RESUMEN
Neglected tropical diseases affect over 1 billion people, and cause 170,000 deaths each year. They result in disability, stigma and disfigurement, and also push families into poverty. Tropical infections can involve the kidney, presenting as a wide variety of ways, varying from transient urinary abnormalities to severe acute kidney injury (AKI). It is important to assess renal function in patients with tropical infections for earlier detection of AKI, appropriate treatment and prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) outcome in some of them. There was an exponential increase in research on new kidney biomarkers that were earlier and specific for renal damage but few in the scope of tropical infections. In this review, we focus on kidney biomarkers that are being studied in some of the most prevalent tropical infections such as visceral leishmaniasis, leptospirosis, malaria, schistosomiasis and leprosy. Further studies are needed to evaluate the usefulness of renal biomarkers in the early diagnosis of renal diseases associated with tropical infections.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Renales/microbiología , Enfermedades Renales/parasitología , Riñón/patología , Lesión Renal Aguda , Biomarcadores , Humanos , Leishmaniasis Visceral/diagnóstico , Lepra/diagnóstico , Leptospirosis/diagnóstico , Malaria/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Desatendidas/diagnóstico , Esquistosomiasis/diagnósticoRESUMEN
This paper reviews a number of biomedical engineering approaches to help aid in the detection and treatment of tropical diseases such as dengue, malaria, cholera, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, ebola, leprosy, leishmaniasis, and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas). Many different forms of non-invasive approaches such as ultrasound, echocardiography and electrocardiography, bioelectrical impedance, optical detection, simplified and rapid serological tests such as lab-on-chip and micro-/nano-fluidic platforms and medical support systems such as artificial intelligence clinical support systems are discussed. The paper also reviewed the novel clinical diagnosis and management systems using artificial intelligence and bioelectrical impedance techniques for dengue clinical applications.
Asunto(s)
Ingeniería Biomédica/instrumentación , Impedancia Eléctrica , Técnicas Analíticas Microfluídicas/instrumentación , Medicina Tropical/instrumentación , Enfermedad de Chagas/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Chagas/patología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/diagnóstico , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/patología , Humanos , Leishmaniasis/diagnóstico , Leishmaniasis/patología , Lepra/diagnóstico , Lepra/patología , Malaria/diagnóstico , Malaria/patología , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Esquistosomiasis/patologíaRESUMEN
There are six diseases that WHO considers as the major threat in developing countries, leprosy, filariasis, malaria, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis; and of these only malaria does not present skin lesions. These diseases are among the so called tropical diseases found in countries of tropical climate, usually infections and infestations considered exotic and rare in European and North American countries. It is extremely important for doctors of all countries to be able to provide correct pre travel counseling and to make early diagnosis and treatment, thus avoiding dissemination of these dieases to non endemic areas. The authors review some important tropical diseases seen in Brazil, as paracoccidiodomycosis, lobomycosis, myiasis, tungiasis, and cutaneous schistosomiasis and discuss new information about them.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cutáneas Infecciosas , Brasil , Humanos , Lobomicosis/diagnóstico , Lobomicosis/terapia , Miasis/diagnóstico , Miasis/terapia , Paracoccidioidomicosis/diagnóstico , Paracoccidioidomicosis/terapia , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Esquistosomiasis/terapia , Enfermedades Cutáneas Infecciosas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Infecciosas/terapia , Enfermedades Cutáneas Parasitarias/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Parasitarias/terapia , Medicina Tropical , Tungiasis/diagnóstico , Tungiasis/terapiaRESUMEN
Genital symptoms in tropical countries and among returned travellers can arise from a variety of bacterial, protozoal, and helminthic infections which are not usually sexually transmitted. The symptoms may mimic classic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by producing ulceration (for example, amoebiasis, leishmaniasis), wart-like lesions (schistosomiasis), or lesions of the upper genital tract (epididymo-orchitis caused by tuberculosis, leprosy, and brucellosis; salpingitis as a result of tuberculosis, amoebiasis, and schistosomiasis). A variety of other genital symptoms less suggestive of STI are also seen in tropical countries. These include hydrocele (seen with filariasis), which can be no less stigmatising than STI, haemospermia (seen with schistosomiasis), and hypogonadism (which may occur in lepromatous leprosy). This article deals in turn with genital manifestations of filariasis, schistosomiasis, amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, tuberculosis and leprosy and gives clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Genitales Femeninos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Genitales Masculinos/diagnóstico , Amebiasis/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Filariasis/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Genitales Femeninos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Genitales Femeninos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Genitales Masculinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Genitales Masculinos/parasitología , Humanos , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/diagnóstico , Lepra/diagnóstico , Masculino , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis de los Genitales Femeninos/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis de los Genitales Masculinos/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Patologías por protozoarios: enfermedad de chagas; paludismo; leishmaniasis. Patologías por helmintos: hidatidosis; uncinariasis. Patologías por bacterias: brucelosis; lepra. Patologías por hongos: paracoccidioidomicosis; histoplasmosis. Patologías por virus: fiebre hemorrágica argentina. Patologías por intoxicaciones: hidroarsenicismo crónico regional endémico. Patologías exóticas conminantes: cólera; dengue; esquistosomiasis
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Chagas/diagnóstico , Helmintiasis/diagnóstico , Lepra/diagnóstico , Brucelosis/diagnóstico , Paracoccidioidomicosis/diagnóstico , Histoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/diagnóstico , Cólera/diagnóstico , Dengue/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Chagas/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Chagas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Protozoos/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Protozoos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Protozoos/tratamiento farmacológico , Helmintiasis/epidemiología , Helmintiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Lepra/epidemiología , Lepra/tratamiento farmacológico , Brucelosis/epidemiología , Brucelosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Paracoccidioidomicosis/epidemiología , Paracoccidioidomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Histoplasmosis/epidemiología , Histoplasmosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/epidemiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/terapia , Arsenicales/envenenamiento , Arsenicales/toxicidad , Contaminación Química del Agua/efectos adversos , Cólera/epidemiología , Cólera/tratamiento farmacológico , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/terapia , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Esquistosomiasis/epidemiología , Esquistosomiasis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Patologías por protozoarios: enfermedad de chagas; paludismo; leishmaniasis. Patologías por helmintos: hidatidosis; uncinariasis. Patologías por bacterias: brucelosis; lepra. Patologías por hongos: paracoccidioidomicosis; histoplasmosis. Patologías por virus: fiebre hemorrágica argentina. Patologías por intoxicaciones: hidroarsenicismo crónico regional endémico. Patologías exóticas conminantes: cólera; dengue; esquistosomiasis
Asunto(s)
Brucelosis/diagnóstico , Cólera/diagnóstico , Dengue/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Chagas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/diagnóstico , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/diagnóstico , Lepra/diagnóstico , Helmintiasis/diagnóstico , Histoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Paracoccidioidomicosis/diagnóstico , Arsenicales/envenenamiento , Arsenicales/toxicidad , Brucelosis/epidemiología , Brucelosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Cólera/epidemiología , Cólera/tratamiento farmacológico , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/terapia , Enfermedad de Chagas/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Chagas/tratamiento farmacológico , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Esquistosomiasis/epidemiología , Esquistosomiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/epidemiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Americana/terapia , Lepra/epidemiología , Lepra/tratamiento farmacológico , Helmintiasis/epidemiología , Helmintiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Histoplasmosis/epidemiología , Histoplasmosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Protozoos/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Protozoos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Protozoos/tratamiento farmacológico , Paracoccidioidomicosis/epidemiología , Paracoccidioidomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Contaminación Química del Agua/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Schistosoma mekongi, a parasite of the dog which is endemic in small foci along the Mikong river, is rarely seen in Europe. A case of schistosomiasis caused by S mekongi was recently seen in France, in a native of Laos who had been living in Thailand. He was admitted for treatment of previous diagnosed tuberculoid leprosy but was found to have hepatosplenomegaly, with a high eosinophil count and high bilirubin concentrations. Serological examination suggested schistosomiasis, but there were no parasites in the urine and the rectal mucosa looked normal on endoscopy. Nevertheless, rectal biopsy showed schistosomal proctitis and many ova of S mekongi. Two courses of praziquantel cleared the ova from his rectal mucosa. Although serological examination using S mansoni antigen suggested schistosomiasis, only biopsy of normal looking rectal mucosa allowed the diagnosis to established.
Asunto(s)
Recto/parasitología , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Adulto , Biopsia , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitología , Masculino , Praziquantel/uso terapéutico , Schistosoma/aislamiento & purificación , Esquistosomiasis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
An African patient with a hypopigmented plaque on the face, suggesting clinically tuberculoid leprosy or sarcoidosis, is described. Histology revealed palisading granulomas surrounding ova of Schistosoma mansoni.
Asunto(s)
Dermatosis Facial/diagnóstico , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Parasitarias/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Granuloma/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lepra/diagnóstico , Masculino , Sarcoidosis/diagnóstico , Schistosoma mansoniAsunto(s)
Viaje , Medicina Tropical , Anemia/etiología , Enfermedad Celíaca/diagnóstico , Diarrea/diagnóstico , Fiebre/diagnóstico , Humanos , Ictericia/diagnóstico , Lepra/diagnóstico , Malaria/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Parasitarias/diagnóstico , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Parasitarias/diagnósticoAsunto(s)
Enfermedades Cutáneas Infecciosas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Parasitarias/diagnóstico , Anemia de Células Falciformes/diagnóstico , Dracunculiasis/diagnóstico , Filariasis/diagnóstico , Granuloma/diagnóstico , Humanos , Larva Migrans/diagnóstico , Leishmaniasis/diagnóstico , Leishmaniasis Mucocutánea/diagnóstico , Lepra/diagnóstico , Liquen Plano/diagnóstico , Micetoma/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Mycobacterium/diagnóstico , Miasis/diagnóstico , Oncocercosis/diagnóstico , Pitiriasis/diagnóstico , Sarcoma de Kaposi/diagnóstico , Escabiosis/diagnóstico , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/diagnóstico , Tiña Versicolor/diagnóstico , Medicina Tropical , Tuberculosis Cutánea/diagnóstico , Reino UnidoAsunto(s)
Enfermedades Parasitarias/etiología , Examen Físico , Viaje , Adulto , África , Amebiasis/diagnóstico , Asia , Niño , Diarrea/diagnóstico , Eosinofilia/etiología , Heces/parasitología , Fiebre/diagnóstico , Filariasis/diagnóstico , Giardiasis/diagnóstico , Helmintiasis/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lepra/diagnóstico , Malaria/diagnóstico , Masculino , Enfermedades Parasitarias/sangre , Esquistosomiasis/diagnóstico , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Increased levels of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) may be related to a wide range of antigenic stimuli provided by a variety of infections to which people are repeatedly exposed. Most, if not all, of the natural antibodies against bacterial and cellular antigens have been found to belong to the IgM class. It is known that IgM levels in the blood increase in trypanosomiasis but it is not possible to demonstrate trypanosomes in all persons who show raised IgM levels in serological surveys in an endemic sleeping sickness area. Although survey data are limited, this paper discusses the usefulness of IgM tests as an aid to the detection of Trypanosoma rhodesiense infections.