Ankle syndesmotic ligaments avulsion fractures: incidence in adult population.

BACKGROUND: Distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury is often associated with ankle fractures in adults. Injuries to the anterior/posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL/PITFL) may present as a mid-substance tear or as an avulsion at insertion. Tibial and fibular avulsion of the AITFL is known as Tillaux fracture and Wagstaffe fracture, respectively. Tibial avulsion of the PITFL is referred to as a Volkmann fracture, and fibular avulsion of the PITFL is still undefined and has not been reported yet. The aim of this study is to summarize the incidence of these four avulsions, that is, tibial and fibular avulsions of the AITFL and PITFL. METHOD: Radiography and computed tomography (CT) imaging data of all adult patients with ankle fractures treated at our hospital between November 2010 and March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. All ankle fractures were classified according to the Weber-AO and Lauge-Hansen classification systems by two experienced radiologists and two surgeons. The incidence of the four avulsions of the AITFL/PITFL was determined. RESULTS: In total, 1,770 ankle fractures in 1,758 patients were included in this study. The total incidence of avulsions at the four insertions of the AITFL/PITFL (occurring at one, two, or three insertions) was found to be 26.3% (465/1,770). Volkmann fracture had the highest incidence (19.9%, 353/1,770), and it was followed by Tillaux fracture (5.3%, 93/1,770), Wagstaffe fracture (3.3%, 59/1,770), and fibular avulsion of the PITFL (0.5%, 8/1,770). It is noteworthy that fibular avulsion of the PITFL has been reported here for the first time. The incidence of avulsion at one insertion was 23.6% (418/1770) and 2.7% (47/1770) at multiple insertions. CONCLUSION: In adult ankle fractures, avulsion occurs at the four insertions of the AITFL/PITFL in more than 25% of patients. The tibial insertion of the PITFL had the highest incidence of avulsion among the four insertions, while the fibular insertion of the PITFL had the lowest. The four types of avulsions can be isolated or in association with other avulsions. Future research studies on these four types of avulsion fractures would help in accurate diagnosis, decision-making and treatment of ankle Syndesmosis injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Global patterns of syphilis, gonococcal infection, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and leprosy from 1990 to 2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

BACKGROUND: Certain infectious diseases are caused by specific bacterial pathogens, including syphilis, gonorrhea, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, leprosy, and tuberculosis. These diseases significantly impact global health, contributing heavily to the disease burden. The study aims to thoroughly evaluate the global burden of syphilis, gonorrhea, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and leprosy. METHODS: Leveraging the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021, age-specific and Socio-demographic Index (SDI)-specific incidence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and death for eight specific bacterial infections across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed. Percentage changes in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), DALY rate, and mortality rate (ASMR) were also examined, with a focus on disease distribution across different regions, age groups, genders, and SDI. RESULTS: By 2021, among the eight diseases, gonococcal infection had the highest global ASIR [1096.58 per 100,000 population, 95% uncertainty interval (UI): 838.70, 1385.47 per 100,000 population], and syphilis had the highest global age-standardized DALY rate (107.13 per 100,000 population, 95% UI: 41.77, 212.12 per 100,000 population). Except for syphilis and gonococcal infection, the age-standardized DALY rate of the remaining diseases decreased by at least 55% compared to 1990, with tetanus showing the largest decrease by at least 90%. Globally, significant declines in the ASIR, age-standardized DALY rate, and ASMR for these eight bacterial infections have been observed in association with increases in the SDI. Regions with lower SDI, such as sub-Saharan Africa, experienced a relatively higher burden of these eight bacterial infections. CONCLUSIONS: Although there has been an overall decline in these eight diseases, they continue to pose significant public health challenges, particularly in low SDI regions. To further reduce this burden in these areas, targeted intervention strategies are essential, including multi-sectoral collaboration, policy support, improved WASH management, and enhanced research efforts.

Epidemiología y clínica de los pacientes con lepra en un centro de referencia de Paraguay / Epidemiology and clinical features of patients with leprosy in a reference center in Paraguay

RESUMEN Introducción: lepra (enfermedad de Hansen) es una patología infecciosa desatendida que afecta piel y nervios periféricos, desencadenando neuropatías y complicaciones como deformidades y discapacidades. Objetivos: determinar características epidemiológicas y clínicas de pacientes con lepra en el Centro de Especialidades Dermatológicas del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social de Paraguay, de enero 2021 a diciembre 2022. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. La gestión y análisis de datos se realizó en planilla electrónica (Excel del programa Microsoft Office 365 versión 2405), luego se realizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se diagnosticaron 123 casos de lepra, 45 (36,58 %) eran mujeres y 78 (63,42 %) varones; las edades estaban entre 17 y 86 años, el rango más afectado fue de 41 a 50 años. Eran lepra multibacilar 112 casos (91,06%). El signo más frecuente fue la placa infiltrada, presentada en 88 casos (71,54%). 58 pacientes (47,15%) presentaron reacciones lepromatosas, siendo, 31 casos de tipo 1 (53,45 %). 34 casos (27,64%) presentaron discapacidad grado 1 y 10 casos (8,13%) discapacidad grado 2. Conclusión: el perfil del paciente con lepra fue del sexo masculino entre 41 a 50 años, siendo la mayoría casos multibacilares. Es fundamentales el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado para reducir la carga de la enfermedad y las discapacidades.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a neglected infectious disease that affects skin and peripheral nerves, triggering neuropathies and complications such as deformities and disabilities. Objective: determine epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with Leprosy in the Dermatological Specialties Center of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare of Paraguay, from January 2021 to December 2022. Methodology: descriptive, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Data management and analysis was carried out in an electronic spreadsheet (Excel from Microsoft Office 365 version 2405), then descriptive statistics were performed. Results: 123 cases of leprosy were diagnosed, 45 (36.58 %) were women and 78 (63.42 %) were men; the ages were between 17 and 86 years, the most affected range was 41 to 50 years. 112 cases (91.06 %) were multibacillary leprosy. The most frequent sign was infiltrated plaque, present in 88 cases (71.54 %). 58 patients (47.15 %) presented lepromatous reactions, 31 cases of type 1 (53.45 %). 34 cases (27.64 %) presented grade 1 disability and 10 cases (8.13 %) grade 2 disability. Conclusion: The profile of the patient with leprosy was male between 41 and 50 years, the majority being multibacillary cases. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential to reduce the burden of the disease and disabilities.

Clinical and demographic characteristics of mucous membrane pemphigoid in India: A retrospective analysis.

Background Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a rare subepidermal autoimmune blistering disorder. The clinical and demographic parameters of this disease in Indian patients have not yet been elucidated in detail. Objective We aimed to study the clinical and demographic characteristics, disease course, and treatment aspects of MMP patients. Methods The data for this study were obtained by reviewing the case record forms of patients registered in the Autoimmune Bullous Disease (AIBD) Clinic of the Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, a tertiary care centre in India. The diagnosis of MMP was established on the basis of clinical and immune-histopathological features which are consistent with standard diagnostic criteria for the disease. Results A total of 52 patients with MMP registered in the AIBD clinic were included. The mean age at disease onset was 50 years and the average age at presentation was 56 years. Females outnumbered males in the study with a ratio of 1.36:1. The oral and ocular mucosae were the most commonly affected sites (82.6% and 63.4% respectively). Visual difficulty was reported by half the patients (26 of 52 patients). IgG, C3, and IgA deposits were detected on direct immunofluorescence (DIF) in 29, 21, and 11 patients, respectively. Serologic analysis was performed in only 7 of the patients and of these, just 1 exhibited a positive result on multivariant ELISA and epidermal pattern of binding on salt split skin indirect immunofluorescence. Most patients were treated with prednisolone (44 of 52). Steroid-sparing adjuvants were used in combination including cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, dapsone, and colchicine. Rituximab was administered in 7 patients with severe or refractory disease. Limitations This is a retrospective analysis of data available from a clinic registry. In patients with negative direct immunofluorescence on biopsy, the diagnosis was based on clinico-pathologic consensus. Conclusion MMP is not as uncommon in India as the paucity of reports suggest. Visual complications are frequent in Indian MMP patients. A high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent ocular complications.

Posterior Malleolus Fracture Fixation In Lateral Decubitus Position: Surgical Technique and Results in 60 Patients.

The present study shows how posterior malleolus fractures (PMFs) and distal fibular fractures were fixed using the posterolateral approach with the patient in lateral decubitus position, not previously described in the literature. This technique has been used in 60 consecutive patients (42 women and 18 men; mean age 54.7; range 21-92 years), 33 of which presented as fracture dislocations from March, 2021 to December, 2023. After PMFs fixation in lateral decubitus position, release of the sacral support allowed patients to be placed supine (without de-sterilizing the operative field), in order to proceed with medial malleolus or posteromedial fragment fixation. Fractures were classified according to the Lauge Hansen classification as SER4 (n = 50), PER4 (n = 7), SAD (n = 1), and PAB (n = 2). Fractures were classified according to Rammelt & Bartonicek, as type B (n = 40), C (n = 13), and D (n = 7). During the same period of time 14 fractures involving the PM, classified as type A, were treated with indirect fixation, whilst 6 geriatric and/or poor mobility patients with fracture dislocations were treated with retrograde hindfoot nail fixation. Follow-up period ranged from 4-36 months (mean = 14.4; SD = 8.8). Complications occurred in 5 patients (8.3%; 3 had delayed (medial) wound healing, one developed CRPS and one required implants removal and arthroscopy because of metal irritation and stiffness). No deep infections, thromboembolic events, fracture malreductions or malunions were recorded and all patients returned to the preinjury mobilization status. In conclusion, PM fracture fixation was feasible and safely performed with patients in lateral decubitus position.

Disentangling the relationship between cancer mortality and COVID-19 in the US.

Cancer is considered a risk factor for COVID-19 mortality, yet several countries have reported that deaths with a primary code of cancer remained within historic levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we further elucidate the relationship between cancer mortality and COVID-19 on a population level in the US. We compared pandemic-related mortality patterns from underlying and multiple cause (MC) death data for six types of cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's. Any pandemic-related changes in coding practices should be eliminated by study of MC data. Nationally in 2020, MC cancer mortality rose by only 3% over a pre-pandemic baseline, corresponding to ~13,600 excess deaths. Mortality elevation was measurably higher for less deadly cancers (breast, colorectal, and hematological, 2-7%) than cancers with a poor survival rate (lung and pancreatic, 0-1%). In comparison, there was substantial elevation in MC deaths from diabetes (37%) and Alzheimer's (19%). To understand these differences, we simulated the expected excess mortality for each condition using COVID-19 attack rates, life expectancy, population size, and mean age of individuals living with each condition. We find that the observed mortality differences are primarily explained by differences in life expectancy, with the risk of death from deadly cancers outcompeting the risk of death from COVID-19.

Establishing the true death toll of a pandemic like COVID-19 is difficult, as laboratory testing is generally too limited to directly count the number of deaths that can be attributed to a particular pathogen. To overcome this, researchers analyse excess mortality ­ that is, they compare the observed number of deaths with the expected level based on trends in prior years. These techniques have been used for over 100 years to estimate the burden of pandemic influenza and became a popular way to estimate deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Excess mortality can also reveal the impact of COVID-19 on sub-populations with chronic conditions. For example, previous studies showed that deaths with diabetes, heart disease and Alzheimer's disease listed as the primary cause of death increased during waves of COVID-19. Cancer deaths did not show such a pattern, however, despite some epidemiological studies identifying cancer as a risk factor for COVID-19 mortality. To understand why this may be the case, Hansen et al. reviewed death certificates from different states in the United States during the first year of the pandemic. Their analyses of multiple-cause death records (listing cancer anywhere on the death certificate, not just as the primary cause of death) showed that death certificate coding practices during the pandemic did not explain the absence of excess cancer mortality. While a low level of excess mortality was detectable for cancers with longer life expectancy (breast cancer, for example), no elevation was observed for cancers with lower life expectancy, such as pancreatic cancer. The analyses demonstrate that the lack of excess mortality for especially deadly cancers can be explained through competing risks ­ in other words, the high risk of dying from the cancer itself vastly outweighs the additional risk posed by COVID-19. These findings shed light on how competing mortality risks might mask the true impact of COVID-19 on cancer mortality and explain the apparent discrepancy between cohort studies and excess mortality studies. To fully comprehend the impact of COVID-19 on patients living with cancers, future research should look at the possibility of longer-term increases in cancer mortality due to late diagnosis during pandemic lockdowns, and an elevated risk of severe illness.

Understanding the mechanism of injury and fracture pattern of paediatric triplane ankle fractures versus adult trimalleolar fractures.

Aims: Paediatric triplane fractures and adult trimalleolar ankle fractures both arise from a supination external rotation injury. By relating the experience of adult to paediatric fractures, clarification has been sought on the sequence of injury, ligament involvement, and fracture pattern of triplane fractures. This study explores the similarities between triplane and trimalleolar fractures for each stage of the Lauge-Hansen classification, with the aim of aiding reduction and fixation techniques. Methods: Imaging data of 83 paediatric patients with triplane fractures and 100 adult patients with trimalleolar fractures were collected, and their fracture morphology was compared using fracture maps. Visual fracture maps were assessed, classified, and compared with each other, to establish the progression of injury according to the Lauge-Hansen classification. Results: Four stages of injury in triplane fractures, resembling the adult supination external rotation Lauge-Hansen stages, were observed. Stage I consists of rupture of the anterior syndesmosis or small avulsion of the anterolateral tibia in trimalleolar fractures, and the avulsion of a larger Tillaux fragment in triplanes. Stage II is defined as oblique fracturing of the fibula at the level of the syndesmosis, present in all trimalleolar fractures and in 30% (25/83) of triplane fractures. Stage III is the fracturing of the posterior malleolus. In trimalleolar fractures, the different Haraguchi types can be discerned. In triplane fractures, the delineation of the posterior fragment has a wave-like shape, which is part of the characteristic Y-pattern of triplane fractures, originating from the Tillaux fragment. Stage IV represents a fracture of the medial malleolus, which is highly variable in both the trimalleolar and triplane fractures. Conclusion: The paediatric triplane and adult trimalleolar fractures share common features according to the Lauge-Hansen classification. This highlights that the adolescent injury arises from a combination of ligament traction and a growth plate in the process of closing. With this knowledge, a specific sequence of reduction and optimal screw positions are recommended.

A retrospective analysis thyroid function and ultrasonography in a group of subjects with lepramatous leprosy in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: There are several studies on thyroid functions and thyroid gland features in patients with leprosy in the literature. The relationship between them have not been clarified yet. These studies are time-expired and don't contain ultrasonography examination. The purpose of the study is to investigate thyroid functions and gland characteristics in leprosy patients by ultrasonography (US) and current laboratory techniques. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted by collecting the data of patients with lepramatous leprosy. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, anti-thyroid peroxidase, antithyroglobulin, and thyroglobulin values and thyroid ultrasonography reports were collected from previous records. RESULTS: The mean age is 75.12±9.89 years of total 17 subjects and 10 patients (58.8%) were male. Thyroid US was performed on 14 of the patients, nodules were detected in a total of 7 (50%) patients. The mean FT3, FT4, TSH, Anti-Tpo, Anti-TG, and TG values of the patients were found to be within normal limits. CONCLUSION: In the present study, no changes were detected in the thyroid functions and structures of the patients with Lepromatous Leprosy. We consider that prospective randomized studies that will include larger sample sizes are needed to determine whether there is a relationship between leprosy and thyroid disease.

Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria and the emergence of rare species in Henan Province, China.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is a large group of mycobacteria other than the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Mycobacterium leprae. Epidemiological investigations have found that the incidence of NTM infections is increasing in China, and it is naturally resistant to many antibiotics. Therefore, studies of NTM species in clinical isolates are useful for understanding the epidemiology of NTM infections. The present study aimed to investigate the incidence of NTM infections and types of NTM species. Of the 420 samples collected, 285 were positive for M. tuberculosis, 62 samples were negative, and the remaining 73 samples contained NTM, including 35 (8.3%) only NTM and 38 (9%) mixed (M. tuberculosis and NTM). The most prevalent NTM species were Mycobacterium intracellulare (30.1%), followed by Mycobacterium abscessus (15%) and M. triviale (12%). M. gordonae infection was detected in 9.5% of total NTM-positive cases. Moreover, this study reports the presence of Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum infection and a high prevalence of M. triviale for the first time in Henan. M. intracellulare is the most prevalent, accompanied by some emerging NTM species, including M. nonchromogenicum and a high prevalence of M. triviale in Henan Province. Monitoring NTM transmission and epidemiology could enhance mycobacteriosis management in future.

The burden of skin diseases in China: global burden of Disease Study 2019.

Skin diseases continue to affect human health and cause a significant disease burden on the healthcare system.We aimed to report the changing trends in the burden of skin disease in China from 1990 to 2019, Which has an important role in developing targeted prevention strategies. We applied Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 analytical tools to calculate the age-standardized Prevalence and Incidence in 2019, number of years lived with disability (YLDs) and age-standardized YLDs from 1990 to 2019 of skin and subcutaneous diseases, notifiable infectious skin diseases and skin tumors in China. Among the skin and subcutaneous diseases in China in 2019, dermatitis contributed to the greatest YLD (2.17 million, 95% uncertainty interval[UI]: 1.28-3.36). Age-standardized YLD rates for leprosy decreased from 0.09 (95%UI: 0.06-0.13) in 1990 to 0.04 (95%UI: 0.03-0.06) in 2019; the proportional decrease was 55.56% over 30 years. Age-standardized YLDs for HIV and sexually transmitted infections increased by 26% during the same time period. Age-standardized YLDs for non-melanoma skin cancer increased at a much higher rate than melanoma between 1990 and 2019. Dermatitis and scabies continue to have an important role in the burden of skin and subcutaneous disease burden in China. The burden of non-melanoma cell cancer has increased most significantly over the past three decades.

Role of C4d immunohistochemical marker in the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid: A cross-sectional study.

Objective To determine the diagnostic utility of C4d immunohistochemical marker in cases of bullous pemphigoid by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Methods We conducted an exploratory study (retrospectively and prospectively) from January 2017 to June 2022. All direct immunofluorescence proven cases of bullous pemphigoid were included in the study while cases with inadequate tissue for immunohistochemistry studies were excluded. Results Among the 57 cases of bullous pemphigoid, 49 showed positivity for C4d marker. All the ten control cases of inflammatory dermatoses were negative for C4d staining. A sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 55.56% were calculated with a confidence interval of 95%. Limitation It is a single centre study. Selection bias may come into play. Conclusion Direct immunofluorescence on fresh or frozen skin tissue remains the gold standard. But in circumstances where direct immunofluorescence facilities are not available, C4d immunohistochemistry marker staining on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material submitted for standard microscopic investigation can, in most cases, confirm the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid, obviating the need for a second biopsy.

Eficacia de plantillas y zapatos terapéuticos en la reducción de la incidencia de ulceración en pacientes con neuropatía diabética: una revisión sistemática con metaanálisis / Efficacy of insoles and therapeutic shoes in the reduction of the ulceration incidence in diabetic neuropathy patients: A Systematic Review with meta-analysis

Objetivo Investigar el nivel de eficacia de plantillas personalizadas y zapatos terapéuticos en la reducción de la presión plantar y la incidencia de ulceración en presencia de neuropatía diabética. Metodología Las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cinahls, Central Cochrane y Lilacs fueron encuestados en enero de 2020. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) que reportaron pacientes con neuropatía diabética sometidos a intervención con plantillas y calzado terapéutico en comparación con un grupo control. La calidad de las publicaciones se evaluó mediante la escala PEDro y la evidencia mediante la clasificación GRADE. En cuanto al metaanálisis, se realizó la agrupación de datos homogéneos y comparables. Resultados Se incluyeron 11 estudios, lo que resultó en una muestra de 1.443 participantes. Siete artículos presentaron datos suficientes para el metaanálisis. En el corto plazo, el riesgo relativo de protección fue de 0,23 (IC 95%; 0,07; 0,72), mientras que en el largo plazo el riesgo fue de 0,32 (IC 95%; 0,21; 0,48). La escala GRADE señaló baja calidad de evidencia en cuanto a la protección a corto plazo y alta calidad a largo plazo En el análisis cualitativo, seis estudios concluyeron que hubo reducción en la presión plantar del grupo de intervención. Conclusión Se encontró efecto protector del uso de plantillas en el desarrollo de úlceras a corto y largo plazo. (AU)

Objective To investigate the level of efficacy of personalized insoles and therapeutical shoes in plantar pressure and ulceration incidence reduction in the presence of diabetic neuropathy. Methodology The data bases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cinahls, Central Cochrane and Lilacs were surveyed in January/2020. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) were included that reported diabetic neuropathy patients submitted to intervention with insoles and therapeutical shoes compared to a control group. The quality of the publications was evaluated using the PEDro scale and the evidence by the GRADE classification. Regarding the meta-analysis, the grouping of homogeneous and comparable data was carried out. Results Eleven studies were included, which resulted in a sample containing 1,443 participants. Seven papers presented enough data for the meta-analysis. In the short term, the protection relative risk was 0.23 (IC95% 0.07;0.72), while in the long term, the risk was 0.32 (IC95% 0.21;0.48). The GRADE scale pointed out low evidence quality regarding short-term protection and high quality in the long term. In the qualitative analysis, six studies concluded that there was reduction in the plantar pressure of the intervention group. Conclusion Protective effect of using insoles was found in the development of ulcers in the short and long term. (AU)

Eyebrow trichoscopy in leprosy.

BACKGROUND: Trichoscopy is a noninvasive technique based on the analysis of hair structures and the scalp, which allows for early diagnosis of different forms of alopecia. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the Dermatology Department of Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González" in Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico. We included 25 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of leprosy. Ten dermoscopic characteristics were assessed in the eyebrows of these patients. Images of the medial and distal portions of the eyebrows were included. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used for the analysis of coherence between the findings of two dermatologists. RESULTS: Of the 25 patients, 14 were male (56%) and 11 were female (44%), with a median age of 60.28 years (IQR: 40-87). The most common findings in the medial eyebrow included vellus hair (96%) and white-yellowish structureless areas (84%). Furthermore, the most common features of the distal eyebrow included vellus hair (96%), white yellowish structureless areas (92%), and pinpoint white dots (92%). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to describe trichoscopy findings in different leprosy subtypes and classify them into medial and distal eyebrow findings, which seem to be the most affected areas. Identification of these changes is easier in the distal portion of the eyebrows in every subtype of leprosy. We also discovered new trichoscopic findings in the eyebrows: perifollicular hyperpigmentation and yellow dots.

Five-year pattern of adnexal tumors of the skin in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Adnexal tumors of the skin are rare neoplasms that encompass a wide range of dermatologic entities. Here, we investigated the pattern of adnexal tumors of the skin in the All African Leprosy and Tuberculosis Rehabilitation and Training Center (ALERT) hospital retrospectively. METHODS: A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted at ALERT from histopathology records in the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) pathology laboratory of patients diagnosed with any of the skin adnexal tumors during the time period January 2017 to December 2021. A structured data extraction sheet was used. Data entry was done using EpiData 4.6.0.6. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. RESULT: A total of 146 skin adnexal tumors were identified making the magnitude 2.8% of total biopsies. The 3rd decade of life was found to be the most common age group. Male-to-female ratio was 1 : 1.05. Majority of the tumors were benign (82.2%) and had sweat gland differentiation at 48.6%. Poroma (10.9%) was the most frequent tumor, whereas porocarcinoma (6.8%) made up the most frequent malignant tumor. The most common site was the head and neck region (48.6%). Only 21.2% of the tumors were correctly identified clinically. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of skin adnexal tumors is found to be slightly higher than other similar studies which could be because it was carried out in the largest dermatologic center in the country. The most common skin adnexal tumors identified, their localizations, and lines of differentiation are all in line with other studies. Histopathologic examination is mandatory for the accurate diagnosis of these tumors.

Perfil de sensibilização de pacientes submetidos ao teste de contato no Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima no período de 2017 a 2023 / Sensitization profile of patients undergoing patch testing at the Lauro de Souza Lima Institute from 2017 to 2023

Introdução: O teste de contato (patch teste) é o padrão ouro para diagnóstico de dermatites alérgicas de contato (DACs), possibilitando a identificação do agente desencadeante. Mudanças nos hábitos de vida e exposição a novos agentes sensibilizantes presentes em medicamentos, cosméticos e outros produtos podem induzir mudanças no perfil de sensibilização da população. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento do perfil dos pacientes que efetuaram o teste de contato no Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima (ILSL) no período entre 2017 e 2023, bem como a frequência de sensibilização aos elementos testados, para identificar alterações devido à pandemia de COVID-19. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo no ILSL, analisando os registros dos testes realizados de julho de 2017 a junho de 2023. Parâmetros como sexo, idade, atividade profissional, localização das lesões e sensibilização aos elementos testados da bateria padrão (n=30) e de cosméticos (n=10) foram avaliados. As reações foram classificadas de acordo com as recomendações do International Contact Dermatitis Research Group e os dados foram analisados usando o teste do qui-quadrado. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 738 indivíduos, sendo 67,9% do sexo feminino, com idade média de 45,4 anos. As regiões mais afetadas foram mãos (62,45%), pés (45,99%) e braços (26,58%). 75,80% apresentaram reação positiva a pelo menos uma das 40 substâncias testadas. O sulfato de níquel foi o elemento mais prevalente (35,91%), seguido por cloreto de cobalto (24,12%) e timerosol (15,04%). Na análise da bateria de cosméticos, verificamos maior prevalência de sensibilização ao amerchol L-101 (11,24%), bronopol (3,79%) e tonsilamida (3,11%). A sensibilização ao amerchol L-101 mostrou-se crescente a partir de 2020 com maior incidência em 2021 e permaneceu elevada até o final do período avaliado. Conclusão: O perfil de sensibilização a substâncias da bateria padrão no ILSL permaneceu semelhante ao observado em estudo anterior. Entretanto, houve um aumento na sensibilização ao amerchol L-101 no período da pandemia de COVID-19 o que pode estar associado a mudança de hábitos de higiene como aumento da frequência de lavagem de mãos e uso de produtos antissépticos

ABSTRACT: Patch testing is considered the gold standard for the diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and allows the identification of triggering allergens. Changes in lifestyle as well as exposure to new sensitizers present in medications, cosmetics, and other products, may induce changes in the sensitization profile of the population. Objective: To investigate the sensitization profile of patients who underwent patchtesting at the Lauro de Souza Lima Institute (ILSL) between 2017 and 2023, and the frequency of sensitization to the elements tested, to identify changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the ILSL, analyzing medical records of tests performed from July 2017 to June 2023. Parameters such as sex, age, occupation, location of the lesion, and sensitization to the elements of the standard battery (n=30) and the cosmetic battery (n=10) were evaluated. Reactions were classified according to the recommendations of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group, and the data were analyzed using the chi-squared test. Results: The study included 738 subjects, 67.9% female, mean age 45.4 years. The most commonly affected areas were the hands (62,4%), feet (46.0%), and arms (26.6%). 75.8% had a positive reaction to at least one of the 40 substances tested. Nickel sulfate was the most prevalent element (35.9%), followed by cobalt chloride (24.1%) and thimerosal (15.0%). Regarding the cosmetic battery, we found a higher prevalence of sensitization to amerchol L-101 (11.2%), bronopol (3.8%), and tonsilamide (3.1%). There was an increasing trend for sensitization to amerchol L-101 from 2020 onwards, reaching a peaking in 2021 and remaining at an elevated level until the end of the evaluated period. Conclusion: The sensitization profile to the standard series at ILSL remained similar to that observed in a previous study. However, there was an increase in sensitization to amerchol L-101 during the pandemic period, possibly related to changes in hygiene habits such as increased hand washing and the use of antiseptic products

Estratégias de enfrentamento, limitação de atividades diárias e participação social de idosos que têm ou tiveram hanseníase / Coping strategies, limitation of daily activities and social participation of elderly people who have or have had Leprosy / Estrategias de afrontamiento, limitación de las actividades cotidianas y participación social de las personas mayores que tienen o han tenido Lepra

Objetivo: Avaliar a limitação na realização de atividades de vida diária, a participação social e as estratégias de enfrentamento (coping) de idosos que têm ou tiveram hanseníase. Método: Foram avaliados 70 participantes em um centro de referência para hanseníase na região Sudeste no Brasil, com 60 anos ou mais no ano de 2017. Coletaram-se dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, Grau de Incapacidade da Organização Mundial de Saúde, e aplicaram-se os protocolos SALSA, Participação Social e Inventário de Coping. Os dados foram digitados em planilha Excel e analisados no programa estatístico Epi Info 7.2.6.0. Resultados: Dentre os idosos, 91,4% tinham limitação nas atividades diárias, 48,6% com restrições à participação social e 64,3% com grau de incapacidade 2. As estratégias de enfrentamento mais utilizadas foram: "reavaliação positiva" (70%), "autocontrole" (67,2%), "resolução de problemas" (65,7%), "suporte social" (65,7%) e "afastamento" (62,9%). O tempo de convivência prolongado e a adaptação funcional às suas atividades podem justificar a utilização das estratégias de enfrentamento positivas, mesmo na presença de deficiências físicas, limitações nas atividades diárias e participação social. Conclusão: Os dados obtidos podem auxiliar a equipe de saúde no planejamento e execução de ações mais eficazes de prevenção e reabilitação, a fim dos idosos alcançarem melhor qualidade de vida.(AU)

Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess the limitation in performing activities of daily living, social participation and coping strategies of the aged people who have or have had leprosy. Method: Were evaluated seventy participants in a Leprosy Reference Center in Brazil, aged sixty years or older in 2017. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, as well as the assessment of the World Health Organization's Degree of Disability, and the Salsa, Social Participation and Coping Inventory protocols were applied. The data was entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using the Epi Info 7.2.6.0 statistical program Results: Among the aged, 91.4% had limitation in daily activities, 48.6% with restrictions on social participation and 64.3% with disability grade 2. The most used coping strategies were: "positive feedback" (70%), "self-control" (67.2%), "problem solving" (65.7%), "social support" (65.7%) and "removal" (62.9%). The prolonged living time and functional adaptation to their activities may justify the use of positive coping strategies, even in the presence of physical disabilities and limitations in daily activities and social participation. Conclusion: The data obtained can help the healthcare team to plan and execute effective actions of prevention and rehabilitation, for the elderly achieve better quality of life.(AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la limitación en la realización de actividades de vida cotidiana, la participación social y las estrategias de afrontamiento (coping) de ancianos que tienen o tuvieron lepra. Método: Fueron evaluados 70 participantes en un centro de referencia para lepra en la región Sudeste de Brasil, con 60 años o más en el año de 2017. Fueron recogidos datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, Grado de Discapacidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y fueron aplicados los protocolos SALSA, Participación Social e Inventario de Coping. Los datos fueron digitados en hoja Excel y analizados en programa estadístico Epi Info 7.2.6.0. Resultados: Entre los ancianos, 91,4% tenían limitaciones en las actividades cotidianas; 48,6% con restricciones a la participación social y 64,3% con grado de discapacidad 2. Las estrategias de afrontamiento más utilizadas fueron: "revaluación positiva" (70%), "autocontrol" (67,2%), "resolución de problemas" 65,7%), "soporte social" (65,7) y "alejamiento" (62, 9%). El tiempo alargado de convivencia y la adaptación funcional a sus actividades pueden justificar la utilización de las estrategias de enfrentamiento positivas, aunque en la presencia de discapacidades físicas, limitaciones en las actividades cotidianas y participación social. Conclusión: Los datos obtenidos pueden ayudar el equipo de salud en la planificación y ejecución de acciones más eficientes de prevención y rehabilitación, con el objetivo de los ancianos obtengan mejor calidad de vida.(AU)

Concomitância da hanseníase virchowiana e carcinoma de células escamosas: relato de caso / Concomitance of lepromatous leprosy and squamous cell carcinoma: case report / Concomitancia entre lepra lepromatosa y carcinoma de células escamosas: reporte de caso

Introdução: a hanseníase é uma doença endêmica no Brasil, que ocupa a segunda posição de novos casos diagnosticados por ano no mundo. Contudo, o diagnóstico tardio dessa doença ainda é comum. Objetivo: alertar os profissionais de saúde sobre a importância de reconhecer os sinais insidiosos da hanseníase, tanto clínicos quanto histopatológicos, mesmo na presença de outras alterações mais evidentes. Apresentação e discussão do caso: homem com lesões cutâneas sugestivas de carcinoma de células escamosas. Ao exame histológico, além do carcinoma, observaram-se agregados de macrófagos espumosos repletos de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes, compatível com hanseníase virchowiana. Um exame físico mais detalhado realizado por uma equipe multidisciplinar de um centro de referência nacional ainda revelou pele com aspecto infiltrado difuso e madarose supraciliar, alterações não percebidas na avaliação inicial em outro serviço. Considerações finais: o presente caso pode contribuir com os profissionais da clínica e patologistas sobre a necessidade de atenção a alterações cutâneas que podem dificultar o diagnóstico de hanseníase, principalmente em regiões endêmicas, visando possibilitar um diagnóstico precoce e a redução das incapacidades relacionadas à doença.

Introduction: leprosy is an endemic disease in Brazil, ranking second worldwide for the number of new cases diagnosed yearly. However, late diagnosis of this disease is still common. Objective: to alert health professionals to the importance of recognizing the insidious signs of leprosy, both clinical and histopathological, even in the presence of other, more apparent alterations. Presentation and discussion of the case: a man with skin lesions suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. On histological examination, besides the carcinoma, there were aggregates of foamy macrophages full of acid-fast bacilli compatible with lepromatous leprosy. A more detailed physical examination by a multidisciplinary team from a national reference center also revealed skin with a diffuse infiltrated appearance and supraciliary madarosis, alterations not noticed in the first evaluation at another service. Final considerations: this case can help clinical professionals and pathologists pay attention to skin alterations that can make it challenging to diagnose leprosy, especially in endemic regions, to enable early diagnosis and reduce the disabilities related to the disease

Introducción: la lepra es una enfermedad endémica en Brasil, con el segundo mayor número de nuevos casos diagnosticados por año en el mundo. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico tardío de esta enfermedad sigue siendo frecuente. Objetivo: alertar a los profesionales de salud sobre la importancia de reco-nocer los síntomas insidiosos de la lepra, tanto clínicos como histopatológicos, incluso en presencia de otras alteraciones más evidentes. Presentación y discusión del caso: hombre con lesiones cutáneas sugestivas de carcinoma de células escamosas. En el examen histológico, además del carcinoma, se observaron agregados de macrófagos espumosos llenos de bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes, compatibles con lepra lepromatosa. Un examen físico más detallado realizado por un equipo multidisciplinar de un centro de referencia nacional reveló también piel con aspecto infiltrado difuso y madarosis supra-ciliar, alteraciones no observadas en la primera evaluación en otro servicio. Consideraciones finales: este caso puede ayudar a los profesionales clíni-cos y patólogos a prestar atención a las alteraciones cutáneas que pueden dificultar el diagnóstico de la lepra, especialmente en regiones endémicas, con el objetivo de permitir un diagnóstico precoz y reducir las discapacidades relacionadas con la enfermedad.

Hanseníase e COVID-19: repercussões na vida de pessoas afetadas e promoção de intervenções / Leprosy and COVID-19: repercussions on the lives of affected people and promotion of interventions / Lepra y COVID-19: repercusiones en la vida de las personas afectadas y promoción de intervenciones

Objetivo: analisar as repercussões da COVID-19 na vida das pessoas afetadas pela hanseníase e promover intervenções de enfrentamento aos problemas vivenciados pelos usuários. Método: estudo qualitativo do tipo pesquisa participante, realizado de dezembro de 2021 a junho de 2022 na região metropolitana de Recife em oito serviços de saúde de referência para hanseníase. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, telemonitoramento e intervenções nos grupos de autocuidado com usuários acometidos pela hanseníase, e oficinas com profissionais e gestores. Resultados: observaram-se repercussões financeiras, no acesso aos serviços de saúde e na socialização dos usuários. As intervenções realizadas com usuários promoveram melhores práticas de conhecimento sobre a patologia, empoderamento e autocuidado. As oficinas com gestores e profissionais propiciaram a retomada e implementação de novos grupos de autocuidado, atividades comprometida na pandemia. Conclusão: a COVID-19 trouxe repercussões na situação financeira, socialização e acesso a serviços de saúde, com piora da situação de vulnerabilidade social e isolamento, já presentes no contexto da hanseníase(AU)

Objective: to analyze the repercussions of COVID-19 on the lives of people affected by leprosy and to promote interventions to cope with the problems experienced by users. Method: qualitative study of the participant research type, carried out from December 2021 to June 2022 in the metropolitan region of Recife in eight reference health services for leprosy. Semi-structured interviews, telemonitoring and interventions were carried out in self-care groups with users affected by leprosy, and workshops with professionals and managers. Results: there were financial repercussions, on access to health services and on the socialization of users. Interventions carried out with users promoted better knowledge practices about the pathology, empowerment and self-care. The workshops with managers and professionals facilitated the resumption and implementation of new self-care groups, activities compromised in the pandemic period. Conclusion: COVID-19 had repercussions on the financial situation, socialization and access to health services, with a worsening of the situation of social vulnerability and isolation, already present in the context of leprosy(AU)

Objetivo: analizar las repercusiones del COVID-19 en la vida de las personas afectadas por la lepra y promover intervenciones para el enfrentamiento de los problemas vividos por los usuarios. Método: estudio cualitativo de tipo investigación participante, realizado de diciembre de 2021 a junio de 2022 en la región metropolitana de Recife en ocho servicios sanitarios de referencia para la lepra. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, telemonitoreo e intervenciones en grupos de autocuidado junto a usuarios afectados por lepra y talleres con profesionales y gestores. Resultados: hubo repercusiones financieras en el acceso a los servicios de salud y en la socialización de los usuarios. Las intervenciones realizadas con los usuarios promovieron mejores prácticas de conocimiento sobre la patología, empoderamiento y autocuidado. Los talleres con directivos y profesionales facilitaron la reanudación e implementación de nuevos grupos de autocuidado, actividades comprometidas en la pandemia. Conclusión: el COVID-19 tuvo repercusiones en la situación económica, socialización y acceso a los servicios de salud, con empeoramiento de la situación de vulnerabilidad social y aislamiento, ya presente en el contexto de la lepra(AU)

Leprosy with type 1 reaction in a patient from Ontario, Canada without recent travel misdiagnosed as vasculitic neuropathy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy is rare within non-endemic countries such as Canada, where cases are almost exclusively imported from endemic regions, often presenting after an incubation period of as many as 20 years. Due to its rarity and prolonged incubation period, diagnosis is often delayed, which may result in neurologic impairment prior to the initiation of treatment. In this report we describe a case that is novel in its incubation period, which is the longest reported to-date and may have contributed to diagnostic delay. The case also uniquely demonstrates the challenges of distinguishing leprosy reactions from new rheumatologic manifestations in a patient with established autoimmune disease. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe an 84-year-old male patient with rheumatoid arthritis on methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine, with no travel history outside Canada for 56 years, who presented in 2019 with new-onset paresthesias and rash. His paresthesias persisted despite a short course of prednisone, and his rash recurred after initial improvement. He underwent skin biopsy in May 2021, which eventually led to the diagnosis of leprosy. He was diagnosed with type 1 reaction and was started on rifampin, dapsone, clofazimine and prednisone, with which his rash resolved but his neurologic impairment remained. CONCLUSION: This case report serves to highlight the potential for leprosy to present after markedly prolonged incubation periods. This is especially relevant in non-endemic countries that is home to an aging demographic of individuals who migrated decades ago from endemic countries. The importance of this concept is emphasized by the persistent neurologic impairment suffered by our case due to untreated type 1 reaction. We also demonstrate the necessity of skin biopsy in distinguishing this diagnosis from other autoimmune mimics in a patient with known autoimmune disease.

[Analysis of national leprosy surveillance data in Mauritania from 2009 to 2019]. / Analyse des données nationales de surveillance de la lèpre en Mauritanie de 2009 à 2019.

Introduction: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that mainly affects the skin, mucous membranes and the peripheral nervous system. Its elimination as a public health problem seems to lead to its ignorance and therefore to a risk of late diagnosis. An analysis of leprosy surveillance data in Mauritania was conducted to determine epidemiological trends and clinical forms of reported cases. Material and method: The retrospective study was based on the epidemiological records of leprosy in Mauritania from 2009 to 2019. The diagnosis of leprosy was made on the basis of the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Data were analyzed using Epi Info version 7.2.5.0. The frequencies, proportions, and rates were calculated. Results: Over the past 11 years, 164 cases have been notified. Among the notified cases, 96/164 (58.5%) were males and 68/164 (41.5%) females, with a sex ratio of 1.4. The mean age (± standard deviation) was 44.0 ± 17.1 years [range, 9 - 86 years], and the median was 45 years [interquartile range, 32.5; 57.5]. Children under the age of 16 accounted for 9/164 (5.5%). The wilayas (i.e. "regions") of Nouakchott were the most endemic regions in the country. The multibacillary form (MB) represented 109/164 (66.5%) cases among the observed clinical forms. The average annual incidence was 0.3 case/100,000 population for MB and 0.1 case/100,000 for PB (paucibacillary). All reported cases were treated with multidrug therapy. Conclusion: The results of leprosy surveillance showed a persistence of this disease in Mauritania. It is necessary to relaunch leprosy services at all levels in order to continue to reduce the morbidity associated with this disease, and eventually eliminate it from the country.