Espacialidade, arquitetura e patrimônio nas colônias para hanseníase / Spatiality, architecture and heritage in the leprosy colonies

O autor compartilha um pouco da sua trajetória na pesquisa sobre arquitetura para a saúde, revisitando tal pesquisa. discute a importância da valorização desse patrimônio cultural como documento das doenças tratadas em isolamento, como uma arquitetura e urbanismo especificamente pensados para esses lugares e como paisagem cultural

El Hospital Colonia de Curupaiti: su historia, su trazado urbanístico y sus edificaciones / The Colony Hospital Curupaiti: its history, its urban layout and its buildings

Este artículo presenta los resultados parciales de la investigación que realizó una incursion en los trazados urbanísticos y la arquitectura de las llamadas "ciudades hospitales" que se dedican a enfrentar la enfermedad de Hansen, a partir del estudio de caso de la colonia para leprosos de Curupaiti, localizada en el Bajío de Jacarepaguá, en la región de la zona oeste de Rio de Janeiro. En las primeras décadas del siglo XX, se concentraron en esta región hospitales construídos para tratar enfermedades en aislamiento, como padecimientos mentales, lepra y tuberculose, tema que ya abordamos en otros artículos. Tal investigación se insiere en las discusiones de la red de investigadores latinoamericanos de hospitales de pabellones, coordinada por María Lilia González Servín. Buscaremos aquí discutir y entender, con imágenes y textos, los procesos que resultaron en la configuración espacial de Curupaiti, así como exponer las características de la arquitectura diseñada para abrigar las diversas actividades de la institución. Como ya hemos mencionado en otros trabajos, las colonias para leprosos en Brasil fueron concebidas para resguardar actividades dirigidas al tratamiento y la asistencia de los pacientes tratando de reproducir, en un ambiente de confinamiento, un simulacro de la vida citadina. Presenta la Colonia, la implantanción de Curupaiti y su relación con la ciudad, el modelo urbanístico, la estructura de pabellones y demás edificaciones de Curupaiti. (AU)

Em diferentes escalas: a arquitetura do Hospital-Colonia Rovisco Pais sob o olhar do medico Fernando Bissaya Barreto / On different scales: the architecture of Hospital-Colonia Rovisco Pais from the perspective of doctor Fernando Bissaya Barreto

Em 1938, o médico português Fernando Bissaya Barreto promoveu a construção de um 'internato de leprosos' no centro de Portugal, afastado dos grandes centros populacionais, mas de fácil acesso a todo o país. Inaugurado em 1947, o Hospital-Colônia Rovisco Pais segue o modelo de um hospital-asilo-colônia, sendo simetricamente segmentado por pavilhões iguais em número e características para os dois sexos. Seguindo uma lógica disciplinar e não de exclusão, o plano urbanístico, o desenho dos edifícios e o próprio mobiliário e decoração são configurados, sob a influência direta de Bissaya Barreto, como instrumentos de intervenção sobre o corpo físico e moral dos doentes de Hansen, mas também, e em outra escala, de controle e modificação da sociedade portuguesa no seu conjunto.

In 1938, Portuguese physician Fernando Bissaya Barreto spearheaded the creation of a 'nursing home for lepers' in the center of Portugal, away from big towns and cities, but still accessible from any part of the country. Opened in 1947, Hospital-Colônia Rovisco Pais followed the model of a colony/hospital/hospice, and was divided symmetrically into buildings of equal features and numbers for both sexes. According to a disciplinary, non-exclusionary rationale, the urban design, building design and furniture and fittings were conceived, under the direct influence of Bissaya Barreto, as instruments for intervention in the physical and moral bodies of the patients, and also, on a different scale, for the control and modification of Portuguese society as a whole.

[Infamous rooms or: the dead birds of Lyon. The accomodation of sick men about the year 1800, befor the establishment of a pavilion system]. / Infame Räume oder: Die toten Vögel von Lyon. Zur Unterbringung erkrankter Menschen um 1800 vor der Etablierung des Pavillonsystems.

The contribution follows an architectural perspective on the history of hospitals that are conceptualised as locations of Christian charity. It goes into the German, Italian, and especially into the French developments, and it identifies three types of hospitals in 18th century: That of Christian charity, the military lazaretto, and the new prototypes of modem clinics. Furthermore three technical types are identified, according to the ventilation of the ,machines a guérir' (Tenon): the partial system, the central system, and the technical system.

Utopia ao avesso nas cidades muradas da hanseníase: apontamentos para a documentação arquitônica e urbanística das colônias de leprosos no Brasil / Utopia on the contrary in the walledcities of leprosy: notes for the architectural and urbanistical documentation of the lepers'colonies in Brasil

Aborda a história das colônias de leprosos no Brasil a partir de um enfoque arquitetônico e urbanístico, especificamente um tipo desses lugares com características urbanas e que optamos denominar cidades hospitais. Essas cidades hospitais foram pricipalmente construídas durante o primeiro governo de Getúlio Vargas-1930/1945, e tornaram-se a principal política estatal para a doença. Acreditamos que a origem desses espaços esteja conectada dentro da história do pensamento ao conceito de utopia desenvolvido no século XVI, de um lugar totalmente novo onde fosse possível se criar uma nova sociedade, e mais recentemente no século XIX às novas propostas de sociedades e cidades. Durante a administração Vargas esse conceito foi uma referência para o desenvolvimento dessa nova tipologia de colônia, nas quais seria possível apartar o doente da sociedade, mas ao mesmo tempo recriar em confinamento uma vida social com os valores nacionais requeridos pelo governo. Indica alguns pontos a serem considerados na documentação e análise desses hospitais. (AU)

[Training of the rehabilitation staffs through taking measures against leprosy in Union of Myanmar].

I participated in "Leprosy Control and Basic Health Service Project in Myanmar" by JICA from 2002 to 2004. I went to Myanmar three times as a short-term expert of physiotherapy. I carried out evaluation training for physio staffs in national Yenanthar leprosy hospital. They learned how to evaluate activity of daily living. And they were able to make modified spoons and the canes. Later, they looked for the contents to evaluate by themselves. And they evaluated and decided by themselves what they should do. They felt the necessity for toilet chairs, modified beds and etc. They formed the plan and manufactured them. They were able to perform by themselves. It is thought that evaluation was fixed to staffs. This knowledge will surely be helpful to patients. I expect that this knowledge will be put to evaluations and exercises of many diseases. The physio staffs of this hospital will surely perform. Cooperation of the shoemaker and nursing staffs is very secure. I hope that it may become the model of saying [working in cooperation with other occupational descriptions] from now on.

Los hospitales de la ciudad de Campeche: de la colonia al porfirismo / The hospitals of Campeche City, Mexico from colonial times to the Porfirio Díaz period

La historia de los hospitales de la ciudad y puerto de Campeche se inicia en los tiempos coloniales. La creación de hospitales obedeció a la presencia de enfermedades, disposiciones católicas y problemas sociales. Entre 1541 y 1900 se fundaron los siguientes hospitales: Hospital de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, más tarde conocido como Hospital San Juan de Dios y posteriormente como Hospital Civil Manuel Campos, Hospital de San Lázaro -destinado a leprosos-, Hospital Militar, Casa de Cuna y de Dementes, Hospital San Roque y Casa de Beneficencia.

Los hospitales de la ciudad de Campeche: de la colonia al porfirismo / The hospitals of Campeche City, Mexico from colonial times to the Porfirio Díaz period

La historia de los hospitales de la ciudad y puerto de Campeche se inicia en los tiempos coloniales. La creación de hospitales obedeció a la presencia de enfermedades, disposiciones católicas y problemas sociales. Entre 1541 y 1900 se fundaron los siguientes hospitales: Hospital de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, más tarde conocido como Hospital San Juan de Dios y posteriormente como Hospital Civil Manuel Campos, Hospital de San Lázaro -destinado a leprosos-, Hospital Militar, Casa de Cuna y de Dementes, Hospital San Roque y Casa de Beneficencia. (AU)

[History of Saint-Louis' hospital through his building's history]. / Histoire de l'Hopital Saint-Louis a travers l'histoire de ses batiments.

After a few epidemics of pestis in the XVth century, the authority decided to erect a new hospital far from the heart of the city of Paris with an adapted architecture to isolation of contagious patients. All the buildings of the hospital were built in the same time and the result is homogeneous. The architecture is characterized by a central quadrilateral, four buildings in square, a chapel and few others pavilions. To maintain isolation, many galleries communicate to the squares and the stores. We can also find a cistern, a pavilion for the baths and one consecrated to the treatment of the leprosy and erected by the Order of Knighthood of Malta. All these edifices are scheduled as an ancient monument and actually don't receive patients but are hallowed to research, formation or meeting. A new hospital has been erected at the back of the old one.

Edificio colonial construido pelos jesuitas e lazareto desde 1752 no Rio de Janeiro / Constructed by the jesuits, this colonial building has served as a leper colony in Rio since 1752

Analisa a historia do Hospital dos Lazaros (hoje Hospital Frei Antonio), desde sua criacao, pelo governador geral do Rio de Janeiro, Gomes Freire de Andrade em 1741, ate sua transferencia para a Casa dos Jesuitas, em 1759. Descreve as diversas restruturacoes e ampliacoes ocorridas entre meados do seculo XIX e o ano de 1920, que garantiram ao hospital ser citado como modelo de higiene, modernidade e conforto. Aponta as sucessivas alteracoes em torno do hospital como responsaveis pela descentralizacao e perda da importancia paisagistica do edificio para o Rio de Janeiro.(PPB)

Edifício colonial construído pelos jesuitas é lazareto desde 1752 no Rio de Janeiro / Constructed by the jesuits, this colonial building has served as a leper colony in Rio since 1752

Analisa a historia do Hospital dos Lazaros (hoje Hospital Frei Antonio), desde sua criacao, pelo governador geral do Rio de Janeiro, Gomes Freire de Andrade em 1741, ate sua transferencia para a Casa dos Jesuitas, em 1759. Descreve as diversas restruturacoes e ampliacoes ocorridas entre meados do seculo XIX e o ano de 1920, que garantiram ao hospital ser citado como modelo de higiene, modernidade e conforto. Aponta as sucessivas alteracoes em torno do hospital como responsaveis pela descentralizacao e perda da importancia paisagistica do edificio para o Rio de Janeiro.(PPB)

[Hospitals in Prague from the high Middle Ages to the Enlightenment (1135-1800)]. / Hospitäler in Prag vom Hochmittelalter bis zur Aufklärung (1135-1800).

Based on hitherto unknown layouts and documents from the Prague archives, this paper reviews the evolution of the health care system in the capital of Bohemia. From the high Middle Ages to the Enlightenment, the town's history as well as changing political and religious tendencies provide a unique background for the development of different types of institutions for the care of the poor and sick. The first charitable foundations of the sovereigns and the archbishops were soon followed by the semi-monasterial infirmaries of the Hospitallers. Leprosoria and other shelters for the contagious deserve special attention. After the counter-reformation, the newly built hospitals of orders like the Brothers of Saint John of God and the Sisters of Saint Elizabeth played an important role. From the architectural point of view, the baroque hospitals built by Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer belong to the most impressive examples of hospital architecture in Europe. Finally, the medical reforms of Emperor Joseph II. led to a series of completely new institutions, which can be regarded as the beginning of modern medicine im Bohemia. It was especially intended to describe exactly the site and the architectonic appearance of the preserved buildings. Thus, the medical historian can contribute to the care and preservation of these medical monuments.

[From hospice to high-rise hospital--the development of western hospitals]. / Vom Hospiz zum Bettenturm--Die Entwicklung des abendländischen Krankenhauses.

Departing from the first infirmaries in the Roman army installed as valetudinaria exclusively for sick and wounded soldiers the development of western hospital care began based on the idea of love for fellowman. The importance of the order of Monte Cassino founded by Benedict of Nursia in the 6th century is emphasized. The role of these hospices important as asylums and hospitals with spiritual assistance is exposed as well as the endeavours of lords, kings and citizens to found hospitals in the modern sense from the 17th century onwards. The institution of the general hospital became important from 1784 onwards in Vienna and soon thereafter in Berlin. Modern nursing movements developed from protestant nursing sisters in Kaiserswerth. Further organizations for nursing such as those initiated by Florence Nightingale and Agnes Karll and the establishment of organizations such as the Red Cross are discussed. During the 19th century the large hospitals were built, modeled either after the compact system of barracks or conceived to prevent hospitalism as pavilions. Specialized institutions developed at the same time from older asylums for plague, mentally ill or leprous patients. The most recent development of high rise hospitals as well as the ideas of disposable hospitals serve to discuss functional structures of a modern health care institution.