ABSTRACT
Neuroleptics, antidepressants, lithium, anxiolytics, and hypnotics may be excreted in breast milk. Because of the danger to the neonate, drugs such as diazepam, lithium, bromides, reserpine, and opium alkaloids should not be given to lactating women, and barbiturates, haloperidol, and penfluridol should be administered with caution. The side effects produced as a result of breast-feeding of the infant by mothers consuming psychotropic drugs are reviewed and possible preventive measures are discussed.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/chemically induced , Psychotropic Drugs/adverse effects , Barbiturates/adverse effects , Bromides/adverse effects , Diazepam/adverse effects , Female , Haloperidol/adverse effects , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/prevention & control , Lactation , Lithium/adverse effects , Milk, Human/metabolism , Opium/adverse effects , Penfluridol/adverse effects , Pregnancy , Psychotropic Drugs/metabolism , Reserpine/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Little information is available describing viral loads in body fluids other than blood. In addition, the suitability of commercially available assays for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA quantitation has not been evaluated in most nonblood fluids. We compared Organon Teknika's nucleic acid sequence-based amplification method (NASBA) and Roche's Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor (reverse transcriptase PCR [RT-PCR]) for quantitating HIV-1 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, breast milk, seminal plasma, and cervical-vaginal lavage fluid (CVL). Saliva and breast milk frequently demonstrated some inhibition in the RT-PCR assay, similar to the inhibition previously described in seminal plasma. Inhibition of the RT-PCR assay was not observed with CSF or CVL, nor in any of the NASBA assays. When fluids from HIV-infected individuals were tested by RT-PCR and NASBA, 73 and 27% of CSF samples and 60 and 40% of breast milk specimens had detectable RNA, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. In cross-sectional studies using RT-PCR to measure viral RNA in paired blood plasma and CSF samples, 71% of blood plasma samples and 42% of CSF samples were positive. A similar analysis using NASBA with paired blood plasma and CVL, saliva, or seminal plasma samples revealed 91% were blood plasma positive and 55% were CVL positive, 76% were blood plasma positive and 46% were saliva positive, and 83% were blood plasma positive and 63% were seminal plasma positive. NASBA worked fairly well to quantitate HIV-1 RNA from all fluids without apparent inhibition. RT-PCR performed well on CVL and CSF, frequently with greater sensitivity, although its use in other fluids appears limited due to the presence of inhibitors. These studies demonstrate that viral loads in nonblood fluids were generally lower than in blood.
Subject(s)
Body Fluids/virology , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/physiology , RNA, Viral/analysis , Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology , Humans , Milk, Human/virology , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques , RNA, Viral/blood , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Saliva/virology , Semen/virology , Viral LoadABSTRACT
Analizando la Historia Clinica n. 11 de Candegabe y Carrera. Repertorizando los sintomas caracteristicos, llega al similimun: Stanum, entre esos sintomas no fue incluido "aberracion a la leche materna"... (AU)
Subject(s)
Infant , Milk, Human , Modalities, AlimentaryABSTRACT
Se trata de una paciente de sesenta anos, historia n. 11 del libro Homeopatia pura, de los Dres. M. Candegabe y H. Carrara. El motivo de consulta es bronquitis cronica, enfisema y alergia respiratoria. Se llega... (AU)