Encuesta nacional para pediatras de Argentina: vacunación en la práctica diaria, percepción de conocimientos y barreras / National survey for pediatricians in Argentina: Vaccination in daily practice, perception of knowledge and barriers

Introducción. El descenso de las coberturas de vacunación fue muy significativo en la última década. Los pediatras son una pieza fundamental para recuperar coberturas y aumentar la confianza en la vacunación. Objetivos. Describir la percepción de los pediatras acerca del conocimiento y prácticas sobre vacunas, e identificar barreras en el acceso. Métodos. Estudio analítico observacional, mediante encuesta en línea. Se incluyeron variables del perfil del profesional, capacitación y barreras en inmunizaciones. Resultados. Participaron 1696 pediatras (tasa de respuesta: 10,7 %), media de 50,4 años. El 78,7 % fueron mujeres. El 78,2 % contaba con ≥10 años de ejercicio profesional. El 78,4 % realizaba atención ambulatoria y el 56,0 % en el subsector privado. El 72,5 % realizó una capacitación en los últimos 2 años. Se manifestaron "capacitados" para transmitir a sus pacientes los beneficios de las vacunas: 97,2 %; objetivos de campañas: 87,7 %; contraindicaciones: 82,4 %; efectos adversos: 78,9 %; recupero de esquemas: 71,2 %; notificación de ESAVI: 59,5 %. La proporción fue estadísticamente superior, en todos los aspectos, en pediatras con ≥10 años de ejercicio y en aquellos con capacitación reciente (p ≤ 0,01). Barreras identificadas en el acceso a la vacunación: falsas contraindicaciones (62,3 %); falta temporaria de vacunas (46,4 %); motivos culturales (41,4 %); horario restringido del vacunatorio (40,6 %). Conclusiones. La percepción del grado de capacitación fue variable según el aspecto de la vacunación. Aquellos con mayor tiempo de ejercicio profesional y con actualización reciente se manifestaron con mayor grado de capacidad. Se identificaron múltiples barreras frecuentes asociadas al acceso en la vacunación.

Introduction. The decline in vaccination coverage has been very significant in the past decade. Pediatriciansplay a key role in catching-up coverage and increasing confidence in vaccination. Objectives. To describe pediatricians' perceptions of vaccine knowledge and practices and to identify barriers to access. Methods. Observational, analytical study using an online survey. Variables related to professional profile, training and barriers to vaccination were included. Results. A total of 1696 pediatricians participated (response rate: 10.7%). Their mean age was 50.4 years; 78.7% were women; 78.2% had ≥ 10 years of experience; 78.4% provided outpatient care and 56.0%, in the private subsector; and 72.5% received training in the past 2 years. Respondents described themselves as "trained" in convey the following aspects to their patients: benefits of vaccines: 97.2%; campaign objectives: 87.7%; contraindications: 82.4%; adverse effects: 78.9%; catchup vaccination: 71.2%; reporting of events supposedly attributable to vaccination or immunization: 59.5%. The proportion was statistically higher in all aspects, among pediatricians with ≥ 10 years of experience and those who received training recently (p ≤ 0.01). The barriers identified in access to vaccination were false contraindications (62.3%), temporary vaccine shortage (46.4%), cultural reasons (41.4%), and restricted vaccination center hours (40.6%). Conclusions. The perception of the level of training varied depending on the vaccination-related aspect. Pediatricians with more years of professional experience and those who received recent updates perceivedthemselves as more trained. Multiple barriers associated with access to vaccination were identified.

Coletânea de Respostas Rápidas-Turma 1: programa educacional em vigilância em saúde no enfrentamento da COVID-19 e de outras doenças virais VigiEpidemia / Collection of Rapid Responses-Class 1: educational program in health surveillance in coping with COVID-19 and other viral diseases VigiEpidemia

Coletânea dedicada aos estudos das respostas rápidas do Programa Educacional em Vigilância em Saúde no enfrentamento da COVID-19 e outras Doenças Virais (VigiEpidemia). Esse tema é de extrema relevância e atualidade em nosso contexto da saúde global e na resposta as emergências em saúde pública (ESP) de forma geral. As ESP, que englobam surtos e epidemias, desastres e desassistência à população, representam desafios complexos que exigem respostas ágeis e eficazes por parte das autoridades sanitárias, profissionais da saúde e comunidades como um todo. Até o momento, a pandemia de COVID-19 foi a maior ESP do Século XXI. Ela serviu como um lembrete doloroso da vulnerabilidade da humanidade diante da ameaça de doenças virais. Esta ESP, que teve resposta catastrófica em diversos momentos, evidenciou a importância do investimento em preparação, vigilância e resposta, destacando a necessidade de sistemas de vigilância robustos, colaboração internacional, Inteligência epidemiológica e comunicação transparente para mitigar o impacto devastador das doenças infecciosas na sociedade. As lições aprendidas com a pandemia de COVID-19 são vastas e multifacetadas. A importância da pesquisa, da educação em saúde e do desenvolvimento de vacinas foi evidenciada como uma prioridade crucial na proteção da saúde pública mundial. O investimento em pesquisas e em cursos para formação de profissionais que possam estar atentos as mudanças nos padrões e comportamentos das doenças infecciosas, além de atuar na resposta rápida quando necessário, é fundamental para estarmos preparados para as futuras pandemias. A vacinação, por exemplo, sempre foi uma das ferramentas mais poderosas para evitar surtos e epidemias e, durante a pandemia de COVID-19, ajudou a controlar os óbitos pela doença e possibilitou que voltássemos a ter uma vida normal. Além da vacina contra COVID-19, as vacinas de influenza e dengue também são exemplos notáveis de avanços científicos que desempenham um papel fundamental na prevenção de futuras ESP. Ao explorar os diversos aspectos da resposta, monitoramento e controle de surtos, epidemias e pandemias, esta coletânea visa fornecer uma compreensão abrangente dos desafios enfrentados, das melhores práticas e das estratégias eficazes para mitigar os impactos adversos desses eventos. Espera-se que este trabalho não apenas informe e eduque, mas também inspire ações concretas para fortalecer a recuperação e resiliência dos sistemas de saúde e proteger o bem-estar das comunidades mais vulneráveis do nosso pais.

A collection dedicated to the study of rapid responses by the Educational Program in Health Surveillance in addressing COVID-19 and other Viral Diseases (VigiEpidemia). This theme is of utmost relevance and timeliness in our context of global health and in responding to public health emergencies (PHE) in general. PHEs, which encompass outbreaks and epidemics, disasters, and neglect of the population, represent complex challenges that require swift and effective responses from health authorities, healthcare professionals, and communities as a whole. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has been the largest PHE of the 21st century. It served as a painful reminder of humanity's vulnerability in the face of viral disease threats. This PHE, which had catastrophic responses at various times, highlighted the importance of investing in preparedness, surveillance, and response, underscoring the need for robust surveillance systems, international collaboration, epidemiological intelligence, and transparent communication to mitigate the devastating impact of infectious diseases on society. The lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic are vast and multifaceted. The importance of research, health education, and vaccine development was highlighted as a crucial priority in protecting global public health. Investing in research and training courses to prepare professionals who can be attentive to changes in the patterns and behaviors of infectious diseases and act quickly when needed is essential to be prepared for future pandemics. Vaccination, for example, has always been one of the most powerful tools to prevent outbreaks and epidemics, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it helped control disease-related deaths and allowed us to return to a normal life. In addition to the COVID-19 vaccine, influenza and dengue vaccines are also notable examples of scientific advancements that play a key role in preventing future PHEs. By exploring the various aspects of response, monitoring, and control of outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics, this collection aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced, best practices, and effective strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of these events. It is hoped that this work will not only inform and educate but also inspire concrete actions to strengthen the recovery and resilience of health systems and protect the well-being of the most vulnerable communities in our country.

Coletânea de Respostas Rápidas-Turma 2: programa educacional em vigilância em saúde no enfrentamento da COVID-19 e de outras doenças virais VigiEpidemia / Collection of Rapid Responses-Class 2: educational program in health surveillance in coping with COVID-19 and other viral diseases VigiEpidemia

As Políticas Informadas por Evidências (PIE) tem ocupado uma posição de destaque nas últimas décadas. Nota-se, portanto, um aumento do estimulo e da valorização da síntese do conhecimento cientifico para apoiar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de saúde baseadas em evidências. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde institucionalizou em 2009 a Rede para Politicas Informadas por Evidencias (Evidence-Informed Policy Network ­ EVIPNet Brasil). Essa Rede foi uma criação da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para promover o uso sistemático e transparente de evidências cientificas no desenvolvimento e na implementação de políticas de saúde, proporcionando o intercâmbio de conhecimento entre gestores, pesquisadores e representantes da sociedade civil, e facilitando a formulação, a implementação de políticas e a gestão dos serviços e sistemas de saúde. Coordenada pelo Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia da Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (DECIT/SCTICS/MS), a EVIPNet Brasil, integrada por Núcleos de Evidências em Saúde (NEv), oferece periodicamente cursos diversos sobre PIE, além de materiais, como diretrizes metodológicas, para auxiliar na síntese de evidências para tomada de decisão em saúde. Com o evento da pandemia da COVID-19, a busca por evidências cientificas tornou-se mais intensa. A cobrança por resposta a curto prazo marcou esse período recente, desafiando o mundo todo a aprimorar mecanismos de elaboração, tradução e disseminação de conhecimento científico. Nesse contexto, surge o VigiEpidemia, um Programa Educacional em Vigilância e Cuidado em Saúde no Enfrentamento da COVID-19 e de outras doenças virais que oferece qualificação aos trabalhadores do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Por meio desse programa, foram elaborados produtos, baseados no Portfolio de Produtos do Serviço de Produção de Evidências para Apoio a Tomada de Decisão, do DECIT, que tiveram como objetivo principal estimular o uso de evidências cientificas no cotidiano dos serviços de saúde. Este e-book oferece a leitora e ao leitor 26 pesquisas criteriosamente selecionadas com conteúdo interessante produzidos por especializandos no âmbito do VigiEpidemia, dividido em duas partes: a primeira sobre COVID-19 e outras doenças virais e a segunda sobre Dengue e outras arboviroses.

Evidence-Informed Policies (EIP) have gained prominence over the past few decades. Consequently, there has been an increase in the stimulation and appreciation of the synthesis of scientific knowledge to support the development of evidence-based public health policies. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health institutionalized the Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet Brazil) in 2009. This network was an initiative by the World Health Organization (WHO) to promote the systematic and transparent use of scientific evidence in the development and implementation of health policies, facilitating knowledge exchange among managers, researchers, and representatives of civil society, and aiding in policy formulation, implementation, and the management of health services and systems. Coordinated by the Department of Science and Technology of the Secretariat of Science, Technology, Innovation, and the Economic-Industrial Health Complex of the Ministry of Health (DECIT/SCTICS/MS), EVIPNet Brazil, consisting of Health Evidence Centers (NEv), periodically offers various courses on EIP, along with resources such as methodological guidelines to assist in the synthesis of evidence for health decision-making. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, the search for scientific evidence became more intense. The demand for short-term responses marked this recent period, challenging the world to enhance mechanisms for the elaboration, translation, and dissemination of scientific knowledge. In this context, the VigiEpidemia program emerged, an Educational Program in Health Surveillance and Care in addressing COVID-19 and other viral diseases, offering qualifications to workers of the Unified Health System (SUS). Through this program, products were developed based on the DECIT's Evidence Production Service Portfolio to Support Decision Making, primarily aimed at stimulating the use of scientific evidence in the daily operations of health services. This e-book provides the reader with 26 meticulously selected research studies with interesting content produced by specialists within the scope of VigiEpidemia, divided into two parts: the first on COVID-19 and other viral diseases, and the second on Dengue and other arboviruses.

Respuesta inmunitaria al SARS-CoV-2 previa a la vacunación en personal de salud de Alto Paraná, Paraguay, un estudio seroepidemiológico / Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 prior to vaccination among healthcare workers from Alto Paraná, Paraguay, a seroepidemiological study

INTRODUCCIÓN: La comprensión del comportamiento de la respuesta humoral en COVID-19 continúa siendo un desafío para la producción de vacunas que proporcionen inmunidad más duradera. OBJETIVO: Describir la respuesta humoral natural inducida por SARS- CoV-2 en personal de salud con base en el perfil epidemiológico y clínico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal en personal de salud de hospitales públicos de referencia del Departamento de Alto Paraná, Paraguay. Se incluyeron 962 participantes, mediante muestreo no probabilístico de tipo consecutivo, aplicación de cuestionario y toma de muestras sanguíneas. Se buscaron anticuerpos por ensayo inmunocromatográfico para detección de IgM e IgG contra SARS- CoV-2 y por el método ELISA de captura de IgG específicos contra la proteína spike (SARS-CoV-2) y se evaluaron factores asociados a la seropositividad. RESULTADOS: La seroprevalencia global fue 36,5% (IC 95%: 33,4 - 39,5); 59,3% (n: 571) de los encuestados refirió haber tenido síntomas compatibles al COVID-19 entre el inicio de la pandemia y la fecha de toma de muestra, de estos 44% (n: 251) resultó seropositivo; 10,4% (n: 100) manifestó no haber tenido síntomas en el periodo estudiado, pero tuvo un resultado positivo. Los factores asociados a la seropositividad fueron: presencia de síntomas (p 90 días). CONCLUSIONES: Las características clínicas fueron mayormente asociadas con la seropositividad y la seropreva- lencia en los sintomáticos varió de acuerdo con el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio de los síntomas y la serología.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the behavior of humoral response in COVID-19 continues to be a challenge to produce vaccines that provide long-lasting immunity. AIM: To describe the natural humoral response induced by SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers based on epidemiological and clinical profiles. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in healthcare workers from public hospitals in the Department of Alto Paraná, Paraguay, 962 participants were recruited through consecutive sampling, using a questionnaire and blood sampling. Antibodies were determined by immunochromatography assay for detection of IgM and IgG and by SARS-CoV-2 IgG anti-spike capture ELISA method and factors associated with seropositivity were evaluated. RESULTS: The overall seropositivity was 36.5% (95% CI: 33.4 - 39.5); 59.3% (n: 571) of respondents reported symptoms compatible with COVID-19 since the start of the pandemic and the date of blood draw, 44% (n: 251) of them tested positive; 10.4% (n: 100) who reported no history of symptoms tested positive. The factors associated with seropositivity were the presence of symptoms (p 90 days). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical characteristics were mostly associated with seropositivity and sero prevalence in symptomatic participants varied according to the time elapsed from the onset of symptoms to serology.

Expert consensus on vaccinations in adult patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases in China (2023 Edition) / 中华预防医学杂志

Vaccination is one of the critical tools to prevent infections among individuals with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), ultimately improving the quality of life and reducing mortality. The incorporation of vaccination strategies into clinical decision-making processes has been recognized as pivotal. However, the absence of clinical guidelines and consensus on vaccination for ARDs patients still persists in China. Drawing from existing clinical evidence, this expert consensus encompasses eight prevalent vaccines: Influenza vaccine, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine, herpes zoster vaccine, human papillomavirus vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, and rabies virus vaccine. This initiative aims to furnish highly practical technical directives for vaccination personnel and rheumatologists, thereby fostering standardized vaccination practices to combat infectious diseases among adult ARDs patients in China.

Organisation et le fonctionnement de la surveillance épidémiologique de la rougeole dans le district sanitaire de Yopougon-est, Côte d'Ivoire de janvier 2022 à juin 2022 / NA

La rougeole est une maladie infantile banale, peut être mortelles quand elle est sous-estimée. Nous avons initié cette étude dont l'objectif général est d'analyser le système de surveillance épidémiologique de la rougeole dans le district sanitaire de Yopougon-Est.MéthodesNous avons procédé à une évaluation normative de la surveillance épidémiologique de la rougeole réalisée en 6 (Six) mois dans ledit district sanitaire. Les critères de sélection nous ont permis de sélectionner 30 personnels de santé impliqués dans la surveillance de la rougeole. RésultatsLes médecins étaient les plus représentés (40%), suivi des infirmiers (33,3%). Les agents avaient plus de 3 ans de service (73,3%). Plus de la moitié des agents étaient formés (56%) la moyenne d'année de service était de 5,33 ans.Dans notre étude, 93,3 % des agents connaissaient la définition d'un cas de rougeole. Les seuils d'alerte et épidémique étaient connus par 56,6% des agents enquêtés. La disponibilité des registres de consultation, fiche de notification hebdomadaire de cas au niveau des structures de santé étaient de 86,7 %. Pour la transmission des données, 70% des enquêtés avaient déclarés que les rapports se transmettaient au district hebdomadairement.Les prélèvements de sang avaient été réalisés chez tous les cas suspects (100%). Les cas confirmés de rougeole représentaient 26,8 % des échantillons.ConclusionLa rougeole est une maladie de l'enfance qui est évitable par la vaccination. Cependant à défaut de vaccination, il est impérieux de mettre en place une organisation pour la détection des cas de rougeole afin d'éviter des épidémies

Complications following COVID-19 infection or vaccination in Libyan International Medical University students and their Families

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel strain of coronavirus belonging to the genus Beta coronavirus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a major pandemic worldwide. This contagious virus had spread in many different forms, and patients have demonstrated a wide range of symptoms, ranging from moderate to severe illness. This study aims to highlight the important associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and possible complications at the Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi. This crosssectional survey was conducted among students and their families at Libyan International Medical University in Benghazi, Libya. Among the 100 participants, 72% were between the ages of 18 and 39. Up to (59%) of participants were men. As for the infection with COVID-19, 77% of participants were infected. Most of the participants had no chronic diseases (69%); however, the most common chronic disease was diabetes mellitus (13%). 82% of participants were vaccinated; the most common types of vaccines administered were Sinopharm and Sputnik V (24%). Following vaccination, 71% of participants had no COVID-19 infection, while 29% did get the infection. Regarding this study, after COVID-19 infection, 66% of participants had no complications; however, 17% had pulmonary complications, which was the most common complication among the participants. As for the complications following the vaccination, 81% of participants had none, while there were pulmonary and neurological complications in 7­6%. The results of the study showed that the most frequent complications noticed among the participants following the COVID-19 infection and vaccination were pulmonary and neurological complications.

Epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of pertussis in Shandong Province from 2007 to 2022 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of pertussis cases reported in Shandong Province of China. Methods: Data on pertussis cases in Shandong Province from 2007 to 2022 were collected from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. At the same time, some case information was collected from the database of notifiable pertussis in Shandong Province from 2007 to 2022. The distribution characteristics and clinical features of pertussis were analyzed. A spatial distribution map of pertussis cases in Shandong Province was drawn. Results: A total of 26 122 pertussis cases were reported in Shandong Province during 2007-2022, with an annual incidence rate ranging from 0.11 to 5.77 cases per 100 000 people. Cases occurred throughout the whole year, with a seasonal peak occurring in spring and summer, especially in July and August. In recent years, reported cases were mainly distributed in the central and western regions of Shandong Province, with fewer cases in the eastern region. The hot spots of the disease shifted from Heze and Dezhou City in 2007-2013 to Jinan and Tai'an city in 2014-2022. The age range of onset was from 1 day to 93 years old. The proportion of cases with age≤1 year was the largest (41.81%, 10 922/26 122), and the proportion of cases aged 0-6 months decreased from 32.21% (67/208)-55.67% (157/282) within the period of 2007 to 2013 to 16.78% (883/5 263)-41.97% (444/1 058) within the period of 2014 to 2022, with a statistically significant trend (χ² trend=670.01, P<0.001). There were 13 682 male cases and 12 440 female cases, with a male-female ratio of 1.10∶1. The male-female ratio was 1.45∶1 (806∶556) from 2007 to 2013 and 1.08∶1 (12 876∶11 884) from 2014 to 2022. The proportion of women increased from 42.31% (88/208) in 2007 to 47.84% (2 518/5 263) in 2022, and with a significant trend (χ² trend=22.25, P<0.001). In pertussis cases, the proportions of scattered children, kindergarten children and students were 71.38% (18 645/26 122), 15.13% (3 951/26 122), and 11.60% (3 031/26 122), respectively. The top five clinical symptoms of pertussis cases were paroxysmal spasmodic cough (86.33%, 21 411 cases), flushing (39.61%, 9 824 cases), restless sleep (34.51%, 8 558 cases), fever (30.80%, 7 638 cases), and crowing (27.53%, 6 829 cases). Among 24 802 cases, there were 15 542 cases (62.66%) with a history of immunization against pertussis vaccine. Conclusion: From 2007 to 2022, the incidence rate of pertussis cases in Shandong Province shows an upward trend, with the majority being young children, and the clinical symptoms are relatively typical.

Research progress of vaccination status, efficacy and safety in children with tumor / 中华预防医学杂志

Malignant tumors in children are one of the most important diseases that threaten the health and quality of life of children and are the second most common cause of death in children.With the continuous improvement and progress of treatment technology, the long-term survival rate of children with tumor has been significantly improved, but both the disease itself and the treatment can impair the immune function of children, which makes them vulnerable to various infectious diseases and secondary serious complications, and even become a source of infection, endangering the health of others. Vaccination is the most cost-effective measure to prevent infectious diseases. For children with normal immune functions, the benefits of vaccination usually outweigh the disadvantages. However, there is a lack of detailed data on the vaccination situation, efficacy and safety of vaccine use for such immunocompromised tumor survivors, and there are no authoritative and uniform vaccination recommendations. This article reviewed and summarized the literature and consensus of some domestic and foreign scholars on current status of post-treatment vaccination status, efficacy and safety of vaccination for children with tumors after treatment, with the aim of providing a reference for the practice in this field in China.

Epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of pertussis in Shandong Province from 2007 to 2022 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of pertussis cases reported in Shandong Province of China. Methods: Data on pertussis cases in Shandong Province from 2007 to 2022 were collected from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. At the same time, some case information was collected from the database of notifiable pertussis in Shandong Province from 2007 to 2022. The distribution characteristics and clinical features of pertussis were analyzed. A spatial distribution map of pertussis cases in Shandong Province was drawn. Results: A total of 26 122 pertussis cases were reported in Shandong Province during 2007-2022, with an annual incidence rate ranging from 0.11 to 5.77 cases per 100 000 people. Cases occurred throughout the whole year, with a seasonal peak occurring in spring and summer, especially in July and August. In recent years, reported cases were mainly distributed in the central and western regions of Shandong Province, with fewer cases in the eastern region. The hot spots of the disease shifted from Heze and Dezhou City in 2007-2013 to Jinan and Tai'an city in 2014-2022. The age range of onset was from 1 day to 93 years old. The proportion of cases with age≤1 year was the largest (41.81%, 10 922/26 122), and the proportion of cases aged 0-6 months decreased from 32.21% (67/208)-55.67% (157/282) within the period of 2007 to 2013 to 16.78% (883/5 263)-41.97% (444/1 058) within the period of 2014 to 2022, with a statistically significant trend (χ² trend=670.01, P<0.001). There were 13 682 male cases and 12 440 female cases, with a male-female ratio of 1.10∶1. The male-female ratio was 1.45∶1 (806∶556) from 2007 to 2013 and 1.08∶1 (12 876∶11 884) from 2014 to 2022. The proportion of women increased from 42.31% (88/208) in 2007 to 47.84% (2 518/5 263) in 2022, and with a significant trend (χ² trend=22.25, P<0.001). In pertussis cases, the proportions of scattered children, kindergarten children and students were 71.38% (18 645/26 122), 15.13% (3 951/26 122), and 11.60% (3 031/26 122), respectively. The top five clinical symptoms of pertussis cases were paroxysmal spasmodic cough (86.33%, 21 411 cases), flushing (39.61%, 9 824 cases), restless sleep (34.51%, 8 558 cases), fever (30.80%, 7 638 cases), and crowing (27.53%, 6 829 cases). Among 24 802 cases, there were 15 542 cases (62.66%) with a history of immunization against pertussis vaccine. Conclusion: From 2007 to 2022, the incidence rate of pertussis cases in Shandong Province shows an upward trend, with the majority being young children, and the clinical symptoms are relatively typical.

Research progress of vaccination status, efficacy and safety in children with tumor / 中华预防医学杂志

Malignant tumors in children are one of the most important diseases that threaten the health and quality of life of children and are the second most common cause of death in children.With the continuous improvement and progress of treatment technology, the long-term survival rate of children with tumor has been significantly improved, but both the disease itself and the treatment can impair the immune function of children, which makes them vulnerable to various infectious diseases and secondary serious complications, and even become a source of infection, endangering the health of others. Vaccination is the most cost-effective measure to prevent infectious diseases. For children with normal immune functions, the benefits of vaccination usually outweigh the disadvantages. However, there is a lack of detailed data on the vaccination situation, efficacy and safety of vaccine use for such immunocompromised tumor survivors, and there are no authoritative and uniform vaccination recommendations. This article reviewed and summarized the literature and consensus of some domestic and foreign scholars on current status of post-treatment vaccination status, efficacy and safety of vaccination for children with tumors after treatment, with the aim of providing a reference for the practice in this field in China.

COVID-19 breakthrough infections among medical students under the SLICE and CLARO Programs: Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health experience

Objective@#This study aims to report the incidence and characteristics of breakthrough infections among medical students in the first Philippine private medical school that resumed limited face-to-face classes and clinical rotations from July to December 2021. @*Methods@#This is a descriptive study using secondary worksheet from multiple-source records review of breakthrough infections among medical students from July to December 2021. @*Results@#Among the 837 vaccinated medical students, 23 (2.7%) experienced COVID-19 breakthrough infections. Of these, 9 were male and 14 were female. Four were asymptomatic and 19 were symptomatic. Of the 19 symptomatic, 18 had mild and 1 had severe disease. Mild infections presented with upper respiratory tract symptoms. Duration of symptoms ranged from 4 to 27 days with an average of 10 days. Timing of breakthrough infections ranged from 35 to 212 days after the second dose of COVID-19 vaccine with a mean of 86 days. Contact with confirmed cases was reported in 14 of 23 cases, 13 were from household members and none within the SLICE and CLARO programs. @*Conclusion@#Our study showed that even in the midst of the Delta surge, low breakthrough infection rate with mostly mildly symptomatic cases and no case transmissions within the SLICE and CLARO programs are possible with vaccination, regular health surveillance, and strict adherence to minimum health protocols.

Headache as the most prevalent post-vaccination adverse event after Covid-19 vaccination / Dor de cabeça como evento adverso pós-vacinação mais prevalente após a vacinação contra Covid-19

BACKGROUND: In 2020, the first vaccines were approved, according to the WHO. However, speculations arose regarding their efficacy and post-vaccination adverse events (AEFV). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of headache as AEFI from the SARSCoV-2 vaccine in Piauí, Brazil. METHODS: This is a quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, and prevalence study. Data were provided by the Post-Vaccination Adverse Event Information System (SI-AEFV), from reported cases from January to September 2021. Data were analyzed, and the research was approved by the UFPI Research Ethics Committee. RESULTS: A total of 2,008 cases were analyzed. Headache was reported in 752 cases (27.99%) as an AEFV after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. In most cases, patients were from Teresina (67.62%), of brown race/ethnicity (52.67%), female (79.00%), and the majority were not healthcare professionals (54.27%). The most common age of patients, with the original data, was 33 years. After data correction, the most common age was 28 years. The majority of these cases were not severe (96.44%), and the majority of cases were associated with the first dose of the Covid-19-Covishield-Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine (43.18%).CONCLUSION: Thus, it is concluded from the partial analysis of the results that headache is the most common adverse event after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The profile of patients with the most notifications was brown women aged 30 to 40 years who received the first dose of the Covid-19-Covishield-Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine. Regarding the severity of events, the vast majority were considered non-severe, and no deaths were mentioned, demonstrating the safety of immunobiologicals.

FUNDAMENTO: Em 2020, foram aprovadas as primeiras vacinas, segundo a OMS. No entanto, surgiram especulações quanto à sua eficácia e eventos adversos pós-vacinais (EAPV). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de cefaleia como EAPV da vacina SARSCoV-2 no Piauí, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, observacional, transversal e de prevalência. Os dados foram fornecidos pelo Sistema de Informação de Eventos Adversos Pós-Vacinação (SI-AEFV), dos casos notificados no período de janeiro a setembro de 2021. Os dados foram analisados ​​e a pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFPI. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados ​​2.008 casos. Cefaleia foi relatada em 752 casos (27,99%) como EAPV após vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2. Na maioria dos casos, os pacientes eram procedentes de Teresina (67,62%), de raça/etnia parda (52,67%), do sexo feminino (79,00%) e a maioria não era profissional de saúde (54,27%). A idade mais comum dos pacientes, com os dados originais, era de 33 anos. Após correção dos dados, a idade mais comum foi 28 anos. A maioria desses casos não foi grave (96,44%), e a maioria dos casos esteve associada à primeira dose da vacina Covid-19-Covishield-Oxford/AstraZeneca (43,18%).CONCLUSÃO: Assim, conclui-se a partir da análise parcial dos resultados de que cefaleia é o evento adverso mais comum após vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2. O perfil dos pacientes com mais notificações foi de mulheres pardas com idade entre 30 e 40 anos que receberam a primeira dose da vacina Covid-19-Covishield-Oxford/AstraZeneca. Quanto à gravidade dos eventos, a grande maioria foi considerada não grave e não foram mencionados óbitos, demonstrando a segurança dos imunobiológicos.

Determinantes del estado de vacunación infantil: abordando la brecha de equidad en República Dominicana-2019 / Determinants of childhood immunization status: addressing the equity gap in the Dominican Republic­2019

Introducción: Las desigualdades amenazan el progreso del país hacia la equidad y la cobertura de vacunación infantil. Siendo la cobertura inferior a la meta del 90% de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Objetivo: Identificar los determinantes sociales y las desigualdades en el estado de vacunación infantil en República Dominicana, 2019. Métodos: Se realiza un análisis basado en la Encuesta de Indicadores Múltiples por Conglomerados. Incluyendo una muestra ponderada de 1674 niños de 12-23 meses. Se calcula la regresión logística multinomial para identificar factores asociados a la vacunación. Adoptando p<0,05 para significación estadística. Utilizando una razón de probabilidades ajustada con intervalo de confianza del 95%. Empleando HEAT 4.0 para medir desigualdades y SPSS.23 para gestión y análisis de datos. Resultados: La edad media de los niños fue 17,4±3,5 meses. El 33% de ellos estaban completamente vacunados. La cobertura fue significativamente menor entre hijos de madre sin educación [AOR= 7,27; IC95%= 2,98­17,74]. La mayor cobertura se concentra en niños con altos niveles de educación y riqueza. Conclusión: Para lograr una cobertura de vacunación completa y equitativa, las intervenciones de salud pública deben diseñarse para satisfacer las necesidades de grupos de alto riesgo.

Introduction: In the Dominican Republic, inequalities threaten progress towards childhood vaccination equity and coverage, the latter being inferior to the World Health Organization's 90% goal. Objective: Identify the social determinants and inequalities in the state of childhood vaccination in the Dominican Republic, 2019. Methods: An analysis based on the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys is conducted. Including a weighted sample of 1674 children aged 12-23 months. The multinomial logistic regression is calculated to identify factors associated with vaccination. Using p<0,05 for statistical significance and an adjusted probability ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Employing HEAT 4.0 to measure inequalities and SPSS.23 for data management and analysis. Results: The children's mean age was 17,4±3,5 months. 33% of them were completely vaccinated. Coverage was significantly lower in children of mothers without education [AOR= 7,27; CI95%= 2,98­17,74]. Coverage was the highest in kids with high levels of education and wealth. Conclusion: To achieve complete and equitable vaccine coverage, public health interventions should be designed to satisfy the needs of high-risk groups.

Vacinar ou arriscar? A mensagem da Organização Mundial de Saúde para promover a vacinação contra a covid-19 / Vaccinate or taking chances? The World Health Organization's message to promote vaccination against COVID-19

Resumo Centrando-se no impacto que a comunicação de risco emitida pelas organizações de saúde pública tem na mudança dos comportamentos da sociedade, esta investigação pretende analisar as mensagens-chave que a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) definiu para promover o programa de vacinação contra a covid-19. Para cumprir este objetivo, enveredou-se por uma metodologia de estudo qualitativa, que privilegiou o uso da análise do conteúdo publicado nas páginas de Facebook e de Instagram da OMS, no período de 1 de abril a 31 de agosto de 2021. No total, foram analisadas 62 publicações. Os resultados mostraram que a OMS utilizou quatro eixo de comunicação para promover a importância da vacinação na sociedade: garantir a credibilidade e a transparência da informação transmitida; certificar a segurança e a eficácia da vacina; apelar ao sentido de responsabilidade coletiva; e associar a vacina à solução para pôr fim à pandemia. As conclusões do estudo mostram que, embora a equidade no acesso à vacina ainda seja uma realidade em construção, os quase 70% da população mundial vacinada sugerem que as mensagens enviadas pela OMS no contexto de comunicação de risco podem ter contribuído para a construção de uma imagem positiva do programa de vacinação.

Abstract Focusing on the impact that risk communication issued by public health organizations brings to changing societal behaviors, this research aimed to analyze the key messages that the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined to promote the COVID-19 vaccination program. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative study methodology was used to analyze the content published on the WHO's Facebook and Instagram pages from April 1 to August 31, 2021. In total, 62 publications were analyzed. The results showed that the WHO used four key communication messages to promote the importance of vaccination in society: ensuring the credibility and transparency of the information transmitted; certifying the safety and efficacy of the vaccine; appealing to a sense of collective responsibility; and associating the vaccine with the solution to end the pandemic were the chosen communication axes. The conclusions of this study show that, although fair access to the vaccine is still a reality in the making, the fact that almost 70% of the world's population has been vaccinated suggests that the messages sent by the WHO in the context of risk communication may have contributed to building a positive image of the vaccination program.

Cobertura vacinal e fatores associados ao esquema incompleto de vacinação em crianças aos 12 e 24 meses de idade em cidade de médio porte na região nordeste do Brasil / Vaccination coverage and factors associated with incomplete vaccination schedule in children at 12 and 24 months of age in a medium-sized city in the northeastern region of Brazil

Introdução: A expressiva queda nas coberturas vacinais, no Brasil, a partir de 2016, que persistem até os dias atuais, constitui relevante problema de saúde pública, tornando prioridade estudos sobre seus determinantes em diferentes contextos. Objetivo: Estimar a cobertura vacinal atualizada e oportuna aos 12 e 24 meses para cada vacina e para o esquema completo e analisar os fatores associados aos esquemas incompletos, atualizado e oportuno, de vacinação em coorte de nascidos em 2018, em Arapiraca. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, em amostra representativa da coorte de nascidos vivos, em Arapiraca (AL), em 2018. As fontes de informação foram: Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos; Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade; Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão; Registros de vacinação e Prontuários das Unidades Sanitárias. Foram estimadas as coberturas vacinais atualizadas e oportunas por vacina e do esquema completo em porcentagem e com intervalo de confiança de 95%, por zona rural e urbana. A associação entre o esquema incompleto de vacinação e as variáveis independentes foi investigada por meio da estimativa das razões de prevalência bruta e ajustada e os respectivos intervalos de 95% confiança, aplicando-se a regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Foram estudadas 318 crianças. A cobertura média do esquema vacinal completo e atualizado aos 12 meses foi 91,8%, respectivamente, 93,6% e 88,8%, nas áreas urbanas e rurais; aos 24 meses declinou para 75,2%, respectivamente, 76,2% e 73,3%, em zonas urbanas e rurais. A cobertura oportuna aos 12 meses, foi de 47,8%, sendo mais elevada na zona rural, 50,9% versus 46,0% (p>0,05), enquanto que aos 24 meses declina para 9,1%, sendo mais elevada em áreas rurais, 14,7% versus 5,9% (p<0,05). As vacinas com menores coberturas foram: i) esquema atualizado aos 12 meses, a segunda dose da Rotavírus Humano com 96,2% e aos 24 meses, a primeira dose de Varicela e a dose única de Hepatite A com 92,1%; ii) esquema oportuno aos 12 meses, temos a terceira dose de VIP/VOP, com 66,7%, e aos 24 meses, foi o primeiro Reforço da DTP, com 24,5%. As exposições que se mostraram independentemente associadas ao esquema incompleto atualizado e oportuno aos 12 e 24 meses foram: escolaridade da mãe inferior a oito anos ou igual/superior a 12 anos de estudo; mãe com menos de sete consultas de pré-natal; mãe residente em área rural; nascer com menos de 2.800 gramas. Contudo, mostrou-se inversamente associado ao desfecho: nascer com menos de 2.800 gramas no esquema incompleto atualizado aos 12 meses; nascer com peso entre 2.800 e 3199 gramas no esquema incompleto oportuno aos 12 meses; residir em área rural no incompleto oportuno aos 24 meses. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem, entre as estratégias para aumentar as coberturas vacinais: políticas educativas com foco específico em segmentos mais pobres e mais ricos da população; o fortalecimento do vínculo dos serviços com a comunidade, com medidas voltadas a melhor estruturação das salas de vacinação e diminuição da rotatividade dos funcionários e o fortalecimento dos programas de saúde materno-infantil, elevando a cobertura dos programas de pré-natal e assistência à saúde dos lactentes.

Introduction: The significant decline in vaccination coverage in Brazil since 2016, persisting to the present day, constitutes a relevant public health problem, making studies on its determinants in different contexts a priority. Objective: To estimate the updated and timely vaccination coverage at 12 and 24 months for each vaccine and for the complete schedule, and to analyze the factors associated with incomplete, updated, and timely vaccination schedules in a cohort of infants born in 2018 in Arapiraca. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted on a representative sample of the cohort of live births in Arapiraca (AL), in 2018. The sources of information included: Live Birth Information System; Mortality Information System; Electronic Citizen Records; Vaccination Records; and Sanitary Unit Records. Updated and timely vaccination coverage rates were estimated for each vaccine and for the complete schedule, presented as percentages with a 95% confidence interval, stratified by rural and urban areas. The association between incomplete vaccination schedule and independent variables was investigated through estimation of crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals, using Poisson regression. Results: A total of 318 children were studied. The average coverage of the complete and updated vaccination schedule at 12 months was 91.8%, with rates of 93.6% and 88.8% in urban and rural areas, respectively. By 24 months, coverage declined to 75.2%, with rates of 76.2% and 73.3% in urban and rural areas, respectively. Timely coverage at 12 months was 47.8%, higher in rural areas at 50.9% versus 46.0% in urban areas (p>0.05). By 24 months, timely coverage decreased to 9.1%, higher in rural areas at 14.7% versus 5.9% in urban areas (p<0.05). Vaccines with lower coverage rates included: i) at 12 months, the second dose of Human Rotavirus with 96.2%, and at 24 months, the first dose of Varicella and the single dose of Hepatitis A with 92.1%; ii) for timely coverage at 12 months, the third dose of IPV/OPV had 66.7% coverage, and at 24 months, the first DTP booster had 24.5% coverage. Factors independently associated with incomplete updated and timely schedules at 12 and 24 months included: maternal education less than eight years or equal/superior to 12 years of schooling; mother with fewer than seven prenatal visits; mother residing in rural areas; and birth weight less than 2,800 grams. However, being born with less than 2,800 grams was inversely associated with incomplete updated schedules at 12 months; being born with weight between 2,800 and 3,199 grams was associated with incomplete timely schedules at 12 months; and residing in rural areas was associated with incomplete timely schedules at 24 months. Conclusions: The results suggest, among strategies to increase vaccination coverage: educational policies with specific focus on both the poorer and wealthier segments of the population; strengthening the bond between services and the community through measures aimed at better structuring vaccination rooms and reducing staff turnover; and enhancing maternal and child health programs by increasing coverage of prenatal programs and infant healthcare assistance.

Cobertura vacinal e taxa de abandono nas capitais do nordeste brasileiro entre 2018 e 2022 / Vaccination coverage and abandonment rate in Northeastern Brazilian capitals between 2018 and 2022 / Cobertura de vacunación y tasa de abandono en las capitales del Noreste Brasileño entre 2018 y 2022

Introdução: O Programa Nacional de Imunizações presente na Atenção Primária à Saúde coordena o processo de imunização e o torna mais eficaz, porém esse sistema enfrenta problemas como a falta de acesso à internet e desabastecimento de imunizantes, que prejudicam a cobertura vacinal da população e dificultam o registro eletrônico dos dados indicadores, além de aumentar a taxa de abandono vacinal. Objetivo:Analisar os indicadores de Cobertura Vacinal e Taxa de Abandono nas capitais do Nordeste nos últimos cinco anos. Metodologia:Estudo epidemiológico, quantitativo e descritivo. As nove capitais do Nordeste do Brasil foram selecionadas para o estudo. A temática abordada é a Taxa de Abandono Vacinal e a Cobertura Vacinal nos últimos cinco anos nas capitais. Os dados foram coletados através doSistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunização e armazenadosno Microsoft Excel. Resultados:Quanto às taxasde cobertura vacinal, Fortaleza teve o maior percentual, com 74,87%. Maceió obteve o segundo maior índice, com 66,12%. Em relação às taxas de abandono vacinal, Salvador registrou o maior número,com 27,39% nos últimos cinco anos. Não obstante, João Pessoaobteve a menor taxa, com 16,08%. Conclusões:Verificou-se que Fortaleza teve a maiorCobertura Vacinal e Salvador teve a maiorTaxa de Abandono Vacinal.Algumas capitais tiveram redução naCobertura Vacinal e aumento na Taxa de Abandono Vacinalno período pandêmico, indicando a necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre o impacto da Covid-19 e a circulação de informações equivocadas sobre vacinação. Logo, a atuação da atenção primária à saúde é crucial para reverter essa tendência, trabalhando na implementação de campanhas de imunização e na educação em saúde (AU).

Introduction: The National Immunization Program present in Primary Health Carecoordinates the immunization process and makes it more effective, but this system faces problems such as lack of internet access and shortages of immunizers, which underminethe population's vaccination coverage and hinderthe electronic recording of indicator data, besides increasing the vaccination abandonment rate.Objective: To analyze the Vaccination Coverage and AbandonmentRate indicators in theNortheasterncapitalsover the last five years.Methodology: Epidemiological, quantitative and descriptive study. The nine capitals of NortheasternBrazil were selected for the study. The themesaddressed arethe VaccinationAbandonment Rate andtheVaccinationCoverage overthe last five years in the capitals. The data was collected through the National Immunization Program Information System and stored in Microsoft Excel.Results:As for vaccination coverage rates, Fortaleza had the highest percentage, with 74.87%. Maceió obtainedthe second highest index, with 66.12%. Regardingvaccinationabandonment rates, Salvador recordedthe highest number,with 27.39% over the last five years. Nonetheless, João Pessoa obtainedthe lowest rate, with 16.08%. Conclusions:It was found that Fortaleza had the highest Vaccination Coverage and Salvador had the highest VaccinationAbandonment Rate.Some capitals had a reduction in Vaccination Coverage and an increase in the VaccinationAbandonment Rate in the pandemic period, indicating the need for more research aboutthe impact of Covid-19 and the circulation of misinformation about vaccination. Therefore, the role of primary health care is essential forreversing this trend, working on the implementation of immunization campaignsand health education (AU).

Introducción:El Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciónpresente en la Atención Primariade Saludcoordina el proceso de inmunización y lo hace más eficaz, pero este sistema se enfrenta a problemas como la falta de acceso a internet y la escasez de inmunizadores, queperjudicanla cobertura de vacunación de la población y dificultan el registro electrónico de los datos de los indicadores, además de aumentar la tasa de abandono de vacunación.Objetivo:Analizar los indicadores de Cobertura de Vacunación y Tasa de Abandono en las capitales del Nordeste en los últimos cinco años.Metodología:Estudio epidemiológico, cuantitativo y descriptivo. Fueron seleccionadas para el estudio las nueve capitales del Nordeste de Brasil. LostemasabordadossonlasTasa de Abandono deVacunacióny la Cobertura de Vacunación en los últimos cinco años en las capitales. Los datos se recogieron a través del Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunización y se almacenaron en Microsoft Excel.Resultados:En cuanto a las tasas de cobertura de vacunación, Fortaleza tuvo el porcentaje más elevado, con un74,87%. Maceióobtuvo lasegunda tasa más alta, con un66,12%. En cuanto a las tasas de abandono de vacunación, Salvador registró la cifra más alta, con un27,39% en los últimos cinco años. Sin embargo, João Pessoa obtuvola tasa más baja, con un16,08%.Conclusiones:Se notó queFortaleza tuvo la mayor Cobertura de Vacunación y Salvadortuvola mayor Tasa de Abandono de Vacunación. Algunas capitales tuvieron una reducción de la Cobertura de Vacunacióny un aumento de la Tasa de Abandono de Vacunacióndurante el período pandémico, indicandola necesidad de más investigaciones sobre el impacto de laCovid-19 y la circulación de información errónea sobre la vacunación. Por lo tanto, el rolde la atención primaria de salud es crucial para revertiresta tendencia, trabajando en la implementación de campañas de inmunización y educación sanitaria (AU).

Intervenções não farmacológicas para redução da dor relacionada à vacinação em lactentes: revisão integrativa / Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce vaccination-related pain in infants: an integrative review

Objetivo: Identificar evidências científicas relacionadas às intervenções não farmacológicas utilizadas para redução da dor relacionada à vacinação em lactentes. Métodos: Revisão integrativa, realizada com emprego da estratégia PICo nas bases de dados IBECS, MEDLINE e Scopus, no período de fevereiro a junho de 2022, que visou responder ao seguinte questionamento: quais as evidências científicas em relação às intervenções não farmacológicas utilizadas para redução da dor associada à vacinação em lactentes? Os descritores combinados com os booleanos OR e AND foram lactente, vacinação, dor, infant, vaccination e pain. Foram incluídos artigos no recorte temporal de 2011 a 2021, publicados nos idiomas português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: A amostra final foi composta por 32 estudos. As medidas de intervenção não farmacológicas propostas para o alívio da dor em lactentes submetidos à vacinação foram: aleitamento materno e soluções orais de açúcar; assistência profissional em sala de vacina; e medidas de estimulação sensorial. Conclusão: A utilização dessas estratégias evidenciadas na literatura científica é capaz de favorecer o manejo mais adequado da dor relacionada à administração de vacinas e, por conseguinte, aumentar o conforto e bem-estar do lactente, além de favorecer a adesão das famílias à vacinação. Descritores: Dor; Vacinação; Lactente; Intervenções Não Farmacológicas

Objective: To identify scientific evidence related to non-pharmacological interventions used to reduce vaccination-related pain in infants. Methods: This is an integrative review carried out using the PICo strategy, in the IBECS, MEDLINE and Scopus databases, from February to June 2022, which aimed to answer the following question: what is the scientific evidence regarding non-pharmacological interventions used to reduce pain associated with vaccination in infants? The descriptors combined with the OR and AND Booleans were infant, vaccination, pain. Articles from 2011 to 2021 and published in Portuguese, English or Spanish were included. Results:The final sample consisted of 32 studies. Non-pharmacological intervention measures proposed for pain relief in infants submitted to vaccination were: breastfeeding and oral sugar solutions; professional assistance in the vaccine room; and sensory stimulation measures. Conclusion: Using these strategies evidenced in the scientific literature is able to favor the most adequate management of pain related to vaccine administration and, therefore, increase infants' comfort and well-being, in addition to favoring families' compliance with vaccination. Descriptors: Pain; Vaccination; Infant; Non-Pharmacological Interventions