ABSTRACT
Despite adequate treatment of reproductive tract infection, there is persistence of symptoms in some patients. This raises the possibility of existence of other silent microbes with pathogenic potential. Apart from the common sexually transmitted organisms such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, there are other silent and emerging pathogens, like genital mycoplasma, which have been associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and pregnancy-related complications in women. Although these organisms were identified decades ago, they are still overlooked or ignored. There is a need to understand the role played by these organisms in Asian populations and their susceptibility to the standard line of treatment. Data on genital mycoplasma infections in Indian women is heterogeneous, with limited evidence of pathogenicity. Although known for their wide spectrum of reproductive morbidities in western counterparts, these microorganisms are yet to gain the attention of Indian clinicians and microbiologists. There is paucity of adequate information in India regarding these infections, so Indian literature was compiled to get an overview of these pathogens, their association with reproductive morbidities, and their response to treatment. Thus, there is a need to explore genital mycoplasma infections in Indian women, especially in the arena of antimicrobial resistance among genital mycoplasma, which has the potential to become a major problem. A literature search with keywords focusing on "genital mycoplasma", "sexually transmitted infections India", "sexually transmitted mycoplasma", and "characteristic of mycoplasma" was carried out through computerized databases like PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar.
Subject(s)
Genital Diseases, Female/epidemiology , Mycoplasma Infections/epidemiology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/physiology , Female , Genital Diseases, Female/diagnosis , Genital Diseases, Female/therapy , Humans , India/epidemiology , Mycoplasma Infections/diagnosis , Mycoplasma Infections/therapy , Prevalence , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/therapy , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Clinical Protocols/standards , Comprehensive Health Care/standards , National Health Strategies , Nursing Care/standards , Primary Health Care/standards , Adolescent Health/standards , Child Health/standards , Dengue/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/therapy , Health Services for the Aged/standards , Hypertension/therapy , Immunization Programs/standards , Leprosy/therapy , Men's Health/standards , Occupational Health Services/standards , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/therapy , Tuberculosis/therapy , Women's Health/standardsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS are becoming a major public health problem in developing countries worldwide. AIMS: All the adult patients attending VCTC and STD clinics of Assam Medical College between May 2002 and December 2005 were enrolled in the study. METHODS: Records of patients with high-risk sexual behavior and presence of STD on clinical examination were recorded in a predesigned proforma. RESULTS: Of 479 individuals, 186 (38.8%) had evidence of STD and 70 were positive for HIV. Most (64%) were in the age group of 15 to 30 years. Candidiasis (vulvovaginal candidiasis in women and candidal balanitis/balanoposthitis in men) was the most common finding on clinical examination (21.5%) followed by syphilis (17.2%), genital warts (15%), herpes genitalis (11.3%), non-gonococcal urethritis (10.8%), and gonococcal urethritis (7%). CONCLUSION: High percentage of unmarried people (>45%) reporting with STD, which points to potential danger of HIV transmission in the region.
Subject(s)
Referral and Consultation , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Developing Countries , Female , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/therapy , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Sexual Behavior , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/therapy , Young AdultSubject(s)
Humans , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/psychology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/rehabilitation , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/rehabilitation , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapySubject(s)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/therapy , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/transmission , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Pharmaceutical Preparations/adverse effects , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapyABSTRACT
Gender inequalities in health have a significant impact on women's health. In leprosy gender inequalities could be even more serious, as it is a highly stigmatized disease. A review has been made of the most recent literature dealing with gender and leprosy. First some data are presented on gender inequalities in rates of case detection, deformities and reversal reactions among leprosy patients. Then the major factors contributing to those differences are discussed. The paper ends with some recommendations for further research on gender and leprosy.