ABSTRACT
Este Caderno está dividido em três principais eixos: a atençäo a saúde dos indivíduos, a saúde coletiva e ao modelo de gestäo do SUS. Entre as novidades do modelo de gestäo, estäo a de finaciamento e transferência de recursos através do Repasse Fundo a Fundo ( do Fundo Estadual de Saúde para o Fundo Municipal de Saúde). Este novo modelo viabiliza repasse rápido e sem burocracia aos municipios, para açöes de saúde. Importante ressaltar as prioridades do Estado, neste ano de 2001, estäo voltadas para o controle da Hanseniase e Leishmaniose, e para a implantaçäo da rede de antençäo à Saúde Mental. Finalmente ressaltar a importânciada informaçäo e dos sistemas de informaçäo.
Subject(s)
Health Programs and Plans , Organization and Administration , Regional Health Planning , Unified Health SystemABSTRACT
Este Caderno está dividido em três principais eixos: a atenção a saúde dos indivíduos, a saúde coletiva e ao modelo de gestão do SUS. Entre as novidades do modelo de gestão, estão a de finaciamento e transferência de recursos através do Repasse Fundo a Fundo ( do Fundo Estadual de Saúde para o Fundo Municipal de Saúde). Este novo modelo viabiliza repasse rápido e sem burocracia aos municipios, para ações de saúde. Importante ressaltar as prioridades do Estado, neste ano de 2001, estão voltadas para o controle da Hanseniase e Leishmaniose, e para a implantação da rede de antenção à Saúde Mental. Finalmente ressaltar a importânciada informação e dos sistemas de informação.
Subject(s)
Health Policy , Municipal Management , Organization and Administration , Public Health , Regional Health Planning , Unified Health SystemABSTRACT
PIP: People of African descent comprise a large proportion of Brazil's population. While racism exists in the country, it is commonly denied. Most Afro-Brazilians live in poor areas, with poor health care services, sanitation, schools, and transport. Since HIV is linked to poverty, Afro-Brazilians are more affected by HIV than is the overall population. Although Afro-Brazilians contribute to Brazil's culture, they do not benefit from that contribution. Recognizing this considerable social problem, Project Araye was created in 1996 to address issues of race and HIV. Building upon religious and cultural traditions, the project is staffed by Afro-Brazilians who are knowledgeable in both health issues and Afro-Brazilian culture. Project Araye supports a wide range of diverse community leaders in linking sexual health and HIV with other health concerns which affect Afro-Brazilians such as sickle-cell anemia, diabetes, and leprosy. One important challenge has been overcoming the target population's denial of HIV and encouraging Afro-Brazilians to accept that HIV also affects them. Community leaders include religious leaders, rap musicians, artists, and other people respected by various communities. Activities include visits to samba dance schools, Umbanda and Candomble temples, and street youth groups to provide HIV-related information.^ieng
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Black or African American , HIV Infections , Information Services , Leadership , Prejudice , Socioeconomic Factors , Americas , Black People , Brazil , Communication , Culture , Demography , Developing Countries , Disease , Economics , Ethnicity , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Planning , Latin America , Organization and Administration , Population , Population Characteristics , Social Problems , South America , Virus DiseasesABSTRACT
PIP: Since its establishment in 1979, the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) has been one of the partner agencies working with the UN Development Program/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). KEMRI consists of a secretariat and eight separate research centers devoted to alupe leprosy and skin diseases; biomedical, clinical, virus, microbiology, and medical research; vector biology and control; and traditional medicines and drugs. KEMRI also has a model clinic, an animal house, a library, a conference area, and a computer center serving 250 technical staff and 600 administrative staff. TDR has supported about 30 trainees, and KEMRI conducts research programs on all TDR diseases except trypanosomiasis, which is the responsibility of a sister institution. KEMRI's malaria research focuses on the vector, on control through the use of bednets impregnated with insecticide, and on clinical management. KEMRI is currently researching development of hard-wearing and cheaper bednets and alternatives to chloroquine. TDR has provided funding for KEMRI studies that focus on schistosomiasis treatment, prevention, and control; the distribution and impact of filariasis as well as treatment with ivermectin and anthelminthics; and control and treatment of leishmaniasis. Research into leprosy is seeking better drugs, better diagnostic tools, and ways to increase patient treatment compliance.^ieng
Subject(s)
Evaluation Studies as Topic , Government Programs , Leprosy , Medicine, Traditional , Parasitic Diseases , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Research , Virus Diseases , Africa , Africa South of the Sahara , Africa, Eastern , Delivery of Health Care , Developing Countries , Disease , Health , Health Services , Infections , Kenya , Medicine , Organization and Administration , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
PIP: Mahidol University's Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand, established in 1960, is one of 14 faculties, 5 institutions, 5 centers, and 2 colleges within Mahidol University. It consists of the following departments: Helminthology, Medical Entomology, Microbiology and Immunology, Protozoology, Social and Environmental Medicine, Tropical Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Tropical Pediatrics, Tropical Pathology, and Tropical Radioisotopes. The UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) has been associated with the Faculty since 1977, collaborating mainly upon malaria research, but also in filariasis, leprosy, and schistosomiasis research. Early TDR support was directed at research training and institutional strengthening, although by the early 1980s, the Faculty played an increasingly important role in TDR's research and development program. In recent years, the Faculty has focused upon researching malaria, parasitic and bacterial diseases, nutrition and food sciences, and environmental health. The Faculty's malaria-related research is described. The Faculty also conducts research in many other areas of tropical medicine outside of those of interest to TDR.^ieng
Subject(s)
Environment , Filariasis , Health , International Cooperation , Leprosy , Malaria , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Organization and Administration , Research , United Nations , Universities , World Health Organization , Asia , Asia, Southeastern , Developing Countries , Disease , Economics , Education , Infections , International Agencies , Organizations , Parasitic Diseases , Schools , Technology , ThailandABSTRACT
PIP: A UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) expert meeting has concluded that the means already exist with which to eliminate 4 of the 8 diseases which TDR originally identified as public health problems. Elimination in this case refers to reducing the number of cases of disease to a small and routinely manageable number. The diseases capable of being eliminated with existing tools are leprosy, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and Chagas disease. Leprosy can be eliminated through the use of multidrug therapy, onchocerciasis through the administration of ivermectin, lymphatic filariasis through the use of DEC and ivermectin, and Chagas disease through the rational use of insecticides and the control of blood banks. Malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and African trypanosomiasis, however, must await better tools before their elimination can be attempted. TDR's role in identifying how to eliminate each of these diseases is described. Meeting attendees identified additional avenues of operational research upon which TDR should embark.^ieng
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Clinical Trials as Topic , Filariasis , Health Planning Guidelines , Leprosy , Onchocerciasis , Operations Research , Pharmaceutical Preparations , United Nations , World Health Organization , Disease , Infections , International Agencies , Organization and Administration , Organizations , Parasitic Diseases , Research , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
PIP: The number of registered leprosy cases fell from 5.4 million in 1985 to 1.3 million in 1995, due to the increasingly widespread distribution of effective multidrug therapy (MDT). Much, however, remains to be done in order to achieve the 1994 Hanoi Declaration target of reducing the number of registered cases to 1/10,000 people in each endemic country by the year 2000. Countries numerically farthest away from achieving this goal were Brazil, Chad, India, Mozambique, and Nepal. In 1995, only 75% of registered cases were receiving therapy, with Africa having the worst treatment ratios. The largest total numbers of untreated registered cases were in India, approximately 200,000, and 60,000 in Brazil. The number of undetected cases is highest in India (150,000) and Bangladesh (120,000). Worldwide, an estimated 600,000 to 1 million cases are undetected. Special Action Projects for the Elimination of Leprosy (SAPEL) have been launched to increase MDT coverage in hard-to-reach areas. SAPEL, together with other campaigns being conducted to identify undetected highly infectious cases, will likely lead to the realization of the Hanoi Declaration.^ieng
Subject(s)
Goals , Leprosy , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Disease , Health Planning , Infections , Organization and Administration , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
PIP: On September 12, 1995, the Central Pharmaceutical Affairs Council of Japan recommended approval of low-dose oral contraceptives as a method of family planning. Doctors should be able to prescribe the pills after the standing members of the Council, part of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, meet next March. High-dose oral contraceptives can be obtained currently to treat menstrual irregularities, although many of the 200,000 prescriptions written annually are used for family planning. Approval for the low-dose contraceptives has been slow because of concerns regarding a possible relaxation of sexual mores (1965); adverse side effects (until 1987 when the Japanese Ministry of Health initiated clinical trials that established the safety and efficacy of the contraceptives); increased rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1992); a higher number of drug reimbursement claims under the national health insurance system; and a decline in Japan's birthrate. Japan's birthrate fell from 4.5 children per woman in 1947 to 1.5 in 1993. 80% of contraceptive users rely on condom; 22% use the rhythm method, usually in conjunction with the condom; 7% use the IUD; and less than 2% use sterilization. Sterilization is only permitted for married couples and only when the woman's life or health is in danger, or either spouse has a mental illness, leprosy, or a hereditary disorder.^ieng