Intento de suicidio en adolescentes: factores asociados / Suicide attempt in teenagers: associated factors

RESUMEN

INTRODUCCIÓN: El intento de suicidio es el principal factor de riesgo del suicidio consumado. OBJETIVO: Analizar la prevalencia de intento de suicidio en adolescentes estudiantes de secundaria y bachillerato de la Ciudad de México, y sus factores asociados. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo con la Encuesta de Consumo de Drogas en Estudiantes de la Ciudad de México en 2012. El cuestionario validado, fue anónimo, estructurado y autoaplicado, contiene siete secciones Sociodemográfica; Consumo de tabaco, alcohol y drogas; Problemas relacionados con el consumo de drogas; Conducta antisocial; Ámbito social; Ámbito interpersonal y Ámbito personal. Se crearon índices de clima familiar, comunicación con los padres y autoestima utilizando análisis de componentes principales. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística binomial y se analizaron las razones de momios (OR). RESULTADOS: La prevalencia estimada de intento de suicidio fue 6,8%. Los factores que incrementan la posibilidad de intento de suicido fueron ser mujer (OR 3,1), tener menos de 16 años (OR 1,6), vivir en un clima familiar malo (OR 1,5) o con mala comunicación con los padres (OR 1,8), tener baja autoestima (OR 1,9), problemas de conducta o aprendizaje (OR 1,4) o tener una enfermedad mental (OR 3,6); haber sido forzados a tener contacto sexual (OR 2,6); o consumir drogas, tabaco o alcohol (OR 1,7, 1,2 y 1,7). CONCLUSIONES: La prevención del intento de suicidio se debe dirigir a mujeres menores de 16 años; con un desorden psiquiátrico, problema de conducta o baja autoestima; que convivan en un ambiente familiar desfavorable; con comportamientos de riesgo como consumo de tabaco, alcohol o drogas; o que hayan sido forzados a tener contacto sexual.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Attempted suicide is the main risk factor for completed suicides. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalen ce of attempted suicide in junior high school and high school students in Mexico City, and its asso ciated factors. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted with data from the Mexico National Survey on Drug Use Among Students (ENCODE) 2012. The validated survey was anonymous, structured and self-applied, and contains seven sections Sociode mographic; Tobacco, alcohol and drug use; Problems related to drug use; Antisocial behavior; Social sphere; Interpersonal sphere and Personal sphere. Family atmosphere, communication with parents, and self-esteem indexes were created using principal component analysis. A binomial logistic regres sion model was adjusted, and the odds ratio (OR) were analyzed. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of attempted suicide was 6.8%. The factors that increased the attempted suicide possibility were being a woman (OR 3.1), be under 16 years old (OR 1.6), living in an unfavorable family atmosphere (OR 1.5) or having a poor communication with parents (OR 1.8), having low self-esteem (OR 1.9), behavioral or learning problems (OR 1.4) or suffering a mental illness (OR 3.6); having been forced into sexual contact (OR 2.6); or drugs use, smoking or alcohol consumption (OR 1.7, 1.2 and 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: The attempted suicide prevention should be focused on women younger than 16 years, with any psychiatric disorder, behavioral problem or low self-esteem, who live in an unfavorable family atmosphere, with risky behavior such as smoking, or alcohol or drugs consumption, or who have been forced into sexual contact.