Wine yeast selection in the Iberian Peninsula: Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces as drivers of innovation in Spanish and Portuguese wine industries.

Yeast selection for the wine industry in Spain started in 1950 for the understanding of the microbial ecology, and for the selection of optimal strains to improve the performance of alcoholic fermentation and the overall wine quality. This process has been strongly developed over the last 30 years, firstly on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and, lately, with intense activity on non-Saccharomyces. Several thousand yeast strains have been isolated, identified and tested to select those with better performance and/or specific technological properties. The present review proposes a global survey of this massive ex-situ preservation of eukaryotic microorganisms, a reservoir of biotechnological solutions for the wine sector, overviewing relevant screenings that led to the selection of strains from 12 genera and 22 species of oenological significance. In the first part, the attention goes to the selection programmes related to relevant wine-producing areas (i.e. Douro, Extremadura, Galicia, La Mancha and Uclés, Ribera del Duero, Rioja, Sherry area, and Valencia). In the second part, the focus shifted on specific non-Saccharomyces genera/species selected from different Spanish and Portuguese regions, exploited to enhance particular attributes of the wines. A fil rouge of the dissertation is the design of tailored biotechnological solutions for wines typical of given geographic areas.

Impact of antagonistic yeasts from wine grapes on growth and mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata.

AIMS: Alternaria alternata is a major contaminant of wine grapes, meaning a health risk for wine consumers due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. To develop a successful biofungicide, the effectiveness of epiphytic wine grape yeasts against A. alternata growth and toxin production was assessed in vitro under temperature and aW conditions that simulate those present in the field. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effect of 14 antagonistic yeasts was evaluated on growth and alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TA) production by three A. alternata strains in a synthetic medium with composition similar to grape (SN) at three temperatures (15, 25 and 30°C). All Metschnikowia sp. yeast strains evaluated completely prevented A. alternata growth and mycotoxin production at all temperatures in SN medium. Meanwhile, the growth inhibition exerted by Starmerella bacillaris yeast strains was higher at 30°C, followed by 25 and 15°C, being able to show a stimulating or inhibiting effect. Hanseniaspora uvarum yeast strains showed a growth promoting activity higher at 15°C, followed by 25 and 30°C. Even at conditions where A. alternata growth was stimulated by the S. bacillaris and H. uvarum yeasts, high inhibitions of mycotoxin production (AOH, AME and TA) were observed, indicating a complex interaction between growth and mycotoxin production. CONCLUSION: There is a significant influence of temperature on the effectiveness of biocontrol against A. alternata growth and mycotoxin production. Metschnikowia sp. strains are good candidates to compose a biofungicide against A. alternata. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Among the different antagonistic yeasts evaluated, only Metschnikowia sp. strains were equally effective reducing A. alternata growth and mycotoxin at different temperatures underlining the importance of considering environmental factors in the selection of the antagonists.

Bases genéticas de la susceptibilidad a enfermedades infecciosas humanas / Genetic Basis of Susceptibility to Human Infectious Diseases

Los diferentes componentes genéticos juegan un papel importante en la determinación diferencial de la susceptibilidad a las principales enfermedades infecciosas de los humanos, tales como la malaria, la lepra, VIH/SIDA, tuberculosis y enfermedades por micobacterias, entre otras. La genética epidemiológica, incluyendo los estudios de gemelos, proporciona evidencia fuerte de que la variación genética en las poblaciones humanas contribuye a la susceptibilidad a dichas enfermedades. La genética humana de las enfermedades infecciosas ha postulado que un raro grupo de inmunodeficiencias primarias confiere vulnerabilidad a múltiples enfermedades infecciosas (un gen, múltiples infecciones), mientras que las enfermedades infecciosas comunes están asociadas con la herencia poligénica de múltiples genes de susceptibilidad (una infección, múltiples genes). Simultáneamente, se ha determinado, en varias infecciones comunes, la herencia de un gen principal de susceptibilidad, al menos en algunas poblaciones. Este nuevo paradigma (un gen, una infección) desdibuja la distinción entre la genética mendeliana basada en pacientes, y la genética de enfermedades complejas basadas en estudios de población, lo cual nos da una nueva forma de abordaje conceptual para explorar las bases moleculares de la genética de enfermedades infecciosas en los humanos.

Several genetic factors play an important role in determining differential susceptibility to major infectious diseases in human populations, such as malaria, leprosy, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and mycobacterial infections. Genetic epidemiology, including twin studies, provides robust evidence that genetic variation in human populations contributes to susceptibility to infectious disease. The dominant paradigm in the human genetics of infectious diseases postulates that rare monogenic immunodeficiencies confer vulnerability to multiple infectious diseases (one gene, multiple infections), whereas common infections are associated with the polygenic inheritance of multiple susceptibility genes (one infection, multiple genes). In parallel, several common infections have been shown to reflect the inheritance of one major susceptibility gene, at least in some populations. This new point of view (one gene, one infection), distort the distinction between patient-based Mendelian genetics and population-based complex genetics, and provides a unified conceptual frame for exploring the molecular genetic basis of infectious diseases in humans.

Modulation of chromatin folding by histone acetylation.

A homogeneous oligonucleosome complex was prepared by reconstitution of highly hyperacetylated histone octamers onto a linear DNA template consisting of 12 tandemly arranged 208-base pair fragments of the 5 S rRNA gene from the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. The ionic strength-dependent folding of this oligonucleosome assembly was monitored by sedimentation velocity and electron microscopy. Both types of analysis indicate that under ionic conditions resembling those found in the physiological range and in the absence of histone H1, the acetylated oligonucleosome complexes remain in an extended conformation in contrast to their nonacetylated counterparts. The implications of this finding in the context of a multistate model of chromatin folding (Hansen, J. C., and Ausio, J. (1992) TIBS 197, 187-191) as well as its biological relevance are discussed.