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The Prevalence of Pharmacological Neuroenhancement Among University Students Before and During the COVID-19-Pandemic: Results of Three Consecutive Cross-Sectional Survey Studies in Germany.
Dietz, Pavel; Werner, Antonia M; Reichel, Jennifer L; Schäfer, Markus; Mülder, Lina M; Beutel, Manfred; Simon, Perikles; Letzel, Stephan; Heller, Sebastian.
  • Dietz P; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
  • Werner AM; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
  • Reichel JL; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
  • Schäfer M; Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
  • Mülder LM; Department of Work, Organizational and Business Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
  • Beutel M; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
  • Simon P; Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
  • Letzel S; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
  • Heller S; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
Front Public Health ; 10: 813328, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1785437
ABSTRACT

Background:

According to the literature, the conditions of studying and living as well as the psychological, social and health behavior-related variables, which were strongly related to pharmacological neuroenhancement (PN) before the pandemic, significantly changed during the pandemic. For this reason, it is expected that the prevalence of PN among university students is higher during the pandemic compared to before the pandemic. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate and compare the prevalence of PN among university students before and during the COVID-19-pandemic.

Methods:

Three online surveys assessing the 12-month prevalence of PN were conducted among university students at the University of Mainz, Germany. The first survey took place in summer term 2019 (before the pandemic), the second in summer term 2020 (during the first German lockdown), and the third in summer term 2021 (after the second German lockdown). Pearson's chi-square test was used to test whether the 12-month prevalence of PN differed significantly between the three surveys.

Results:

The 12-month prevalence of PN was 10.4% in 2019, 11.3% in 2020, and 8.0% in 2021. Chi-square tests revealed no statistical difference in the prevalence of PN between 2019 and 2020. Overall, the use of PN was lower in 2021 compared to 2019 (p < 0.0001) as well as in comparison to 2020 (p = 0.001). Only the use of cannabis slightly increased from 2019 to 2020 (7.1 vs. 8.3%) and decreased in 2021 (5.4%). At all three time points, cannabis was the most commonly used substance for the purpose of PN. Consequently, the results suggest that the prevalence of PN was highly intertwined with the prevalence of cannabis use for PN.

Discussion:

The decrease in the prevalence of PN of around three percentage points in 2021 compared to the previous years was a surprising finding. It may be mainly due to the decrease in the prevalence of cannabis for the purpose of PN. However, the fairly high prevalence of PN of around 8% in 2021 is still an important finding that demonstrates that there is still an urgent need for prevention initiatives among university students to combat the use of PN.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Cannabis / COVID-19 Type of study: Observational study / Qualitative research / Randomized controlled trials Limits: Humans Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: Front Public Health Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Fpubh.2022.813328

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Cannabis / COVID-19 Type of study: Observational study / Qualitative research / Randomized controlled trials Limits: Humans Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: Front Public Health Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Fpubh.2022.813328