Numerical simulation of pulmonary airway reopening by the multiphase lattice Boltzmann method[Formula presented]

ABSTRACT

Not only coughing and sneezing, but even normal breathing can produce aerosols, because rupture of liquid plugs forms microdroplets during pulmonary airway reopening. Aerosols are important carriers of various viruses, such as influenza, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. To control airborne disease transmission, it is important to understand aerosol formation, which is related to the pressure drop, liquid plug, and film. In addition, the detrimental pressure and shear stress at the airway wall produced in the process of airway reopening have also attracted a lot of attention. In this paper, we proposed a multiphase lattice Boltzmann method to numerically simulate pulmonary airway reopening, in which the gas-liquid transition is directly driven by the equation of state. After validating the numerical model, two rupture cases with and without aerosol formation were compared and analyzed. We found that injury of the epithelium in the case with aerosol formation was almost the same as that without aerosol formation, even though the pressure drop in the airway increased by about 50%. Further investigation showed that the aerosol size and maximum differences of the wall pressure and shear stress increased with pressure drop in the pulmonary airway. A similar trend was observed when the thickness of the liquid plug became larger, while an opposite trend occurred when the thickness of the liquid film increased. The model can be extended to study generation and transmission of bioaerosols carrying the influenza or coronavirus. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd