Prevalence of onychomycosis in patients with diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital in North India.

Background Though diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-recognised risk factor for onychomycosis (OM), the epidemiology of OM in diabetic patients remains largely unexplored, especially from the Indian subcontinent. Aims and objectives To estimate the prevalence of OM in diabetic patients, to identify and analyse risk factors, and correlate the severity of nail changes with glycemic control (HBA1c). Methods This cross-sectional, analytical study involved 300 diabetic patients. Patients with the clinical diagnosis of OM, supplanted by at least two of the four tests (KOH, culture, onychoscopy and nail histopathology) were considered cases of OM. Demographic and haematological profile was analysed using chi-square test/ Fischer's exact test. Logistic regression was applied to assess the independent risk factors. Results The prevalence of OM in DM patients was 34% (102/300) and significant risk factors included; age >60 years, male gender, closed shoes, disease duration >5 years, high BMI (>25) and lack of awareness about nail changes. Distal and lateral subungual OM (78%) was the commonest presentation followed by proximal subungual OM, superficial OM and total dystrophic OM. Correlation between HbA1c and the number of nails involved was found to be significant. Limitation As cases were recruited from a hospital setting, there could be chances of Berksonian bias. Conclusion The prevalence of OM in diabetic patients is high and the severity of nail changes correlates with HbA1C levels. It is important to diagnose OM early in order to treat and prevent complications.

A rare case of scrub typhus vasculitis presenting as acute coronary syndrome diagnosed by skin manifestations.

A 48-year-old diabetic man presented with complaints of acute onset chest heaviness with palpitations, anxiety and headache. He had raised troponin-T level and electrocardiogram showed ST elevation myocardial infarction. There was a prior history of fever of 4 days duration with associated abdominal pain. He later developed skin rash and neurological symptoms following admission to the hospital. Dermatological examination revealed purpura and a livedo-like rash. Investigations revealed deranged liver and renal function tests and positive serological tests for scrub typhus. Coronary angiography revealed no evidence of atherosclerosis or any other pathology. He was therefore diagnosed as a case of scrub typhus-induced vasculitis with coronary manifestations and was managed with oral doxycycline. Scrub typhus presenting like an acute coronary syndrome has been reported very rarely previously. In addition, patient had gastrointestinal, central nervous system and hematological involvement which added to the rarity of the case.

Ethnobotanical, phytochemical, toxicology and anti-diabetic potential of Senna occidentalis (L.) link; A review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Senna occidentalis (L.) Link is a plant that has been used in medicine in some African countries, Asia and America. It is mainly used in Ayurvedic medicine in India. Several parts of this plant are used for preventing or treating diabetes, haematuria, rheumatism, typhoid, asthma, hepatotoxicity, disorders of haemoglobin and leprosy. AIM OF THE STUDY: This review outlines the pharmacological evidence supporting the potential of S. occidentalis to control or compensate for diabetes and associated complications, with intentions to sensitize the scientific community for future research on this promising plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information on the anti-diabetic pharmacological studies of Senna occidentalis was collected from various scientific databases including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. The studies were analyzed for the toxicological, phytochemical, anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia and antioxidative aspects of the different parts of S. occidentalis. RESULTS: Numerous phytochemical constituents (flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, terpenes and glycosides) are present in this plant and are responsible for their anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidative effects. The different plant parts appears to exert anti-diabetic effects by direct regulation of blood glucose, modulation of lipid profile and improving of antioxidant status and islet function. CONCLUSION: Senna occidentalis is rich in phytochemicals. The crude extracts of the different parts have valuable bioactive properties with potential ethnopharmacological relevance for diabetes management and treatment. Further bioassay guided phytochemical analyses of this plant are recommended to explore its therapeutic bioactive principles.

Revealing the Therapeutic Uses of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Its Potential for Drug Discovery.

BACKGROUND: Garlic is a common bulb vegetable that is used to flavor and flavor food. The plant contains biologically active components that contribute to its pharmacological properties. This paper attempts to examine the therapeutic uses and potential role in the drug development of garlic for various human diseases. METHODS: To obtain crucial data and scientific knowledge about the therapeutic uses of garlic, systematic literature searches were conducted using key terms on well-known indexed platforms such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, and popular search engines. RESULTS: Garlic, which is utilized as a spice and flavoring ingredient, is found to have fundamental nutritional components. Carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, water, and vitamins are all found in abundance in this plant. The plant also has a high medicinal value and is used to cure a variety of human diseases. It has anti-inflammatory, rheumatological, ulcer inhibiting, anticholinergic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antistress, antidiabetes, anticancer, liver protection, anthelmintics, antioxidants, antifungal, and wound healing properties, as well as properties that help with asthma, arthritis, chronic fever, tuberculosis, runny nose, malaria, leprosy, skin discoloration, and itching, indigestion, colic, enlarged spleen, hemorrhoids, fistula, bone fracture, gout, urinary tract disease, diabetes, kidney stones, anemia, jaundice, epilepsy, cataract, and night blindness. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional content of the plant is significant, and it has incredible therapeutic potential. The findings of this study are needed to investigate the therapeutic potential, as it may be a promising option for drug development.

Drug-drug Interactions between Hypoglycemic and Non-hypoglycemic Medication in Diabetic Patients with Comorbidities in a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Drug-drug interaction is one of the causes of adverse drug reactions. Generally, drug-drug interaction is common in multidrug therapy. Diabetic patients, particularly due to associated comorbidities tend to have various drug-drug interactions due to the effect of multiple drugs. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of drug-drug interactions in diabetic patients. METHODS: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted among previously diagnosed diabetic patients visiting the outpatient department of medicine at a tertiary care hospital between March 2021 and August 2021. Ethical approval was taken from the institutional review committee (Ref no: 030-076/077). Data was collected from diabetic patients presenting to the outpatient department of medicine using a preformed self-constructed questionnaire. Convenient sampling was done. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 and Microsoft Excel were used for data analysis. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. RESULTS: The prevalence of drug-drug interaction between hypoglycemic and non-hypoglycemic medication was 56 (44.1%) (35.5-52.7 at 95% Confidence Interval) of the patients out of which at least one drug-drug interaction was seen in 48 (37.8%) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed the prevalence of drug-drug interactions in diabetic patients to be higher than other studies done in similar settings. Based on the severity, we observed two types of drug-drug interactions; close monitoring drug-drug interactions and minor drug-drug interactions.

Intersectionality and health-related stigma: insights from experiences of people living with stigmatized health conditions in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Health-related stigma is a complex phenomenon, the experience of which intersects with those of other adversities arising from a diversity of social inequalities and oppressive identities like gender, sexuality, and poverty - a concept called "intersectionality". Understanding this intersectionality between health-related stigma and other forms of social marginalization can provide a fuller and more comprehensive picture of stigma associated with health conditions. The main objective of this paper is to build upon the concept of intersectionality in health-related stigma by exploring the convergence of experiences of stigma and other adversities across the intersections of health and other forms of social oppressions among people living with stigmatized health conditions in Indonesia. METHODS: This qualitative study interviewed 40 people affected by either of four stigmatizing health conditions (HIV, leprosy, schizophrenia, and diabetes) in Jakarta and West Java, Indonesia between March and June 2018. Data was analyzed thematically using an integrative inductive-deductive framework approach. RESULTS: The main intersectional inequalities identified by the participants were gender and socioeconomic status (n = 21), followed by religion (n = 13), age (n = 11), co-morbidity (n = 9), disability (n = 6), and sexuality (n = 4). Based on these inequalities/identities, the participants reported of experiencing oppression because of prevailing social norms, systems, and policies (macro-level), exclusion and discrimination from societal actors (meso-level), and self-shame and stigma (micro-level). While religion and age posed adversities that negatively affected participants in macro and meso levels, they helped mitigate the negative experiences of stigma in micro level by improving self-acceptance and self-confidence. CONCLUSION: This study uncovered how the experience of health-related stigma intersects with other oppressions originating from the various social inequalities in an individual's life. The findings highlight the importance of acknowledging and understanding the multi-dimensional aspect of lives of people living with stigmatized health conditions, and warrant integrated multi-level and cross-cutting stigma reduction interventions to address the intersectional oppressions they experience.

Avoiding COVID-19 complications with diabetic patients could be achieved by multi-dose Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine: a case study of beta cells regeneration.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major risk factors for COVID-19 complications as it is one of the chronic immune-compromising conditions especially if patients have uncontrolled diabetes, poor HbA1c and/or irregular blood glucose levels. Diabetic patients' mortality rates with COVID-19 are higher than those of cardiovascular or cancer patients. Recently, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has shown successful results in reversing diabetes in both rats and clinical trials based on different mechanisms from aerobic glycolysis to beta cells regeneration. BCG is a multi-face vaccine that has been used extensively in protection from tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy and has been repositioned for treatment of bladder cancer, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Recently, COVID-19 epidemiological studies confirmed that universal BCG vaccination reduced morbidity and mortality in certain geographical areas. Countries without universal policies of BCG vaccination (Italy, Nederland, USA) have been more severely affected compared to countries with universal and long-standing BCG policies that have shown low numbers of reported COVID-19 cases. Some countries have started clinical trials that included a single dose BCG vaccine as prophylaxis from COVID-19 or an attempt to minimize its side effects. This proposed research aims to use BCG vaccine as a double-edged weapon countering both COVID-19 and diabetes, not only as protection but also as therapeutic vaccination. The work includes a case study of regenerated pancreatic beta cells based on improved C-peptide and PCPRI laboratory findings after BCG vaccination for a 9 year old patient. The patient was re-vaccinated based on a negative tuberculin test and no scar at the site of injection of the 1st BCG vaccination at birth. The authors suggest and invite the scientific community to take into consideration the concept of direct BCG re-vaccination (after 4 weeks) because of the reported gene expressions and exaggerated innate immunity consequently. As the diabetic MODY-5 patient (mutation of HNF1B, Val2Leu) was on low dose Riomet® while eliminating insulin gradually, a simple analytical method for metformin assay was recommended to ensure its concentration before use as it is not approved yet by the Egyptian QC labs.

Clinical, immunological profile and follow up of patients with pemphigus: A study from India.

BACKGROUND: Pemphigus has a protracted course and multiple factors influence its prognosis. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology and clinical profile of pemphigus patients and to study its influence on treatment end points. METHODS: : This was a retrospective chart review done in an Indian tertiary care hospital from December 1991 to December 2013. Patients with less than 3 months' follow up and those who had paraneoplastic pemphigus were excluded. RESULTS: : There were 132 patients with pemphigus, of which 118 (89.4%) had pemphigus vulgaris and 14 (10.6%) had pemphigus foliaceous. The time to disease control (TDC) was available for 100 patients (n = 100, 75.7%); patients with a minimum follow up of 3 months (n = 80) were included for studying the end points like time to first disease remission (TDR) and time to first disease relapse (TDRe). The median period of follow up was 23 months (range 3-245). Out of the 100 patients, 61.9% were on oral steroids with adjuvant therapy. The steroid dose required for disease control for n = 100, ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 mg/kg body weight. Of these, 60% were treated with steroid dose of 1 mg/kg, 22% with >1 mg/kg, and 18% with <1 mg/kg. The mean time to disease control (in months) in the group which received <1 mg/kg steroid was 1.02 ± 0.68, 1 mg/kg was 0.72 ± 0.51, and >1 mg/kg was 1.02 ± 0.62 (P = 0.017); with a significant difference between the groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.007), implying a faster disease control in those who received 1 mg/kg dose. This difference was significant after adjusting for the steroid sparing drugs taken at baseline (P = 0.009, C.I. - 1.44-13.59). The mean time to first disease remission (TDR) was 11.46 ± 2.06 months. Out of the 80 patients with a minimum follow up of 3 months, 75% had achieved either partial or complete remission. None of the other epidemiological, clinical or immunological parameters had an impact on the TDC or TDR. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological, clinical or immunological parameters had no impact on the treatment end points like time to disease control and time to first disease remission. The dose of steroids required for disease control higher than 1 mg/kg offered no advantage in the time to disease control as compared to 1 mg/kg. LIMITATIONS: The study was retrospective and disease severity scores were not applied. In view of the shorter follow up period, long term prognostic end points and mortality could not be well represented. The median period of follow up was 23 months. The serum anti- desmoglein antibody titres were not available at various treatment end points for correlation at different time intervals.

Principais agravos à saúde do adulto

Discute os agravos mais prevalentes em saúde do adulto - como a hipertensão, diabetes, hanseníase, tabagismo, alcoolismo etc - ressaltando a importância do enfoque multiprofissional. Além deste, há mais 5 e-books tratando sobre a saúde do adulto, com conteúdos que visam a formação dos profissionais da saúde que atuam ou que pretendem atuar na Atenção Básica (AB). Este recurso educacional compõe o módulo Saúde do Adulto I do curso de Especialização em Atenção Básica, ofertado pela UNA-SUS/UFMA.

Percepção sensorial tátil prejudicada: identificação do fenômeno em grupos predisponentes / Impaired tactile sensory perception - identification of the phenomenon in predis

Percepção sensorial tátil prejudicada é definida como Alteração ou incapacidade de interpretar estímulos fornecidos em condições ideais que entrem em contato com a superfície corporal do indivíduo, devido a alterações nos receptores táteis cutâneos superficiais e profundos, na condução por fibras nervosas ou na interpretação cerebral dos mesmos. Verifica-se que as alterações sensoriais táteis são referidas, mas a avaliação de sua presença é prejudicada pela falta de procedimentos metodológicos rigorosos que sejam comuns a todas as condições predisponentes à alteração. Reconhece-se que o enfermeiro precisa levar em consideração esse fenômeno para o planejamento do cuidado. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar clinicamente o fenômeno Percepção sensorial tátil prejudicada em pacientes com as seguintes condições predisponentes: acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), diabetes mellitus (DM), hanseníase e idade avançada. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa, realizado em quatro instituições localizadas em Fortaleza/CE, a saber: unidade de AVC de um hospital terciário, centro especializado de dermatologia, centro integrado de atendimento ao DM e centro de convivência de idosos. A amostra foi composta por 365 participantes. O instrumento para coleta, adaptado do estudo de Morais (2013), contém variáveis sóciodemográficas, sobre hábitos de vida, clínicas e avaliação sobre as modalidades sensoriais táteis. As áreas testadas foram face, mãos e pés. Os dados foram coletados por fonte primária, com entrevista e exame físico, e por fonte secundária pela consulta aos prontuários, no período de outubro de 2014 a agosto de 2015. A análise estatística foi realizada com o apoio do programa IBM® SPSS® versão 21.0 for Windows® e do software R versão 2.12.1. Para verificar a sensibilidade e especificidade das modalidades táteis foi utilizado o modelo de análise de classe latente. A pesquisa foi aprovada em três Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa. Dos participantes 42 tinham AVC, 122 DM, 104 hanseníase e 97 idade avançada. Destes 60% eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 51,12 (±15,3) anos, procedentes de Fortaleza (66,8%), que viviam com parceiro (52,9%). No que se refere à escolaridade, foi identificada média de 9,42 (±5,22) anos de estudo e renda familiar mensal de 1.986,63 (±1933,55) reais. Quanto aos hábitos de vida, 69,9% não eram tabagistas, 86,3% não ingeriam bebidas alcoólicas e 58,1% não praticavam atividade física. A maioria dos entrevistados era independente em relação às atividades básicas (70,7%) e instrumentais (84,2%) da vida diária. Na análise do modelo final de classe latente para todos os participantes, considerando todas as modalidades sensoriais táteis, Alteração na percepção da textura, Alteração na estereognosia e Extinção de um toque simultâneo foram específicos. Enquanto as modalidades sensoriais táteis Alteração na percepção de toque leve, Alteração na percepção de pressão, Alteração na percepção da localização tátil, Discriminação somatossensorial prejudicada e Alteração na percepção da temperatura foram sensíveis para fenômeno. O fenômeno percepção sensorial tátil prejudicada esteve presente em 32,55% dos participantes investigados no estudo. Conclui-se que o fenômeno Percepção sensorial tátil prejudicada está presente nas quatro condições investigadas, o que compromete a retomada das atividades diárias após o evento agudo (AVC) e aumenta os riscos de desequilíbrios e quedas em todos os grupos. (AU)

Fatal dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome with hypothyroidism and steroid-induced diabetes mellitus.

Dapsone has been part of the World Health Organization multidrug therapy for the treatment of leprosy. While it has been efficacious in the management of leprosy, there are many patients who develop adverse drug reactions to the drug including life-threatening reactions such as dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS). We report a case of a patient who was prescribed dapsone as part of multidrug therapy for leprosy following which she developed DHS. Her condition worsened after tapering the oral steroids given to manage the DHS, and she was detected to have hypothyroidism. She developed diabetes mellitus and succumbed to septic shock.

Cutaneous problems in elderly diabetics: A population-based comparative cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: There are few population-based studies on prevalence of cutaneous problems in diabetes mellitus. AIMS: To identify skin problems associated with diabetes mellitus among elderly persons in a village in Kerala. METHODS: In this population-based cross-sectional survey, we compared the prevalence of skin problems among 287 elderly diabetics (aged 65 years or more) with 275 randomly selected elderly persons without diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Numbness, tingling and burning sensation of extremities,"prayer sign", finger pebbling, skin tags, stiff joints and acanthosis nigricans were noted more frequently in diabetics as compared to non-diabetics. Ache in extremities, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, seborrheic keratoses/dermatosis papulosa nigra, xerosis/ichthyosis, idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, nonspecific itching, and eczema were equally frequent in both groups. Among the diagnostic categories, neurovascular, metabolic and autoimmune findings were associated with diabetes mellitus, whereas bacterial and fungal infections were not. LIMITATIONS: Initial misclassification errors, no laboratory confirmation of dermatological diagnosis during survey, coexistence of findings related to aging and not analyzing the effects of glycemic level, concurrent diseases and medications. CONCLUSIONS: Numbness, tingling and burning sensation of extremities, prayer sign, finger pebbling, skin tags, stiff joints and acanthosis nigricans were associated with diabetes mellitus among elderly persons in a village in Kerala.

Vitiligo on black skin: epidemiological and clinical aspects in dermatology, Cotonou (Benin).

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is unsightly on darkly pigmented skin and leads important stigmatization because of the mix-up with leprosy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the epidemiological and clinical patterns of vitiligo on darkly pigmented skin between 1988 and 2008 in the Department of Dermatology in Cotonou (Benin). The diagnosis was made based on the clinical characteristics of vitiligo. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-six patients were seen, representing 0.9% of new consultations. The gender ratio was 1 : 1, and the mean age of patients was 25.9 years. The mean duration of the lesions was 30.9 months. Among the 246 patients, an associated pathology was found in 26% of cases. These included atopy (23.2%), diabetes (1.6%), thyroid disease (0.8%), and alopecia (0.4%). A family history of vitiligo was present in 1.2% of cases. The sites of the lesions were in descending order of frequency: head (60.6%), lower limbs (40.2%), upper limbs (33.3%), trunk (22.4%), genitals (13.0%), and neck (8.9%). On the head, the most common sites affected were the lips (65.1%), cheek (20.8%), and ears (16.8%). According to the different clinical forms, vitiligo was achromic (76%), speckled (12.6%), and trichromic (11.4%). Vitiligo vulgaris was the commonest form of the disease (52.4%), followed by localized vitiligo (36.2%), segmental vitiligo (9.8%), and vitiligo universalis (1.6%). Triggering factors were identified in 4.5% of patients. CONCLUSION: Our survey shows that the patterns of vitiligo are similar to that reported from other African countries with a few distinguishing particularities.

The global diabetes epidemic: what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries?

Tropical countries are experiencing a substantial rise in type 2 diabetes, which is often undiagnosed or poorly controlled. Since diabetes is a risk factor for many infectious diseases, this increase probably adds to the large infectious disease burden in tropical countries. We reviewed the literature to investigate the interface between diabetes and infections in tropical countries, including the WHO-defined neglected tropical diseases. Although solid data are sparse, patients with diabetes living in tropical countries most likely face increased risks of common and health-care-associated infections, as well as infected foot ulcers, which often lead to amputation. There is strong evidence that diabetes increases the severity of some endemic infections such as tuberculosis, melioidosis, and dengue virus infection. Some HIV and antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. But there are no or very scarce data for most tropical infections and for possible biological mechanisms underlying associations with diabetes. The rise in diabetes and other non-communicable diseases puts a heavy toll on health systems in tropical countries. On the other hand, complications common to both diabetes and some tropical infections might provide an opportunity for shared services-for example, for eye health (trachoma and onchocerciasis), ulcer care (leprosy), or renal support (schistosomiasis). More research about the interaction of diabetes and infections in tropical countries is needed, and the infectious disease burden in these countries is another reason to step up global efforts to improve prevention and care for diabetes.

Sistemas de Informação em Saúde: inconsistências de informações no contexto da Atenção Primária / Information Systems in Health: inconsistencies of information in the context of Primary Care / Sistemas de Información en Salud: inconsistencias de la información en el contexto de la Atención Primaria

Objetivo: Este artigo pretende comparar os dados referentes à hipertensão, diabetes, tuberculose e hanseníase entre o SIAB e os sistemas SISHIPERDIA e SINAN. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de caráter descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado a partir dos dados de UBS pertencentes ao território do Distrito Sanitário III do município de João Pessoa-PB, considerando a série histórica produzida por estes sistemas no período de julho a dezembro de 2013. Resultados: Os resultados mostram as divergências encontradas entre estes sistemas de informações. Comparando-se o SIAB e o HIPERDIA, este apresentou um número superior de cadastrados, já o inverso ocorreu com os dados apresentados pelo SINAN, pois esse sistema apresentou um quantitativo de cadastros inferior ao SIAB. Conclusão: observou-se que a fragmentação dos referidos sistemas gera excesso e duplicidade de informações, dificultando o cruzamento e a consolidação de dados importantes para o processo de tomada de decisão na atenção primária à saúde.

Objective: This article aims to compare the data of hypertension, diabetes, tuberculosis, and leprosy between SIAB, SISHIPERDIA, and SINAN systems. Method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with quantitative approach. The data were obtained from the Basic Health Units within Sanitary District III of the city of João Pessoa-PB in Brazil. It was considered the historical series produced by these systems in the period of July to December 2013. Results: The results show the differences between these information systems. Comparing SIAB and HIPERDIA systems, the last presented a higher number of registered users, although the reverse occurred with the data presented by SINAN because it showed less registered users than SIAB. Conclusion: It was seen that fragmentation of these systems generate excess and duplication of information, making it difficult to cross and consolidate data that are important for decision-making in the primary health care procedures.

Objetivo: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo comparar los datos sobre la hipertensión, la diabetes, la tuberculosis y la lepra entre SIAB y sistemas SISHIPERDIA y SINAN. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado a partir de datos de UBS que pertenecen al territorio de la Jurisdicción Sanitaria III de la ciudad de João Pessoa-PB, considerando la serie histórica producida por estos sistemas en el período julio a diciembre de 2013. Resultados: Los resultados muestran las diferencias encontradas entre estos sistemas de información. Comparando el SIAB y el HIPERDIA, este presenta un mayor número de domicilio desde la inversa ocurrió con los datos presentados por el SINAN porque este sistema mostró un cuantitativos entradas inferiores a la SIAB. Conclusión: Se observó que la fragmentación de estos sistemas generan exceso y la duplicación de la información, por lo que es difícil de cruzar y la consolidación de los datos importantes para la toma de decisiones en la atención primaria de salud.

Diabetic neuropathy and foot complications.

Foot ulceration and Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) are well recognized and documented late sequelae of diabetic peripheral, somatic, and sympathetic autonomic neuropathy. The neuropathic foot, however, does not ulcerate spontaneously: it is a combination of loss of sensation due to neuropathy together with other factors such as foot deformity and external trauma that results in ulceration and indeed CN. The commonest trauma leading to foot ulcers in the neuropathic foot in Western countries is from inappropriate footwear. Much of the management of the insensate foot in diabetes has been learned from leprosy which similarly gives rise to insensitive foot ulceration. No expensive equipment is required to identify the high risk foot and recently developed tests such as the Ipswich Touch Test and the Vibratip have been shown to be useful in identifying the high risk foot. A comprehensive screening program, together with education of high risk patients, should help to reduce the all too high incidence of ulceration in diabetes. More recently another very high risk group has been identified, namely patients on dialysis, who are at extremely high risk of developing foot ulceration; this should be preventable. The most important feature in management of neuropathic foot ulceration is offloading as patients can easily walk on active foot ulcers due to the loss of pain sensation. Infection should be treated aggressively and if there is any evidence of peripheral vascular disease, arteriography and appropriate surgical management is also indicated. CN often presents with a unilateral hot, swollen foot and any patient presenting with these features known to have neuropathy should be treated as a Charcot until this is proven otherwise. Most important in the management of acute CN is offloading, often in a total contact cast.

Cerebral aspergillosis in a patient with leprosy and diabetes: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Opportunistic fungi are dispersed as airborne, ground and decaying matter. The second most frequent extra-pulmonary disease by Aspergillus is in the central nervous system. CASE PRESENTATION: The case subject was 55 years old, male, mulatto, and an assistant surveyor residing in Teresina, Piauí. He presented with headache, seizures, confusion, fever and left hemiparesis upon hospitalization in 2006 at Hospital São Marcos. Five years previously, he was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, and 17 months previously he had acne margined by hyperpigmented areas and was diagnosed with leprosy. Laboratory tests indicated leukocytosis and magnetic resonance imaging showed an infarction in the right cerebral hemisphere. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed 120 cells/mm(3) and was alcohol-resistant bacilli negative. Trans-sphenoidal surgery with biopsy showed inflammation was caused by infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. We initiated use of parenteral amphotericin B, but his condition worsened. He underwent another surgery to implant a reservoir of Ommaya-Hickmann, a subcutaneous catheter. We started liposomal amphotericin B 5 mg/kg in the reservoir on alternate days. He was discharged with a prescription of tegretol and fluconazole. CONCLUSION: This report has scientific interest because of the occurrence of angioinvasive cerebral aspergillosis in a diabetic patient, which is rarely reported. In conclusion, we suggest a definitive diagnosis of cerebral aspergillosis should not postpone quick effective treatment.