with alloplastic materials in children: report of 3 cases

La anquilosis de la articulación temporomandibular en niños continúa siendo una patología presente a pesar de los avances médicos y sociales. El tratamiento de esta patología en niños tiene como objetivos restablecer la apertura bucal y mejorar la estética facial, cuando se presentan hipoplasias o micrognatias asociadas. El objetivo del uso de materiales aloplásticos para el tratamiento de esta patología en niños es evitar la morbilidad y los gastos que ocasiona la toma y aplicación de injertos, para esto, durante 15 años, en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Torreón, Coahuila, México, Departamento de Cirugía Maxilofacial, se ha establecido el protocolo de tratar esta patología en niños con el uso de prótesis metálicas de cavidad glenoidea, en lugar de injertos costales o de otro tipo, además de tratar las hipoplasias o micrognatias en un mismo tiempo quirúrgico con el uso de aparatos distractores óseos, teniendo excelentes resultados a mediano plazo, sin daño a estructuras anatómicas ni a los procesos de crecimiento y desarrollo de los pacientes. Se utilizan prótesis prediseñadas de cromo, cobalto, molibdeno, que se adaptan adecuadamente a las estructuras óseas, siendo un material utilizado ya en otras áreas de la ortopedia en niños, concluyendo que se trata de una buena opción de tratamiento que disminuye el riesgo, frecuencia y costos de cirugías de mayor complejidad y que puede llevarse a cabo de manera segura y predecible. En este artículo se reportan tres casos de niños con anquilosis temporomandibular tratados con este método con buenos resultados (AU)

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis in children is actually a pathology still present despite the medical and social advances. The treatment of this pathology in children has restored the buccal opening and improve the facial aesthetics when hypoplasia and micrognathia are present. The purpose of using alloplastic material for treatment of this disease in children is to prevent morbidity and expenses related to making and implementing grafts, for this, for 15 years in the Medical Unit of High Specialty the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, has been established protocol to treatment this pathology in children with the use of metal glenoid prosthesis instead of rib grafts or otherwise in addition to treating hypoplasias or micrognatias in the same surgical time with the use of distracting devices bone, having excellent results in the medium term without damage to anatomical structures or processes of growth and development of patients. The prosthesis used predesigned chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, which are suitably adapted to the bone structures, with a material already used in other areas of orthopedics in children, concluding that this is a good treatment option that reduces the risk, and surgeries often cost more complex and can be performed safely and predictably. In this paper, three cases of children with temporomandibular ankylosis treated with this method with good results are reported (AU)