Nutritional Status in Leprosy Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy, a chronic mycobacterial disease, is frequently accompanied by malnutrition. However, it is important to regularly assess the nutritional state of leprosy patients in a resource-poor nation like India, where undernutrition is widespread. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the nutritional status of leprosy patients to that of normal individuals using the body mass index. METHODS: The electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were used to conduct an open literature search. From 1st January 2000 to 31st January 2023, all articles were screened using the following MeSH terms: (nutrition OR body mass index OR body weight) AND (leprosy OR lepra) to find possibly relevant articles. RESULTS: This meta-analysis includes five research studies with a total of 1173 individuals (363 patients in the leprosy group and 810 patients in the non-leprosy group). The weighted mean difference (WMD) for BMI studies was -17.88 (95% CI -27.65 to -8.12), showing that there was a significant difference in BMI < 18.5 between leprosy patients and non-leprosy patients. There was a significant difference in DDS score and HFIAS score between patients with leprosy and non-leprosy. In a total of 342 leprosy patients, 206 developed deformities. CONCLUSION: This research increases our understanding of nutrition and leprosy. The results found that people with leprosy are nutritionally at a distinct disadvantage when compared to non-leprosy patients. It emphasises the several ways in which diet may generate circumstances that increase the risk of leprosy.

Nutritional status and morbidity profile of children with leprosy contact in a rural community.

An observational pilot study was conducted to assess the nutritional status and morbidity profile of childhood contacts of leprosy in an endemic area (Chengalpattu) in India. A total of 70 such children were included in the study. Sociodemographic data were collected using a one-to-one interview method and the children were evaluated by dermatologists qualified in paediatric leprosy. The obtained data were computed. Three children were diagnosed to have leprosy through this study. Nutritional status assessment in these children demonstrated malnutrition, a common finding. Regular contact screening of children in endemic areas for early case detection, disability prevention and thereby prevention of community transmission is mandatory. Further research is needed concerning the role of malnutrition in children and its relation to morbidity in leprosy. The closeness and duration of contact of leprosy is also an important risk factor. Effective strategies to diagnose subclinical infection are needed.

Diet and nutrition: An important risk factor in leprosy.

Leprosy, once considered as poor man's disease may cause severe neurological complications and physical disabilities. Classification of leprosy depends upon the cell mediated and humoral immune responses of the host, from tuberculoid to lepromatous stage. Current therapy to prevent the disease is not only very lengthy but also consists of expensive multiple antibiotics in combination. Treatment and the duration depend on the bacillary loads, from six months in paucibacillary to a year in multibacillary leprosy. Although as per WHO recommendations, these antibiotics are freely available but still out of reach to patients of many rural areas of the world. In this review, we have focused on the nutritional aspect during the multi-drug therapy of leprosy along with the role of nutrition, particularly malnutrition, on susceptibility of Mycobacterium leprae and development of clinical symptoms. We further discussed the diet plan for the patients and how diet plans can affect the immune responses during the disease.

Nutritional aspects of people affected by leprosy, between 2001 and 2014, in semi-arid Brazilian municipalities. / Aspectos nutricionais de pessoas acometidas por hanseníase, entre 2001 e 2014, em municípios do semiárido brasileiro.

The study aimed to characterize food insecurity, nutritional status, and eating habits of people affected by leprosy. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on a census population. We evaluated 276 cases, reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System, between 2001 and 2014, in the municipalities of Vitória da Conquista and Tremedal, in the state of Bahia. Food insecurity was estimated according to the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. We collected weight and height measurements, meal frequency, and household, socioeconomic, psychosocial and clinical variables. The prevalence of food insecurity was 41.0% among the study population - 28.3% mild, 8.0% moderate and 4.7% severe. Overweight/obesity was estimated in 60.1% of the study participants, and excessive salt intake was reported by 8.6%. Beans and red meat were the most regularly consumed foods; there was low consumption of milk, raw and cooked vegetables, and fruits. This population presented high food insecurity prevalence, inadequate eating habits and nutritional status, reflecting nutritional vulnerability. The insertion of nutritional assistance in the leprosy control programmes is recommended, to improve health care.

O estudo buscou caracterizar a insegurança alimentar, o estado nutricional e os hábitos alimentares de pessoas acometidas por hanseníase. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo, de população censitária, em que foram avaliados 276 casos, notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, entre 2001 e 2014, nos municípios de Vitória da Conquista e Tremedal, Bahia. Na análise foi empregada a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. Foram coletadas medidas de peso e altura, frequência alimentar, variáveis domiciliares, socioeconômicas, psicossociais e clínicas. A prevalência de insegurança alimentar foi de 41,0% na população; sendo 28,3% leve, 8,0% moderada e 4,7% grave. O sobrepeso/obesidade foi estimado em 60,1% das pessoas avaliadas e o consumo excessivo de sal foi relatado por 8,6%. O feijão e a carne vermelha foram os alimentos mais regularmente consumidos e houve baixo consumo de leite, hortaliças cruas e cozidas e frutas. A insegurança alimentar apresentou elevada prevalência, associada à inadequação do hábito alimentar e estado nutricional, refletindo a vulnerabilidade nutricional desta população. Recomenda-se a inserção da assistência nutricional às políticas públicas da hanseníase, como forma de qualificar a atenção à saúde.

Aspectos nutricionais de pessoas acometidas por hanseníase, entre 2001 e 2014, em municípios do semiárido brasileiro / Nutritional aspects of people affected by leprosy, between 2001 and 2014, in semi-arid Brazilian municipalities

Resumo O estudo buscou caracterizar a insegurança alimentar, o estado nutricional e os hábitos alimentares de pessoas acometidas por hanseníase. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo, de população censitária, em que foram avaliados 276 casos, notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, entre 2001 e 2014, nos municípios de Vitória da Conquista e Tremedal, Bahia. Na análise foi empregada a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. Foram coletadas medidas de peso e altura, frequência alimentar, variáveis domiciliares, socioeconômicas, psicossociais e clínicas. A prevalência de insegurança alimentar foi de 41,0% na população; sendo 28,3% leve, 8,0% moderada e 4,7% grave. O sobrepeso/obesidade foi estimado em 60,1% das pessoas avaliadas e o consumo excessivo de sal foi relatado por 8,6%. O feijão e a carne vermelha foram os alimentos mais regularmente consumidos e houve baixo consumo de leite, hortaliças cruas e cozidas e frutas. A insegurança alimentar apresentou elevada prevalência, associada à inadequação do hábito alimentar e estado nutricional, refletindo a vulnerabilidade nutricional desta população. Recomenda-se a inserção da assistência nutricional às políticas públicas da hanseníase, como forma de qualificar a atenção à saúde.

Abstract The study aimed to characterize food insecurity, nutritional status, and eating habits of people affected by leprosy. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on a census population. We evaluated 276 cases, reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System, between 2001 and 2014, in the municipalities of Vitória da Conquista and Tremedal, in the state of Bahia. Food insecurity was estimated according to the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. We collected weight and height measurements, meal frequency, and household, socioeconomic, psychosocial and clinical variables. The prevalence of food insecurity was 41.0% among the study population - 28.3% mild, 8.0% moderate and 4.7% severe. Overweight/obesity was estimated in 60.1% of the study participants, and excessive salt intake was reported by 8.6%. Beans and red meat were the most regularly consumed foods; there was low consumption of milk, raw and cooked vegetables, and fruits. This population presented high food insecurity prevalence, inadequate eating habits and nutritional status, reflecting nutritional vulnerability. The insertion of nutritional assistance in the leprosy control programmes is recommended, to improve health care.

Micronutrientes: un eslabón clave en la inmunopatogénesis de la lepra / Micronutrients: a key link in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy

The purpose of this work was to analyze the prevalence of fetal mortality (FM) in mothers in early adolescence (10-14 years), late adolescence (15-19 years) and in adults (20-34 years), during the period 2014-2016, in the North Department of Santander-Colombia. The factors taken into account were: gestation time, fetal weight, childbirth, basic causes, area of residence, and educational level of the mothers. Method: The study was retrospective, correlational, analytical-comparative. The database was from a secondary public access source of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE-Colombia). The analysis was performed using the following tests: chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis H, Cramer's V coefficient, Goodman and Kruskal's gamma, Tukey's post-hoc procedures and the Bonferroni method based on Student's t-test. Results: The prevalence of FM for the years 2014-2016 was 10.0 per 1000 live births in mothers in early adolescence, 19.2 in mothers in late adolescence and 18.6 in adult mothers. It emerged that the prevalence of FM in pregnancies of under 22 weeks was higher in adult mothers, before delivery and during childbirth (chi-square = 32.023; p = 0.021), and there was a slight negative relationship between mother's age and weight of the fetus (gamma = -0.186; p = 0.014). The prevalence of FM was higher in adult mothers residing in the municipal district (chi-square = 80.18; p = 0.000), in mothers with primary, secondary and professional-level basic education (chi-square = 105.56; p = 0.000), and greater in adult mothers due to obstetric complications and birth trauma

La lepra es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por Mycobacterium leprae, la cual tiene una notoria afinidad por la piel y los troncos nerviosos periféricos. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por tener una clínica polimorfa que depende de la respuesta inmune del hospedero. La inmunopatogénesis de esta enfermedad aún representa un reto para los investigadores, y un eslabón faltante en su comprensión es el estudio de los micronutrientes, los cuales se ha demostrado que tienen la capacidad de modular la respuesta inmune innata y adaptativa. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir y relacionar algunos nutrientes, como las vitaminas A, D, E, C y B6, el folato, el zinc y el hierro, con la respuesta inmune en la lepra. Además, proponemos que algunos micronutrientes (vitaminas A, D y C y zinc) serían importantes para mitigar la aparición de reacciones lepróticas por medio de la modulación de la respuesta inmune en el hospedero infectado por M. leprae, y que micronutrientes como las vitaminas A, D, B6 y D, el folato, el hierro y el zinc serían importantes para reducir la incidencia de la lepra, dado que promoverían una mejor respuesta inmune en convivientes. Por lo tanto, el estudio del estado nutricional y el aporte suplementario con micronutrientes en convivientes y en afectados con lepra sería clave en la eliminación de esta enfermedad que ha deformado cuerpos y ha destruido sueños a lo largo de los siglos.

Dietary diversity and poverty as risk factors for leprosy in Indonesia: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Poverty has long been considered a risk factor for leprosy and is related to nutritional deficiencies. In this study, we aim to investigate the association between poverty-related diet and nutrition with leprosy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In rural leprosy-endemic areas in Indonesia, we conducted a household-based case-control study using two controls for each case patient (100 recently diagnosed leprosy patients and 200 controls), matched for age and gender. All participants were interviewed to collect information on their demographics, socioeconomic situation, health, and diet. Body mass index, dietary diversity score, as well as anemia and iron micronutrient profiles were also obtained. By means of univariate, block-wise multivariate, and integrated logistic regression analyses, we calculated odds ratios between the variables and the occurrence of leprosy. Unstable income (odds ratio [OR], 5.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.54-12.64; p = 0.000), anemia (OR, 4.01; 95% CI, 2.10-7.64; p = 0.000), and higher household food insecurity (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06-1.21; p = 0.000) are significantly associated with an increased risk of having leprosy. Meanwhile, higher education (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.77; p = 0.009) and land ownership (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18-0.86; p = 0.019) have significant protective associations against leprosy. Although lower dietary diversity, lack of food stock, food shortage, low serum iron, and high ferritin were found more commonly in those with leprosy, the occurrence of leprosy was not significantly associated with iron deficiency (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.10-11.37; p = 0.963). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Food poverty is an important risk factor for leprosy susceptibility, yet the mechanisms underlying this association other than nutrient deficiencies still need to be identified. With a stable incidence rate of leprosy despite the implementation of chemoprophylaxis and multidrug therapy, improving dietary diversity through food-based approaches should be initiated and directed toward high-prevalence villages. The possible underlying factors that link poverty to leprosy other than nutrient deficiencies also need to be identified.

Protein profile of leprosy patients with plantar ulcers from the Eastern Amazon region.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the nutritional status of patients with leprosy and plantar ulcers are sparse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the protein profile of leprosy patients with plantar ulcers from the Eastern Amazon region. METHODS: A case record form was created for 75 patients with leprosy (31 with plantar ulcers and 44 without plantar ulcers) with the following data: sociodemographic characteristics, clinical form of leprosy, presence or absence of plantar ulcers, and nutritional assessment using anthropometry consisting of the measurement of body mass index, arm circumference, arm muscle circumference, and triceps skinfold. Levels of blood albumin, transferrin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also measured. Data regarding protein intake were obtained using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. RESULTS: Plantar ulcers occurred more frequently in male patients (67.7%), patients aged 40-49 years (mean ± SD: 47.3 ± 8.0 years), and patients receiving 300 or 600 USD (71.0%). The mean weight and height of patients were 71.6 ± 11.4 kg and 1.62 ± 0.1 m, respectively. High levels of CRP were detected in 51.6% of leprosy patients with plantar ulcers and only 9.1% of patients without plantar ulcers (P < 0.001). Nutritional depletion of transferrin was observed in 14.3% of patients with paucibacillary leprosy and 44.3% of patients with multibacillary leprosy (P = 0.0447). Most patients had normal levels of serum albumin (74.2% with plantar ulcers and 77.3% without plantar ulcers). CONCLUSIONS: Most leprosy patients with plantar ulcers have normal levels of serum albumin and transferrin and high CRP levels, which indicates the presence of an inflammatory process. Our findings suggest the need to monitor patients with leprosy to prevent the occurrence of plantar ulcers and to provide adequate treatment for patients with existing plantar ulcers.

Treatment outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Kenya.

SETTING: Successful treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is crucial in preventing disease transmission and reducing related morbidity and mortality. A standardised DR-TB treatment regimen is used in Kenya. Although patients on treatment are monitored, no evaluation of factors affecting treatment outcomes has yet been performed. OBJECTIVE: To analyse treatment outcomes of DR-TB patients in Kenya and factors associated with successful outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of secondary data from Kenya's National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung disease programme. DR-TB data from the national database for January to December 2012 were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 205 DR-TB patients included in the analysis, 169 (82.4%) had a successful treatment outcome, 18 (9%) died and 18 (9%) were lost to follow-up. Only sex (P = 0.006) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status (P = 0.008) were predictors of successful treatment. Females were more likely to attain treatment success (OR 3.86, 95%CI 1.47-10.12), and HIV-negative status increased the likelihood of successful treatment (OR 3.53, 95%CI 1.4-8.9). CONCLUSION: Treatment success rates were higher than World Health Organization targets. Targeted policies for HIV-positive patients and males will improve treatment outcomes in these groups.

THE RELEVANCE OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS ON THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS OF BALB/C MICE INOCULATED WITH Lacazia loboi.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the protein-calorie malnutrition in BALB/c isogenic mice infected with Lacazia loboi, employing nutritional and histopathological parameters. Four groups were composed: G1: inoculated with restricted diet, G2: not inoculated with restricted diet, G3: inoculated with regular diet, G4: not inoculated with regular diet. Once malnutrition had been imposed, the animals were inoculated intradermally in the footpad and after four months, were sacrificed for the excision of the footpad, liver and spleen. The infection did not exert great influence on the body weight of the mice. The weight of the liver and spleen showed reduction in the undernourished groups when compared to the nourished groups. The macroscopic lesions, viability index and total number of fungi found in the footpads of the infected mice were increased in G3 when compared to G1. Regarding the histopathological analysis of the footpad, a global cellularity increase in the composition of the granuloma was observed in G3 when compared to G1, with large numbers of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, discrete numbers of lymphocytes were present in G3 and an increase was observed in G1. The results suggest that there is considerable interaction between Jorge Lobo's disease and nutrition.

THE RELEVANCE OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS ON THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS OF BALB/C MICE INOCULATED WITH Lacazia loboi / A relevância do estado nutricional e alterações histopatológicas no processo infeccioso de camundongos BALB/c inoculados com Lacazia loboi

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the protein-calorie malnutrition in BALB/c isogenic mice infected with Lacazia loboi, employing nutritional and histopathological parameters. Four groups were composed: G1: inoculated with restricted diet, G2: not inoculated with restricted diet, G3: inoculated with regular diet, G4: not inoculated with regular diet. Once malnutrition had been imposed, the animals were inoculated intradermally in the footpad and after four months, were sacrificed for the excision of the footpad, liver and spleen. The infection did not exert great influence on the body weight of the mice. The weight of the liver and spleen showed reduction in the undernourished groups when compared to the nourished groups. The macroscopic lesions, viability index and total number of fungi found in the footpads of the infected mice were increased in G3 when compared to G1. Regarding the histopathological analysis of the footpad, a global cellularity increase in the composition of the granuloma was observed in G3 when compared to G1, with large numbers of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, discrete numbers of lymphocytes were present in G3 and an increase was observed in G1. The results suggest that there is considerable interaction between Jorge Lobo's disease and nutrition.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da desnutrição protéico-calórica em camundongos isogênicos da linhagem BALB/c inoculados com Lacazia loboi, empregando parâmetros nutricionais e histopatológicos. Foram constituídos quatro grupos: G1- inoculados com restrição dietética; G2- não inoculados com restrição dietética; G3- inoculados sem restrição dietética; G4- não inoculados sem restrição dietética. Após instalada a desnutrição, os animais foram inoculados via intradérmica no coxim plantar e após quatro meses foram sacrificados para remoção do coxim plantar, fígado e baço. A infecção não exerceu grande influência no peso corporal dos camundongos. O peso do fígado e baço apresentou redução nos grupos desnutridos em comparação aos grupos nutridos. A lesão macroscópica, a viabilidade e o número total de fungos dos coxins plantares dos camundongos inoculados revelaram aumento no G3 quando comparado com o G1. Em relação à análise histopatológica dos coxins plantares observou-se aumento da celularidade global na composição do granuloma no G3 em relação ao G1, com grande número de macrófagos e células gigantes multinucleadas, discretos números de linfócitos estavam presentes em G3 e aumentados no G1. Os resultados sugerem que existe grande interação entre nutrição e doença de Jorge Lobo.

Nutritional status and immune response in murine experimental Jorge Lobo's disease.

There are no studies investigating the role of nutritional status and immunity associated with Jorge Lobo's disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on the immune response of BALB/c mice inoculated with Lacazia loboi. In this study,the animals were divided into four groups: G1: inoculated with restricted diet, G2: not inoculated with restricted diet, G3: inoculated with regular diet, G4: not inoculated with regular diet. The animals of groups G1 and G2 were submitted to malnutrition for 20 days and once installed the animals were inoculated intradermally into the footpad. After 4 months, they were euthanised for the isolation of peritoneal lavage cells and removal of the footpad. The production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, H2 O2 and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated in the peritoneal lavage cells. The footpad was evaluated regarding the size of macroscopic lesions, number of fungi and viability index. The results showed that the infection did not exert great influence on the body weight of the mice and previous malnutrition was an unfavourable factor for viability index, number of fungi, macroscopic lesion size in the footpad and production of H2 O2 , NO, IL-12, IL-10 and IFN-γ, suggesting that malnutrition significantly altered fungal activity and peritoneal cells. The results suggest considerable interaction between nutrition and immunity in Jorge Lobo's disease.

DNA damage in BALB/c mice infected with Lacazia loboi and its relation to nutritional status

AbstractBackground Jorge Lobos disease, also known as lacaziosis, is a cutaneous-subcutaneous mycosis with chronic evolution. It is caused by the fungus Lacazia loboi. Herein we report a study that relates the genotoxicity caused by L. loboi in isogenic mice with nutritional status, through a normal or restricted diet.Methods DNA damage was assessed in the peripheral blood by the comet assay (tail intensity).Results The results for leukocytes showed increases in the mean tail intensity in mice under dietary restriction, in infected mice under dietary restriction and in infected mice ingesting a normal diet.Conclusion These results indicate that dietary restriction and L. loboi infection may increase DNA damage levels in mice, as detected by the comet assay.

THE RELEVANCE OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS ON THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS OF BALB/C MICE INOCULATED WITH Lacazia loboi / A relevância do estado nutricional e alterações histopatológicas no processo infeccioso de camundongos BALB/c inoculados com Lacazia loboi

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the protein-calorie malnutrition in BALB/c isogenic mice infected with Lacazia loboi, employing nutritional and histopathological parameters. Four groups were composed: G1: inoculated with restricted diet, G2: not inoculated with restricted diet, G3: inoculated with regular diet, G4: not inoculated with regular diet. Once malnutrition had been imposed, the animals were inoculated intradermally in the footpad and after four months, were sacrificed for the excision of the footpad, liver and spleen. The infection did not exert great influence on the body weight of the mice. The weight of the liver and spleen showed reduction in the undernourished groups when compared to the nourished groups. The macroscopic lesions, viability index and total number of fungi found in the footpads of the infected mice were increased in G3 when compared to G1. Regarding the histopathological analysis of the footpad, a global cellularity increase in the composition of the granuloma was observed in G3 when compared to G1, with large numbers of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, discrete numbers of lymphocytes were present in G3 and an increase was observed in G1. The results suggest that there is considerable interaction between Jorge Lobo's disease and nutrition

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da desnutrição protéico-calórica em camundongos isogênicos da linhagem BALB/c inoculados com Lacazia loboi, empregando parâmetros nutricionais e histopatológicos. Foram constituídos quatro grupos: G1- inoculados com restrição dietética; G2- não inoculados com restrição dietética; G3- inoculados sem restrição dietética; G4- não inoculados sem restrição dietética. Após instalada a desnutrição, os animais foram inoculados via intradérmica no coxim plantar e após quatro meses foram sacrificados para remoção do coxim plantar, fígado e baço. A infecção não exerceu grande influência no peso corporal dos camundongos. O peso do fígado e baço apresentou redução nos grupos desnutridos em comparação aos grupos nutridos. A lesão macroscópica, a viabilidade e o número total de fungos dos coxins plantares dos camundongos inoculados revelaram aumento no G3 quando comparado com o G1. Em relação à análise histopatológica dos coxins plantares observou-se aumento da celularidade global na composição do granuloma no G3 em relação ao G1, com grande número de macrófagos e células gigantes multinucleadas, discretos números de linfócitos estavam presentes em G3 e aumentados no G1. Os resultados sugerem que existe grande interação entre nutrição e doença de Jorge Lobo

Nutritional status and immune response in murine experimental Jorge Lobo's disease

There are no studies investigating the role of nutritional status and immunity associated with Jorge Lobo's disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein-calorie malnutrition on the immune response of BALB/c mice inoculated with Lacazia loboi. In this study,the animals were divided into four groups: G1: inoculated with restricted diet, G2: not inoculated with restricted diet, G3: inoculated with regular diet, G4: not inoculated with regular diet. The animals of groups G1 and G2 were submitted to malnutrition for 20 days and once installed the animals were inoculated intradermally into the footpad. After 4 months, they were euthanised for the isolation of peritoneal lavage cells and removal of the footpad. The production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, H2 O2 and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated in the peritoneal lavage cells. The footpad was evaluated regarding the size of macroscopic lesions, number of fungi and viability index. The results showed that the infection did not exert great influence on the body weight of the mice and previous malnutrition was an unfavourable factor for viability index, number of fungi, macroscopic lesion size in the footpad and production of H2 O2 , NO, IL-12, IL-10 and IFN-γ, suggesting that malnutrition significantly altered fungal activity and peritoneal cells. The results suggest considerable interaction between nutrition and immunity in Jorge Lobo's disease

Nutritional status of leprosy patients in India.

Across-sectional epidemiological study was carried out at a Leprosy Referral Hospital in Delhi to assess the nutritional status of multibacillary leprosy patients in comparison to the general population using BMI. 150 people affected with multibacillary leprosy were included in the study, of whom 108 (72%) had WHO Grade 2 disability. 100 non leprosy patients were also included as a control group. Socio-demographic and clinical details as well as their height and weight were measured and the BMI computed. The findings clearly showed that under-nutrition (BMI < 18.5) was more common in people affected by leprosy than in those without leprosy, regardless of age or sex. Presence of disability made the incidence of under-nutrition more likely. The duration of disease, number of lesions or bacterial index had no impact on the level of nutrition. There may be multiple factors working together to lead to this under-nutrition and these are discussed briefly. If, we aim to provide high quality services with a holistic approach, a mandatory BMI should be calculated for every patient and if under nourished, a qualitative diet summary should be done and suitable nutritional advice given. Further, studies are needed for a better understanding of the occurrence and progression of under-nutrition in leprosy to find efficient ways to combat this problem.

Reactional state and nutritional profile among leprosy patients in the primary health care system, Greater Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil.

Leprosy may present acute/subacute inflammatory processes (leprosy reactions). The study characterized the reactional states of patients at health clinics in Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, and associated them with sociodemographic factors and clinical/nutritional variables. between January and December 2009, longitudinal follow-up of patients with leprosy continued until leprosy reactions occurred or patients completed 6 months of multidrug therapy. Of the 151 patients participating, 78 (51.7%) were females, 48 (31.8%) had 5 to 8 years schooling, 93 (61.6%) worked and earned from 1 to 3 minimum wages, and 55 (36.4 %) had leprosy reactions, but with no statistical association to socioeconomic characteristics or nutritional status. However, absence of reaction was more common in the low-weight group, suggesting a trend in this group to protection from the reaction (p = 0.0906). The study found no association between nutritional status and leprosy reaction.

Reactional state and nutritional profile among leprosy patients in the primary health care system, Greater Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil / Estado reacional e perfil nutricional em portadores de hanseníase acompanhados na rede de atenção primária à saúde da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil

Leprosy may present acute/subacute inflammatory processes (leprosy reactions). The study characterized the reactional states of patients at health clinics in Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, and associated them with sociodemographic factors and clinical/nutritional variables. between January and December 2009, longitudinal follow-up of patients with leprosy continued until leprosy reactions occurred or patients completed 6 months of multidrug therapy. Of the 151 patients participating, 78 (51.7 percent) were females, 48 (31.8 percent) had 5 to 8 years schooling, 93 (61.6 percent) worked and earned from 1 to 3 minimum wages, and 55 (36.4 percent) had leprosy reactions, but with no statistical association to socioeconomic characteristics or nutritional status. However, absence of reaction was more common in the low-weight group, suggesting a trend in this group to protection from the reaction (p = 0.0906). The study found no association between nutritional status and leprosy reaction.

A hanseníase pode apresentar processos inflamatórios agudos/subagudos (reações hansênicas). Os objetivos foram caracterizar os estados reacionais de pacientes de Unidades de Saúde da Grande Vitória (Espírito Santo, Brasil) e associá-los aos fatores sociodemográficos e a variáveis clínicas/nutricionais. Estudo longitudinal, de monitoramento de portadores de hanseníase acompanhados até o aparecimento da reação hansênica ou até 6 meses iniciais da poliquimioterapia, de janeiro a dezembro de 2009. Participaram 151 pacientes, sendo 78 (51,7 por cento) femininos; 48 (31,8 por cento) estudaram de cinco a oito anos; 93 (61,6 por cento) trabalhavam e ganhavam de um a três salários mínimos; 55 (36,4 por cento) apresentaram reação hansênica, sem associação estatística às características socioeconômicas nem ao estado nutricional. Porém, a ausência de reação foi maior no grupo baixo peso, sugerindo neste grupo tendência na proteção da reação (p = 0,0906). No estudo não houve associação do estado nutricional com a reação hansênica.

Hanseníase e a nutrição: uma revisão da literatura / Leprosy and Nutrition: a review of literature

O presente estudo é uma revisão da literatura sobre hanseníase e nutrição, mostrando a importância do estado nutricional de hansenianos na melhoria da resposta ao tratamento. Foram selecionados estudos sobre hanseníase e nutrição em livros técnicos e artigos publicados no período de 2009 a 2013 utilizando-se as bases de dados Medline, LILACS, SciELO, PubMed e Bireme. Os achados do presente estudo evidenciam a importância de se avaliar estado nutricional e hábitos alimentares de pacientes portadores de hanseníase. Esses pacientes possuem déficits nutricionais em relação a dados antropométricos e a ingestão de nutrientes, que aumentam sua vulnerabilidade para baixa imunidade e consequentemente o agravo da doença. Há necessidade de novos estudos na área, pois existe uma carência de informações sobre o assunto. A implementação de programas de reeducação alimentar, educação nutricional e hábitos de vida saudáveis relacionados à promoção da saúde em pacientes com hanseníase são necessários.

The present study is a review of literature about nutrition and leprosy, showing how important nutritional status of leper are in order to improve the treatment response.The bibliographic search on leprosy and nutrition was conducted using databases such as Medline, LILACS,SciELO, PubMed and Bireme in technical books and articles published from 2009 to 2013. The findings of the study highlight the importance of assessing the nutritional status and the food habits of patients with leprosy.Those patients have nutritional deficits in relation to anthropometric data and to nutrient intake which increase their vulnerability for low immunity and, consequently, the aggravation of disease. There is a need for new studies in the area because of the lack of information about this subject. The implementation of nutritional re-education programs, nutrition education and healthy life habits related to health promotion for patients with leprosy are necessary.

[The nutritional and dieting profiles of patients diagnosed with leprosy treated in the primary healthcare units of Greater Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil]. / Avaliação nutricional e alimentar de pacientes portadores de hanseníase tratados em unidades de saúde da grande Vitória, Estado do Espírito Santo.

INTRODUCTION: The present study investigated leprosy in relation to the clinical, sociodemographic, nutritional and dietary profiles of patients diagnosed at primary healthcare units in the suburbs of Greater Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from January to December 2009. METHODS: The study involved 152 male and female patients initiating polychemotherapy treatment. The collected data included sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical and dietary aspects derived from a questionnaire of eating frequency (QEF) that was validated and adapted for Brazilian culture. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated to evaluate patient nutritional status. RESULTS: The study showed that: 79 (52%) of the participants were women, average age was 40.4 years-old (± 16.9); 81 (53.3%) were employed; the mean number of years of schooling was 7.1 (± 4.5). Concerning the disease, 79 (52%) of the participants were multibacillary and 73 (48%) paucibacillary. The bacilloscopy index was negative in 125 (82.2%) patients. Excess weight was identified in 11.8% and 5.3% were underweight. Rice and beans were mentioned frequently, 87.3% and 88.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that simple actions, initiated during primary healthcare, can help to improve the treatment of patients with the leprosy.