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Development of parallel forms of a brief smell identification test useful for longitudinal testing.
Moein, Shima T; Sacan, Ahmet; Pourrezaei, Kambiz; Yan, Carol H; Turner, Justin H; Sharetts, Ryan; Doty, Richard L.
  • Moein ST; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Smell & Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. shima.moein@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
  • Sacan A; Research & Development Division, Sensonics International, 411 S Black Horse Pike, Haddon Heights, NJ, 08035, USA. shima.moein@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
  • Pourrezaei K; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • Yan CH; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • Turner JH; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
  • Sharetts R; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
  • Doty RL; Research & Development Division, Sensonics International, 411 S Black Horse Pike, Haddon Heights, NJ, 08035, USA.
Behav Res Methods ; 2023 Mar 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2272457
ABSTRACT
Although there are numerous brief odor identification tests available for quantifying the ability to smell, none are available in multiple parallel forms that can be longitudinally administered without potential confounding from knowledge of prior test items. Moreover, empirical algorithms for establishing optimal test lengths have not been generally applied. In this study, we employed and compared eight machine learning algorithms to develop a set of four brief parallel smell tests employing items from the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test that optimally differentiated 100 COVID-19 patients from 132 healthy controls. Among the algorithms, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) achieved the best overall performance. The minimum number of odorant test items needed to differentiate smell loss accurately was identified as eight. We validated the sensitivity of the four developed tests, whose means and variances did not differ from one another (Bradley-Blackwood test), by sequential testing an independent group of 32 subjects that included persons with smell dysfunction not due to COVID-19. These eight-item tests clearly differentiated the olfactory compromised subjects from normosmics, with areas under the ROC curve ranging from 0.79 to 0.83. Each test was correlated with the overall UPSIT scores from which they were derived. These brief smell tests can be used separately or sequentially over multiple days in a variety of contexts where longitudinal olfactory testing is needed.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Type of study: Prognostic study Language: English Journal subject: Behavioral Sciences Year: 2023 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S13428-023-02102-8

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Type of study: Prognostic study Language: English Journal subject: Behavioral Sciences Year: 2023 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S13428-023-02102-8