ABSTRACT
Nanosuspension (also called nanocrystal suspension or nanocrystal) could significantly enhance the saturated solubility and dissolution of insoluble drugs, and improve their bioavailability by reducing particle size and increasing the specific surface, which could then solve the delivery problems of the poorly soluble active ingredients and effective parts of Chinese materia medica (CMM). Based on the brief summaries of nanosuspension preparation methods, this paper would mainly review the in vitro and in vivo behaviors of poorly soluble CMM nanosuspension, discuss and analyze its problems, so as to provide reference and thinking for the further study of nanosuspension drug delivery system of poorly soluble CMM and promote the development and perfection of nanosuspension technology in CMM.
Subject(s)
Materia Medica/chemistry , Nanoparticles , Biological Availability , Drug Delivery Systems , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Particle Size , Solubility , SuspensionsABSTRACT
This study was carried out in order to compare the relative bioavailability of two different formulations containing 400 mg of acetaminophen + 4 mg of phenylephrine hydrochloride + 4 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate, Test formulation (Cimegripe®) and Reference formulation (Resfenol®) in 84 healthy volunteers of both sexes under fasting conditions. The study was conducted in a single dose, randomized, open-label, crossover 3-way and partially replicated. The tolerability was evaluated by the monitoring of adverse events and vital signs, results of clinical and laboratory tests. Plasma concentrations were quantified by validated bioanalytical methods using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, T1/2 and Kel pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from these obtained concentrations. The 90% confidence intervals were constructed for the ratio reference/test from the geometric average of the Cmax and AUC parameters which were comprised between 80% and 125%. Only the Cmax parameter of the phenylephrine was applied the scaled average bioequivalence due to the intraindividual coefficient of variation > 30% obtained, thus extending the acceptance limits of the interval. It can be concluded that the two formulations were bioequivalent in terms of rate and absorption extent and thus interchangeable
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Phenylephrine/analysis , Capsules/classification , Biological Availability , Chlorpheniramine/analysis , Acetaminophen/analysis , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Single Dose , Fasting/adverse effects , Cross-Over Studies , Absorption/drug effects , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Healthy Volunteers/classificationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the absolute bioavailability of ganirelix (Antagon/Orgalutran; NV Organon, Oss, the Netherlands) after a single SC injection. DESIGN: Randomized, crossover, pharmacokinetic study. SETTING: Phase I clinical research unit. PATIENT(S): Nineteen healthy female volunteers of reproductive age. INTERVENTION(S): Two separate injections of 0.25 mg of ganirelix were given, one subcutaneously and one intravenously, with a washout period of 1 week between injections. Blood samples were taken for assessment of serum ganirelix concentrations, and blood pressure, heart rate, and adverse events were monitored. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULT(S): Fifteen subjects were evaluated. The mean concentration-time profile after SC administration was comparable to that after IV administration. The mean (+/- SD) peak concentration and time of occurrence after SC administration were 14.8+/-3.2 ng/mL and 1.1+/-0.3 hours, respectively. The mean (+/- SD) half-lives after IV administration and SC administration were highly similar (12.7+/-3.7 hours and 12.8+/-4.3 hours, respectively). Mean (+/- SD) AUC0-infinity (area under the concentration-time curve) values of 105+/-11 ng/mL x hours and 96+/-12 ng/mL x hours were calculated for IV administration and SC administration, respectively, resulting in an absolute mean (+/- SD) bioavailability of 91.3%+/-6.7%. Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION(S): Ganirelix is absorbed rapidly and extensively after SC administration, resulting in a high absolute bioavailability of >90%.
Subject(s)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/analogs & derivatives , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors , Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology , Adult , Biological Availability , Cross-Over Studies , Female , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/adverse effects , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacokinetics , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology , Hormone Antagonists/adverse effects , Hormone Antagonists/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Injections, Intravenous , Injections, Subcutaneous , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
The plasma concentrations of 3-keto-desogestrel have been measured by radioimmunoassay in a crossover study in nine healthy female volunteers given oral desogestrel (150 micrograms) and ethinyloestradiol (30 micrograms) and intravenous (i.v.) 3-keto-desogestrel (150 micrograms) and ethinyloestradiol (30 micrograms). Bioavailability ranged between 40.0 and 113% with a mean value ( +/- SD) of 76.1 +/- 22.5%. Only 3 subjects had a bioavailability of less than 70%. There was no significant difference in the elimination half life of 3-keto-desogestrel which was 12.6 +/- 4.1h following i.v. administration and 11.9 +/- 4.1h after oral administration of desogestrel.
PIP: In order to define its bioavailability, plasma concentration of 3-keto-desogestrel, the active metabolite of the progestogen desogestrel, was radioimmunoassayed in 9 women after a single iv dose of 150 ug or a single oral dose of 150 ug in combination with 30 ug ethinyl estradiol. Desogestrel is 13-ethyl-11-methylene-18, 19-dinor-17alpha-preg-4-en-20-yn-17-ol, the progestogen in the effective combined oral contraceptive Marvelon (Organon). The drug was given early in the menstrual cycle to each woman twice in a crossover design, 4 weeks apart. Bioavailability was calculated as the ratio of area under the plasma concentration time curve of the oral to the area under the curve of the iv dose. There was no significant difference in the elimination half-life of 3-keto-desogestrel by oral or iv administration: 11.9 and 12.6 hours. Mean plasma clearance, calculated by dose given divided by area under the curve, was 12.13 1/hour by oral, and 8.7 by iv routes. Bioavailability ranged from 40 to 113%, a wide individual variation, as seen in previous studies. Although mean bioavailability was 76%, the value was above 70% in 6 women, and 40.0, 54.7 and 64.1% in 3 others. This indicates that bioconversion was near quantitative. The reason for the variation cannot be ascertained from these data. Despite variability in bioavailability, the desogestrel combined oral contraceptive is reported to be very effective, as well as less androgenic than pills containing levonorgestrel.
Subject(s)
Norpregnenes/administration & dosage , Norpregnenes/blood , Administration, Oral , Adult , Biological Availability , Desogestrel , Ethinyl Estradiol/administration & dosage , Ethinyl Estradiol/metabolism , Female , Humans , Injections, Intravenous , Kinetics , Norpregnenes/metabolismABSTRACT
GRAPEFRUIT: Essentially consumed in the form of juices with its bitterness helping to quench thirst, grapefruit contains not only vitamin C but also many complex antioxidizers, licopene, lemonoids and naringine. It also contains large quantities of pectin. Grapefruit juice is a metabolic inhibitor of medicinal substances that constitute an exclusive target for the CYP 3A4 isozyme and glycoprotein P in the enterocytes. Above all, it affects the drugs with strong intestinal metabolic first pass effect, phenomenon provoking the reduction of their oral bioavailability. This metabolic inhibition is manifested by an increase in the serum levels, oral bioavailability and therapeutic activity of drugs metabolized by CYP 3A4, a characteristic that may indeed be interesting for some of them, but which should be avoided for others. ST. JOHN'S WORT: (Hypericum perforatum) Also known as "herbe à mille trous" or "herbe percée" or even "herbe de Saint-Jean" in France, St. John's wort is used in several therapeutic fields: neuropsychiatry, dermatology (oleate or lipid extract) and in rheumatology. In herbal remedies and homeopathy, the flower heads are often prescribed as antidepressor in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. It also contains photosensitizing substances, which, at high dose, or during chronic use, may provoke intense dermatitis or photosensitivity. The potential occurrence of side effects with its use has led the European Agency for drug assessment and the French Medicines Agency to decree that all magistral preparations containing St. John's wort must be labeled: "Warning, risk of drug interactions". GARLIC: (Allium salivum) Originating from Asia, widespread and cultivated in Europe in kitchen gardens, garlic is used by herbalists for its diuretic, antiseptic, stimulating and sudorific properties.
Subject(s)
Beverages/adverse effects , Biotransformation/drug effects , Citrus/adverse effects , Drug Interactions , Garlic/adverse effects , Hypericum/adverse effects , Phytotherapy/adverse effects , Biological Availability , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors , Herb-Drug Interactions , Humans , Mixed Function Oxygenases/antagonists & inhibitors , Substance P/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
Five Ayurvedic medicines with mercury concentrations of 85mg/kg and higher were characterized with respect to their speciation and their bioaccessibility. X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that the mercury in the Ayurvedic medicines was inorganic and best matched to cinnabar, even in samples that had been hypothesized to contain mercury through plant sources only. The bioaccessibility (bioaccessible concentrations and percent bioaccessibility) was measured using two methods: a two-phase physiologically based extraction test (PBET gastric, G and gastric+intestinal phase, GI); and the fed organic estimation human simulation test (FOREhST). The percent bioaccessibility of mercury in all Ayurvedic samples was very low (<5%), corresponding to the low solubility of cinnabar, but it increased with increasing dissolved organic carbon content of the bioaccessibility solutions (PBET-GSubject(s)
Environmental Monitoring/methods
, Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism
, Materia Medica/pharmacokinetics
, Medicine, Ayurvedic
, Mercury Compounds/pharmacokinetics
, Biological Availability
, Humans
, India
, Materia Medica/analysis
, Mercury Compounds/analysis
, Plant Extracts/analysis
, Plant Extracts/pharmacokinetics
, Risk Assessment/methods
, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
, X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
ABSTRACT
The bioavailability of rapid-acting insulin administered as a nasal spray was studied in 6 type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. They received long-acting bovine insulin (Ultratardum 40 U/ml, Organon) as basal treatment at 8 a.m. Rapid-acting insulin was also administered at 8 a.m., then at noon and 6 p.m, subcutaneously on day 1 as a 100 U/ml solution and intranasally by aerosol spray as a 100 U/ml and 500 U/ml with 1% (w/v) 9 lauryl ether solution on day 2 and day 3 respectively. On days 2 and 3, the dose of insulin was at least nine times higher than the subcutaneous dose on day 1. Free and total plasma insulin concentrations were assayed after the noon insulin administration. The peaks of the free and total plasma insulin levels were reached earlier and the return to basal levels was obtained earlier after nasal insulin administration than after insulin injected subcutaneously. The bioavailability of nasal spray insulin versus subcutaneous insulin with a 100 U/ml insulin solution was similar to that with a 500 U/ml insulin solution: 5.14 +/- 0.38% (m +/- SEM) and 4.64 +/- 0.46% according to the total plasma insulin level. This study suggests that the bioavailability of nasal spray insulin is not increased by increasing insulin concentration in our experimental conditions.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Administration, Intranasal , Adult , Aged , Biological Availability , Blood Glucose/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood , Female , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/blood , Injections, Subcutaneous , Insulin/administration & dosage , Insulin/blood , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
O debate sobre a implementação de genéricos vem sendo realizado no Brasil desde 1976. Entretanto, somente em 1991, foi elaborado um projeto, visando à implantação dos medicamentos genéricos. A lei nº 9787 ("Lei dos genéricos") só foi publicada no Diário Oficial da União em 11 de fevereiro de 1999. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a disponibilidade de medicamentos genéricos em farmácias e drogarias, bem como comparar os preços destes medicamentos em relação aos similares e aos de referência. Verificou-se a disponibilidade dos medicamentos genéricos em 22 farmácias e drogarias do município de Maringá, estado do Paraná, de 30 de outubro a 22 de novembro de 2002. Dos 222 princípios ativos disponibilizados no Brasil como genéricos, foram encontrados 71 (32 por cento)...
Subject(s)
Drugs, Generic/pharmacokinetics , Drugs, Generic/standards , Drugs, Generic/supply & distribution , Pharmacies , Public Health , Quality Control , Similar , Biological Availability , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Therapeutic EquivalencyABSTRACT
La administración de progesterona por vía oral ha estado limitada por su pobre absorción y la rápida metabolización en intestino e hígado. Con el fin de superar los problemas de absorción de la progesterona oral y los defectos metabólicos adversos de los progestágenos sintéticos se han desarrollado diferentes presentaciones de progesterona micronizada en combinación con vehículos lipofílicos. La reducción del tamaño de la particulas mediante la micronización aumenta su disolución y al combinar la progesterona con vehículos lipofílicos se incrementa su biodisponibilidad. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar la absorción y biodisponibilidad de una nueva formulación de progesterona micronizada, recientemente incorporada al mercado en nuestro país (Progendo©). Participan 15 mujeres voluntarias, en edad fértil y en fase folicular del ciclo menstrual. Se formaran dos grupos: a 10 mujeres se les administró 200 mg de progesterona micronizada en una dosis única matinal y a 5 se les administró cápsulas conteniendo placebo. Se midieron los niveles séricos de progesterona (Cmáx) alcanzó a 22,6ñ10,5 ng/ml (rango 8,0 a 74 ng/ml) y el tiempo máximo (Tmáx) fue de 2,5 ñ 0,84 horas. El área bajo la curva (AUC 0-8) fue de 71,4 ng*hr/mL durante las 8 primeras horas. Los niveles de progesterona plasmática fueron significativamente superiores al grupo control desde la primera hora, y retomaron a valores basales después de 24 horas. Los niveles de 17 OH progesterona mostraron una tendencia similar con un tiempo máximo de 2,6 ñ 0,6 horas, una Cmáx. de 0,92 ñ 0,38 ng/ml (rangos de 0,5 a 1,3 ng/ml). El AUC 0-8 de 17 hidroxiprogesterona fue 3,93. La absorción y biodisponibilidad de esta nueva formulación de progesterona micronizada alcanza niveles plasmáticos homologables a los presentados en fase lútea en mujeres cíclicas normales
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Biological Availability , Progesterone , Administration, Oral , Follicular Phase , Progesterone , Single DoseABSTRACT
Os fatores biofarmacotécnicos são fundamentais para os estudos de pré-formulação, destacando-se aqueles que afetam as características de dissolução e absorção dos fármacos. O amplo conhecimento das propriedades físico-químicas dos princípios ativos e dos adjuvantes farmacotécnicos, além dos processos envolvidos na fabricação dos medicamentos, é imperativo para o desenvolvimento de medicamentos genéricos que cumpram com os requisitos básicos de eficácia terapêutica e segurança. O presente trabalho discute os principais aspectos que devem ser considerados durante os ensaios que visam à seleção da composição da forma farmacêutica e das técnicas de fabricação de medicamentos, enfatizando as formas farmacêuticas sólidas administradas por via oral, de modo a definir um perfil de biodisponibilidade e bioequivalência reprodutível
Subject(s)
Biopharmaceutics , Drugs, Generic , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Absorption , Biological Availability , Quality of Homeopathic Remedies , Therapeutic EquivalencyABSTRACT
Avaliaram-se as características físicas e físico-químicas de diferentes lotes de quatro especialidades farmacêuticas contendo ibuprofeno (produtos A, B, C e D), sob a forma de comprimidos de liberação imediata, disponíveis no mercado nacional e comercializados como similares intercambiáveis, enfatizando-se o estudo comparativo da cinética de dissolução do fármaco. Utilizou-se equipamento para dissolução de formas sólidas de acordo com a USP 23, empregando-se tampão fosfato pH 7,2 como meio de dissolução a 37,0 ñ 0,5 ºC e aparato 1 na velocidade de 150 rpm. Os produtos A e B e os produtos C e D, respectivamente, poderiam, teoricamente, ser considerados equivalentes farmacêuticos, segundo a definição da Food and Drug Administration (FDA-USA)...
Subject(s)
Drugs, Generic , Ibuprofen/pharmacokinetics , Similar , Biological Availability , Drug Evaluation , Tablets , Therapeutic EquivalencyABSTRACT
A equivalência terapêutica dos produtos farmacêuticos depende da biodisponibilidade, representada pela quantidade e velocidade de absorção do fármaco e subseqüente concentração no sangue e sítio de ação. A bioequivalência, ou biodisponibilidade relativa, conquistou atenção crescente nos últimos 30 anos após evidências de que produtos comerciais contendo a mesma dosagem de fármaco, ou parte ativa, podem exibir diferenças pronunciadas na resposta terapêutica. Esses estudos devem ser aplicados a formulações de novos fármacos, a reformulações de produtos do mercado ou a produtos genéricos. Neste trabalho são elucidadas algumas definições relacionadas à equivalência de medicamentos e abordados os principais aspectos envolvidos na determinação da bioequivalência em voluntários humanos, parâmetros farmacocinéticos, delineamento experimental e análise estatística de significância...
Subject(s)
Biopharmaceutics , Drugs, Generic , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Absorption , Biological Availability , Quality of Homeopathic Remedies , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Therapeutic EquivalencyABSTRACT
Foram avaliadas duas especialidades farmaceuticas contendo cloridrato de diltiazem na dosagem de 120mg, sob a forma de capsulas e comprimidos de açäo prolongada, visando a comparacao do perfil de dissoluçäo do farmaco. Como meios de dissoluçäo, empregaram-se agua destilada e soluçäo aquosa com variaçäo gradual de pH. Os perfis obtidos indicaram diferença considerável entre os produtos pesquisados, o que pode decorrer das caracteristicas de formulaçäo dos mesmos. Tal fato poderia traduzir-se em comportamentos diferenciados em relaçäo a sua biodisponibilidade e bioequivalência.
Subject(s)
Delayed-Action Preparations , Diltiazem , Biological Availability , Dosage Forms , Quality of Homeopathic Remedies , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Technology, Pharmaceutical , Therapeutic EquivalencyABSTRACT
Os estrogênios eqüinos, amplamente empregados na terapia de reposição hormonal em mulheres menopausadas, são encontrados em formulações de concentrações pré-estabelecidas disponíveis comercialmente. No presente trabalho, 17`alfaï-diidroeqüilina (A), eqüilina (Eq) e estrona (E1) foram determinadas empregando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com separação por fase reversa e detecção por ultravioleta em 220, 230 240 e 280 nm. Utilizou-se coluna cromatográfica ODS HYPERSIL©, fase móvel composta de água-acetronitrila (60:40 v/v) com fluxo de 1,0 mL/min. A testosterona foi utilizada como padrão de referência (tR = 4,6 min)...
Subject(s)
Estrogens , Estrone , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Quality of Homeopathic Remedies , Estrogen Replacement Therapy , Testosterone , Biological Availability , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Hydrolysis , Nutritive Value , Quality Control , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
Avaliou-se a qualidade biofarmacotécnica de comprimidos de dipirona de 500 mg. Foram analisados 12 lotes de produtos provenientes de quatro laboratórios farmacêuticos diferentes, os quais foram submetidos a ensaios de teor, desintegração, dureza, friabilidade e peso médio. Para quantificação do fármaco foi empregada espectrofotometria UV a 240 nm. Teste e perfil de dissolução também foram realizados com a finalidade de verificar a liodisponibilidade. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que 50 por cento das formulações analisadas revelaram inequivalência frente aos parâmetros de dissolução determinados
Subject(s)
Dipyrone/pharmacokinetics , Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism , Proprietary Drug Name , Similar , Biological Availability , Drug and Narcotic Control , Spectrophotometry , TabletsABSTRACT
Objetivos: Analizar la biodisponibilidad del estradiol de un preparado que contiene estradiol sólo o estradiol combinado con progesterona de modo homogéneo en un mismo comprimido. Material y Método: Se reclutaron 16 pacientes, todas postmenopáusicas con FSH > 40 UI, índice de masa corporal menor a 27 por ciento, sin dislipidemias ni tratamientos que interfieren con el metabolismo de estrógeno ni progesterona. A cada paciente se le administró un comprimido con estradiol solo y luegode 20 días otro comprimido de estradiol más acetato de medroxiprogesterona. Se tomaron 13 muestras en cada ocación analizándose los niveles plasmáticos de estradiol. Resultados: Las áreas bajo la curva observadas de estradiol mostraron estar dentro de los estándares sugeridos para estos comprimidos.El análisis estadístico no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativa en los valores de estradiol sólo asociada a AMP. Conclusiones: Los parámetros farmacocinéticos del preparado estudiado cumplen con los estándares internacionales. La asociación de estradiol más acetato de medroxiprogesterona en un mismo comprimido no altera los parámetros farmacocinéticos del estradiol
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Estradiol , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate , Biological Availability , Estradiol , Hormone Replacement Therapy , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate , Postmenopause , Single DoseABSTRACT
Sendo o medicamento genérico intercambiável com o medicamento de referência ambos devem apresentar a mesma segurança e eficácia que deverão ser comprovadas por ensaios que controlam sua qualidade durante todas as etapas que vão desde a sua concepção até a entrega ao paciente. Ensaios de biodisponibilidade e bioequivalência dos medicamentos genéricos são fundamentais e obrigatórios para a garantia da qualidade desses
Subject(s)
Quality of Homeopathic Remedies , Biological Availability , Therapeutic Equivalency , Drugs, GenericABSTRACT
A circulação extracorpórea com hipotermia (CEC-H) é um procedimento comumente utilizado em cirurgias cardíacas, que representa um fator de risco para o paciente por promover extensa hemodiluição e profundas alterações fisiológicas. Nestas cirurgias, utiliza-se a cefuroxima com antimicrobiano para profilaxia de infecções, estando sua concentração inibitória mínima (CIM IND. 90) na faixa de 4 a 16g/mL dependendo da espécie e cepa bacteriana. Vários esquemas posológicos tem sido propostos para a profilaxia com este antimicrobiano. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a farmacocinética e a disponibilidade sistêmica da cefuroxima, administrada I.V., bolus, na dose de 1,5g a 17 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com ou sem CEC-H...