Evidence level of the placement of screws outside pedicle in thoracic and lumbar spine / Nível de evidência sobre a colocação de parafusos fora do pedículo na coluna torácica e lombar / Nivel de evidencia de la colocación de tornillos fuera del pedículo en columna torácica y lumbar

ABSTRACT International recommendations in spine surgery require reproducible, safe and effective procedures. The placement of pedicle screws is technically demanding and relies on different methods of support, which result a high rate of complications related to suboptimal screw placement, with reports ranging from 15.7% to 40% according to Hansen-Algenstaedt N and Koktekir E in separate studies. This study carried out a systematic review of existing literature to identify the level of evidence of the placement of pedicle screws outside the pedicle in thoracic and lumbar spine. For the systematic review, a search of the existing literature, based on the use of MeSH terms in PubMed-Medline, Ovid, The Cochrane Library, MedicLatina, Elsevier, and EBSCO databases. According to the literature found, most authors agree that the placement of screws outside the pedicle itself does not represent a serious complication or that requires repositioning in a second surgery even when they are found to have a violation up to 50% of the medial wall of the pedicle. However, they agree that repositioning should be immediate if it is shown with imaging studies such as MRI and CT that endangers vascular and/or neurological structures, or are associated with biomechanical alterations of the spine. Level of Evidence II; Systematic Review of studies level II.

RESUMO As recomendações internacionais em cirurgia da coluna vertebral, forçam a execução de procedimentos reprodutíveis, seguros e eficazes. A colocação de Parafusos transpediculares é tecnicamente exigente e se baseia em métodos diferentes de apoio, dando como resultado uma alta taxa de complicações relacionadas com a colocação sub-optima de parafusos, apresentando relatórios variando de 15,7% para 40%, de acordo com Hansen-Algenstaedt N e Koktekir E em estudos independentes. Este estudo é uma revisão sistemática da literatura existente, identificando o nível de evidência sobre a colocação de parafusos transpediculares fora do pedículo em coluna torácica e lombar. Para a revisão sistemática, foi conduzida uma pesquisa da literatura, baseada no uso de termos MeSH, nos bancos de dados: PubMed-Medline, Ovid, The Cochrane Library, MedicLatina, Elsevier e EBSCO. De acordo com o encontrado, a maioria dos autores concordam que a colocação dos parafusos fora pedículo em si não representem uma complicação grave e não obriga a realocação deles em um segundo tempo cirúrgico, mesmo que eles apresentam uma violação de até 50% da parede medial do pedículo. No entanto, concordam que o posicionamento deve ser imediato se pôr em perigo as estruturas vasculares ou neurológicas ou estarem associados a alterações na biomecânica vertebral. Nível de Evidência II; Revisão Sistemática do nível de estudos II

RESUMEN Las recomendaciones internacionales en cirugía de columna obligan a realizar procedimientos reproducibles, seguros y eficaces. La colocación de tornillos trans-pediculares es demandante técnicamente y se apoya en diversos métodos de asistencia, que dan como resultado un alto índice de complicaciones relacionadas con la colocación subóptima de los tornillos, con reportes que van desde el 15,7% al 40% según Hansen-Algenstaedt N y Koktekir E en estudios independientes. Este estudio realiza una revisión sistemática de la literatura existente, donde se identifica el nivel de evidencia de la colocación de tornillos transpediculares fuera del pedículo en la columna torácica y lumbar. Para la revisión sistemática se realizó una búsqueda de la bibliografía existente, basada en la utilización de términos MeSH, en la base de datos: PubMed-Medline, Ovid, The Cochrane Library, MedicLatina, Elsevier y EBSCO. De acuerdo con la literatura encontrada, la mayoría de los autores concuerdan en que la colocación de tornillos fuera de pedículo en sí misma no representa una complicación grave o que requiera recolocación en un segundo tiempo quirúrgico, aun cuando se encuentren con una violación de hasta el 50% de la pared medial del pedículo; sin embargo concuerdan en que la recolocación debe ser inmediata si se demuestra con estudios de imagen como IRM y TAC que pone en riesgo estructuras vasculares y/o neurológicas, o se asocian a alteraciones biomecánicas de la columna vertebral.Nivel de Evidencia II; Revisión sistemática de Estudios de Nivel II.

Fracturas segmentarias de tibia / Segmental tibial fractures

Fundamento: las fracturas segmentarias de la diáfisis tibial (FSDT) son afecciones causadas por trauma de alta energía y están por lo general, asociadas a otras lesiones de partes blandas y óseas, que empeoran su pronóstico y hacen más difícil el tratamiento.Objetivo: profundizar en los elementos esenciales y características de pacientes que sufren de fracturas segmentarias de la diáfisis tibial.Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 400 artículos publicados en Pubmed, Hinari y Medline, mediante el localizador de información Endnote, de ellos se utilizaron 51 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 47 de ellas de los últimos cinco años, además se incluyeron cuatro libros.Desarrollo: se describen los mecanismos de producción más frecuentes, así como las principales diferencias entre las fracturas segmentarias y no segmentarias. En relación a la clasificación, se describió la propuesta por el grupo de Asociación para la Osteosíntesis (AO) en especial la del tipo C y la aplicación de la clasificación de Winquist R y Hansen S. Se hace referencia a los traumas asociados y las complicaciones reportadas en la literatura. Los tipos de tratamientos son por lo general quirúrgicos y pueden ser mediante enclavijado intramedular, uso de fijadores externos y placas subcutáneas. Conclusiones: las fracturas segmentarias de la diáfisis tibial son lesiones graves, que necesitan de acciones inmediatas, para prevenir o aminorar las complicaciones inmediatas y tardías características de esta lesión(AU)

Background: segmental tibial shaft fractures are affections caused by high energy traumatisms and are generally associated to other lesions of soft and osseous parts that make worse the prognosis and more difficult the treatment.Objective: to deepen in the essential elements and characteristics of patients who suffer from segmental tibial shaft fractures.Methods: a bibliographic review of 400 articles published in Pubmed, Hinari and Medline was made by means of the reference management software Endnote. Fifty-one references were selected for making the review, 47 of them were from the last five years and four books were included.Development: the most frequent mechanisms of production are described, as well as the main differences between segmental and non-segmental fractures. Regarding the classification, the proposal described by the Osteosynthesis Association, especially type C was described, as well as the application of the classification by Winquist R and Hansen S. The traumas associated and the complications reported in the literature are mentioned. The types of treatment are generally surgical and can be conducted by means of intramedullar nailing, external fixators and subcutaneous plates.Conclusions: segmental tibial shaft fractures are serious lesions that need to be treated immediately to prevent or reduce the instant complications and the belated characteristics of this lesion(AU)

Nail avulsion: indications and methods (surgical nail avulsion).

The nail is a subject of global importance for dermatologists, podiatrists and surgeons. Nail avulsion is a frequently undertaken, yet simple, intriguing procedure. It may either be surgical or chemical, using 40% urea. The former is most often undertaken using the distal approach. Nail avulsion may either be useful for diagnostic purposes like exploration of the nail bed, nail matrix and the nail folds and before contemplating a biopsy on the nail bed or for therapeutic purposes like onychocryptosis, warts, onychomycosis, chronic paronychia, nail tumors, matricectomy and retronychia. The procedure is carried out mostly under local anesthesia with or without epinephrine (1:2,00,000 dilution). Besides the above-mentioned indications, the contraindications and complications of nail avulsion are briefly outlined.

Resultados da descompressão e anteriorização do nervo ulnar no cotovelo / Results of ulnar nerve descompression and anterior transposition at the elbow

INTRODUÇÃO: A compressão do nervo ulnar no cotovelo é a segunda causa mais frequente de neuropatia compressiva no membro superior. Na maioria dos casos, a compressão ocorre no canal cubital, vulnerável à compressão extrínseca, intrínseca ou idiopática. O tratamento cirúrgico é controverso. MÉTODO: Os autores descrevem os resultados da descompressão e transposição anterior do nervo ulnar realizadas em 58 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se como causa principal a fratura de cotovelo e a hanseníase. Na Rede Sarah, entretanto, têm sido frequente (15 por cento) também as indicações por compressão causada por ossificação heterotópica em casos de lesados medulares e/ou cerebrais. Realizamos 57 por cento de procedimentos associados à retinaculotomia dos flexores, descompressão no canal de Guyon e transferência tendínea para músculos intrínsecos. Obteve-se 80 por cento de bons e excelentes resultados, 20 por cento de complicações, dor neuropática, distrofia simpática reflexa e manutenção dos sintomas, observadas em pacientes diabéticos e portadores de hanseníase.

INTRODUCTION: Ulnar nerve compression is the second most frequent entrapment neuropathy of the upper extremity. The most cases to occur at the elbow, with an extrinsic, intrinsic or idiopathic compression. The surgical technique varies. METHODS: This study assesses the results of a series of subcutaneous transpositions of the ulnar nerve. RESULTS: The most frequent cause is elbow fracture, and Hansen disease. In the Sarah Network is frequent heterotopic ossification entrapment because spinal cord injury and stroke. We performed 57 percent associated surgical procedures for Guyon, carpal decompression and tendinous transference. This study shows 80 percent cases were good and excellent results and 20 percent of complications, neuropathy pain, complex regional pain and persistent symptoms in diabetes and Hansen disease.

Disinfection, sterilization and operation theater guidelines for dermatosurgical practitioners in India.

Modern day dermatologists conduct different esthetic and surgical procedures, with risk of infective complications. Hence, infection control practices need to be established in dermatological practice to minimize the risk of exogenous infections. These practices include hand washing, cleaning, sterilization, disinfection, operation theater sterilization and specifications. Proper hand washing after examination of each patient and prior to any surgery with a formulation containing alcohol alone or as a combination with other agents reduces the chances of transferring infections to and from patients. Sterilization and disinfection constitute the most important aspect of infection control. Disinfectants and disinfecting procedures vary according to the environment and equipment. Proper knowledge of different processes/agents for sterilization and disinfection is essential. Disinfectants for use in hospitals should always be freshly prepared and should be of adequate strength. Sterilization is carried out most commonly using steam sterilizers or ethylene dioxide sterilizers. The waste generated during practice is a potential source of nosocomial infections and should be treated as per the proper protocol and guidelines. Trained staff to carry out these practices is essential.

[Guideline for the treatment of Hansen's disease in Japan (Second edition)].

ad hoc committee of Japanese Leprosy Association recommends revised standard treatment protocol of leprosy in Japan, which is a modification of World Health Organization's multidrug therapy (WHO/MDT, 1997). For paucibacillary (PB) leprosy, 6 months treatment by rifampicin and dapsone (MDT/PB) is enough. However, for high bacterial load multibacillary (MB) leprosy, 12 months treatment seems insufficient. Thus, (A) For MB with bacterial index (BI) > or = 3 before treatment, 2 years treatment by rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine (MDT/MB) is necessary. When BI become negative and active lesion is lost within 2 years, no maintenance therapy is necessary. When BI is still positive, one year of MDT/MB is added (3 years in total), followed by maintenance therapy by dapsone and clofazimine until BI negativity and loss of active lesions. (B) For MB with BI < 3 or fresh MB (less than 6 months after the onset of the disease) with BI > or = 3, 1 year treatment by MDT/MB is necessary. When BI become negative and active lesion is lost within one year, no maintenance therapy is necessary. When BI is still positive or active lesion is remaining, additional therapy with MDT/MB for one more year is recommended. This is a simplification of first version in 2000. Brief summary of diagnosis, purpose of therapy, character of drugs, and prevention of deformity is also described.

Re-enablement of the neurologically impaired hand--2: surgical correction. report of a surgical workshop held at Green Pastures Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre, November 2004, Pokhara, Nepal.

The last half-century has seen tremendous advances in the surgical treatment of neuropathic conditions of the hand. Many of these procedures give clear benefit to patients and have been established by clinical practice and well-formulated assessment. However, much remains to be discovered, especially with respect to which procedures should be used on which hands, and the impact of various procedures on the ability to carry out activities of daily living. Increased communication between the 'West', where funding is available for well designed trials and where reference textbooks are usually published, and the 'East', where the surgery is most commonly performed, will undoubtedly lead to an even better understanding of the treatment of the neuropathic hand.

Reconstructive surgery in upper limbs in leprosy.

Of all the deformities in leprosy, 80% require minor surgery and the rest major surgery. Upper and lower limbs and face are mainly affected by deformities. Either the median or ulnar nerve and rarely the radial nerve are involved in isolation or in combination. Tendon transfer is the only option available in cases of deformities like simian hand, ulnar claw hand, wrist drop and failure to the metacarpals. The only motor function to be restored in median nerve palsy is opponensplasty. For radial nerve palsy standard FCU transfer, FDS transfer and FCR transfer are the reconstructive methods. For ulnar nerve palsy, an intrinsic minus hand function is restored by the motors PL, ECRL, FDS, EIP or EDM extended by four tail fascia lata graft onto lateral or ulnar bands of fingers. When ulnar nerve is part of much more extensive paralysis, reducing the availability of suitable motors, static mathods of conection of claw hand are done.

Surgery for neuritis in leprosy: indications for and results of different types of procedures.

From December 1988 to December 1992, 129 surgical procedures were performed on the peripheral nerves of 64 leprosy patients at the Hospital Cardinal Léger de l'Institut Fame Pereo for leprosy control in Haiti. Sixty-four patients totalizing 129 nerves with sufficient clinical data form the basis of this study. Based on the retrospective analysis of the operated cases, a new classification built on macroscopic findings of the involved nerves is presented. Five grades, according to the presenting aspects of these nerves, are set up as guides for different surgical procedures to be performed on the nerves: external decompression for the lesser grades I and II, intraneural neurolysis, interfascicular neurolysis for the higher grades III and IV, cleaning, and debridement for grade V. The final results are discussed. This new macroscopic grading done at surgery helps to minimize the aggressive procedures performed on nerve trunks, decrease the morbidity of surgical action on the nerve vascular structures, and consequently, preserves all possible sensory and motor functions of a nerve.

Resultados da correçäo cirúrgica do lagoftalmo (técnica de Gillies) em doentes de hanseníase / Results of surgical correction of lagophthalmos (Gillies technique) in leprosy patients

Foram analisados os resultados de 51 cirurgias de transferência do músculo temporal (Técnica de Gillies), realizadas em 34 pacientes com lagoftalmo. O principal objetivo foi avaliar a extensao e o tempo para recuperaçao da oclusao palpebral voluntária e o efeito estático da técnica sobre a pálpebra inferior, nos casos com ectrópio parcial e epífora. Em 34 (66.67 por cento) olhos houve recuperaçao completa e duradoura da oclusao palpebral voluntária. As medianas dos tempos para obtençao de fendapalpebral zero, ao morder, foram de 8 dias (l - 120) nos casos do grupo excelente e de 14 dias (l - 120) nos casos do grupo bom. A correçao do ectrópio parcial e epífora foi constatada em 15 (83,33 por cento) olhos. A recuperaçao da oclusao palpebral voluntária e a reposiçao da pálpebra inferior, observada na maioria dos casos, confirmam a efetividade da técnica de Gillies para correçao do lagoftalmo.

Resultados de neurolise de nervo ulnar em neurite hansênica / Results of neurolysis of the ulnar nerve in leprosy neuritis

Um grupo de 33 pacientes de hanseníase apresentando neurite do nervo ulnar foram submetidos a neurolise com transposiçao anterior sub-cutânea deste nervo. A cirurgia foi indicada devido à progressiva piora da funçao neural mesmo com tratamento clínico. O teste com monofilamentos de Semme-Weinstein e avaliaçao de força motora foram utilizados para avaliar os pacientes antes e 12 meses após a cirurgia, 39,3 por cento apresentaram melhora, 39,3 por cento permaneceram estáveis e 21,4 por cento apresentaram piora da funçao neural.

A cirurgia de Smith na perda do movimento de aduçäo do polegar / Smith's surgery in the loss of the thumb adduction movement

Os autores analisam os resultados obtidos pela técnica cirúrgica descrita por Smith, que consiste na transferência do tendäo extensor radial curto do carpo para o tendäo do músculo adutor do polegar em sete pacientes com incapacidade da realizaçäo do movimento de aduçäo do polegar, devido à lesäo traumática do nervo ulnal (qatro casos) e neuropatia ulnal (três casos) causada pelo mal de Hansen.

Characteristics and operative management of supination external rotation ankle fractures.

Identification and management of the acutely fractured ankle is discussed by the authors. The Lauge Hansen classification system, and in particular, supination-external rotation injuries, is evaluated. Intraoperative technique, perioperative considerations, and generalized management of these pathologic conditions are reviewed, according to the authors' experiences.

Acid-fast bacilli detected in umbilical codes and skins of human at cases of surgical operation.

Acid-fast bacilli were detected in 13 (27%) of 49 skin samples in surgical operation under the procedures of collection of bacilli by centrifuging the filtrate of tissue homogenate through adsorbent cotton. Ten specimens (20%) contained cultivable organisms, including M. simiae (9 specimens) and M. gordonae (one specimen). The other 3 specimens did not contain any cultivable organism, although microscopic observation revealed the presence of acid-fast bacilli. Eight (17%) of 48 raw umbilical codes of babies received Cesarian operation were positive for acid-fast bacilli in the smear preparation. Six (13%) were positive in cultivation and the organisms were identified as M. simiae (4 cases), M. scrofulaceum (1 case) and M. avium-complex (1 case). The remaining two specimens were negative in cultivable bacteria in spite of obvious presence of acid-fast bacilli. In the case of frozen umbilical codes, 9 specimens (16%) were positive in acid-fast bacilli, only 3 cases of which were positive in cultivable organisms, including M. gordonae (2 cases) and M. scrofulaceum (one case). M. simiae was not detected in cultivation of frozen materials. The purpose of this experiment was to isolate the microscopically detectable but uncultivable acid-fast bacilli, using experimental infection system induced in nude mouse. However, two experiments separately performed failed to achieve this purpose, because of contamination of the cultivable acid-fast bacilli among mice or death of the organisms during storage.

The management of reaction in leprosy.

Reaction and the subsequent development of neuritis is the basis for the majority of the disabilities and deformities that occur in leprosy. All possible means to prevent, to treat, and to reverse every reaction should be employed in all-out effort to ultimately effect as ideal a functional status for the patient as can be attained.