Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Pollutants in the Reclaimed Wastewater Used in Irrigation and Their Effects on Plants, Soils, and Groundwater
Water
; 14(10):1560, 2022.
Article
in English
| ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-1870966
ABSTRACT
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were investigated in five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), groundwater, irrigated soils, and plants in Amman and Al-Balqa governorates in Jordan. PPCPs were extracted from water samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur, diclofenac, erythromycin, lincomycin, ofloxacin, pyrimthamine, spiramycin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, testosterone, trimethoprim, and thiamphenicol were detected in all raw wastewaters in μg/L, whereas 45 PPCPs were below the detection limits (<0.02 μg/L) in all samples. Na`ur and Abu Nuseir WWTPs showed high PPCPs removal efficiencies in comparison with AL-Baqa`a, Salt, and Fuhais-Mahis WWTPs. Boqorreya spring showed signs of contamination by Salt WWTP effluents as a result of mixing. Irrigation with effluents showed higher carbamazepine concentrations in soils at the top soil layers (0 to 20 cm) in all farms than its concentrations at the root zone (20 to 40 cm) by using drip irrigation system with various plants. In plants, carbamazepine concentration was only detected in high concentration level in mint leaves. In the same farm, diclofenac concentration was detected only in olives and not in twigs and leaves, indicating a high rate of plant uptake especially during the olive’s growth period. Furthermore, plant fruits, leaves, and stems left on the farm after harvesting are generally consumed by cattle, which means entering the food chain of humans.
Environmental Studies; pharmaceutical residues; wastewater treatment plants; effluents; reuse; irrigation; Olives; HPLC; Lincomycin; Thiamphenicol; Water sampling; Self-medication; Drug stores; Scientific imaging; Environmental impact; Chromatography; Farms; Sulfapyridine; Society; Ciprofloxacin; Leaves; Ofloxacin; Plants; Soils; Pollutants; Trimethoprim; Wastewater irrigation; Population; Testosterone; Root zone; Wastewater treatment; Mass spectroscopy; Pharmaceuticals; Food chains; Chemical wastewater; Diclofenac; Groundwater; Water samples; Wastewater pollution; Irrigation systems; Spiramycin; Carbamazepine; Liquid chromatography; Prescriptions; Mass spectrometry; Standards; Water treatment; Uptake; Erythromycin; Groundwater irrigation; Antibiotics; Impaired water use; COVID-19; Harvesting; Soil contamination; Wastewater facilities; Chemicals; Food contamination; Ground water; Water reclamation; Drugs; Chronic illnesses; Water analysis; Raw wastewater; Solid phases; Soil layers; Analytical methods; Sulfamethoxazole; Detection limits; Pharmacy; Groundwater treatment; Consumer products; High performance liquid chromatography; High-performance liquid chromatography; Drip irrigation; United States--US
Search on Google
Collection:
Databases of international organizations
Database:
ProQuest Central
Type of study:
Experimental Studies
Language:
English
Journal:
Water
Year:
2022
Document Type:
Article
Similar
MEDLINE
...
LILACS
LIS