ABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Historical texts on materia medica can be an attractive source of ethnopharmacological information. Various research groups have investigated corresponding resources from Europe and the Mediterranean region, pursuing different objectives. Regardless of the method used, the indexing of textual information and its conversion into data sets useful for further investigations represents a significant challenge. AIM OF THE STUDY: First, this study aims to systematically catalogue pharmaco-botanical information in the Receptarium of Burkhard von Hallwyl (RBH) in order to identify candidate plants in a targeted manner. Secondly, the potential of RBH as a resource for pharmacological investigations will be assessed by means of a preliminary in vitro screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a relational database for the systematic recording of parameters composing the medical recipes contained in the historical text. Focusing on dermatological recipes, we explored the mentioned plants and their uses by drawing on specific literature. The botanical identities (candidate species) suggested in the literature for the historical plant names were rated based on their plausibility of being the correct attribution. The historical uses were interpreted by consulting medical-historical and modern clinical literature. For the subsequent in vitro screening, we selected candidate species used in recipes directed at the treatment of inflammatory or infectious skin disorders and wounds. Plants were collected in Switzerland and their hydroethanolic crude extracts tested for possible cytotoxic effects and for their potential to modulate the release of IL-6 and TNF in PS-stimulated whole blood and PBMCs. RESULTS: The historical text analysis points up the challenges associated with the assessment of historical plant names. Often two or more plant species are available as candidates for each of the 161 historical plant names counted in the 200 dermatological recipes in RBH. On the other hand, our method enabled to draw conclusions about the diseases underlying the 56 medical applications mentioned in the text. On this basis, 11 candidate species were selected for in vitro screening, four of which were used in RBH in herbal simple recipes and seven in a herbal compound formulation. None of the extracts tested showed a noteworthy effect on cell viability except for the sample of Sanicula europaea L. Extracts were tested at 50 µg/mL in the whole blood assay, where especially Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. or Solanum nigrum L. showed inhibitory or stimulatory activities. In the PBMC assay, the root of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria revealed a distinct inhibitory effect on IL-6 release (IC50 of 3.6 µg/mL). CONCLUSIONS: Using the example of RBH, this study illustrates a possible ethnopharmacological path from unlocking the historical text and its subsequent analysis, through the selection and collection of plant candidates to their in vitro investigation. Fully documenting our approach to the analysis of historical texts, we hope to contribute to the discussion on solutions for the digital indexing of premodern information on the use of plants or other natural products.
Subject(s)
Data Mining , Plants, Medicinal , Humans , Switzerland , Data Mining/methods , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , History, 16th Century , Materia Medica/history , Materia Medica/pharmacology , Medicine, Traditional/history , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Dermatology/history , Dermatology/methods , Phytotherapy/historyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Traditional plant medicines (TPMs) are plant-derived therapeutic products prepared and applied according to longstanding medical customs. Around the world they are widely used in primary and preventative health care. The World Health Organization (WHO) calls in its Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023 for Member States to provide a regulatory framework so that the formal contribution of traditional therapeutics can be advanced in national systems of health care. Evidence of effectiveness and safety is paramount for the regulatory integration of TPMs; however, a presumed lack of such "evidence" is one obstacle for full integration. The consequential health policy question is how to systematically evaluate therapeutic claims relating to herbal remedies when the extant evidence is predominantly based on historical and contemporary clinical usage, i.e., is empiricist in nature. This paper introduces a new method along with several illustrative examples. METHOD: Our research design employs a longitudinal, comparative textual analysis of standard textbooks of the professional European medical literature from the early modern period (1588/1664) onwards to today. It then triangulated these intergenerationally documented clinical observations on two exemplars (Arnica and St. John's Wort) with corresponding listings in multiple qualitative and quantitative sources. A Pragmatic Historical Assessment (PHA) tool was developed and tested as a method to systematically collate the large amount of pharmacological data recorded in these judiciously selected sources. The evidential validity of longstanding professional clinical knowledge could thus be compared with therapeutic indications approved in official and authoritative sources (pharmacopoeias, monographs) and with those supported by contemporary scientific research (randomised-controlled trials [RCTs], experimental research). RESULTS: There was high congruency between therapeutic indications that are based on repeated empirical observations from professional patient care (empirical evidence), those approved in pharmacopoeias and monographs, and modern scientific evidence based on RCTs. The extensive herbal triangulation confirmed parallel records of all main therapeutic indications of the exemplars across all qualitative and quantitative sources over the past 400 years. CONCLUSIONS: Historical clinical medical textbooks and contemporary phytotherapeutic equivalents are the key repository of repeatedly evaluated therapeutic plant knowledge. The professional clinical literature proved to be a reliable and verifiable body of empirical evidence that harmonised with contemporary scientific assessments. The newly developed PHA tool provides a coding framework for the systematic collation and evaluation of empirical data on the effectiveness and safety of TPMs. It is suggested as a feasible and efficient tool to extend evidence typologies that substantiate therapeutic claims for TPMs as part of an evidence-based regulatory framework that formally integrates these medically and culturally important therapeutics.
Subject(s)
Materia Medica , Plants, Medicinal , Humans , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts , Plant OilsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has an important role in supportive cancer care in the Middle East and is often used in association with traditional medicine. This article provides a comprehensive review of published data on CAM research in supportive cancer care in the Middle East. METHODS AND RESULTS: A multi-disciplinary Middle-Eastern Research Group in Integrative Oncology (MERGIO) was established in six countries. Authors independently searched Medline database for articles in Arabic, Hebrew, French, and Turkish using oncology and CAM-related keywords. Articles were recorded according to the first author's affiliation with an academic or clinical institution in the Middle East. RESULTS: We identified 143 articles on CAM and cancer care that had been published in 12 Middle-Eastern countries. Eighty-five articles were directly related to cancer supportive care. The latter included studies on the prevalence of CAM use by patients with cancer, aspects related to of doctor-patient communication, ethics and regulation, psychosocial aspects of CAM, CAM safety and quality assurance, studies of CAM education for health care providers, and ethno-botanical studies and reviews. Twenty-eight articles referred to clinical research on supportive care, and the use of specific CAM modalities that included acupuncture, anthroposophic medicine, dietary and nutritional therapies herbal medicine, homeopathy, mind-body medicine, shiatsu, therapeutic touch, and yoga. CONCLUSIONS: CAM-related supportive care research is prevalent in the Middle East, a fact that may serve as a basis for future multinational-multidisciplinary research work in supportive care in oncology.
Subject(s)
Integrative Medicine/methods , Medical Oncology/methods , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Medicine, Traditional/statistics & numerical data , Neoplasms/therapy , Humans , Integrative Medicine/statistics & numerical data , Islam , Middle East , Patient Preference , Physician-Patient RelationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Traditional herbs played a crucial role in the health care of the Hakka people. However, studies to identify these traditional herbs are few. Here we document and assess the potential of these plants for treating microbial infections. Many herbs used by the Hakka people could potentially be a novel medicinal resource. METHODS: Local herb markets were surveyed via semi-structured interviews, complemented by direct observations to obtain information on herbal usage. For each herb selected for this study, extracts in four different solvents were prepared, and tested for activity against 20 microorganisms, as well as cancerous and noncancerous cells. All data were subjected to cluster analysis to discover relationships among herbs, plant types, administration forms, solvents, microorganisms, cells, etc., with the aim to discern promising herbs for medicine. RESULTS: Ninety-seven Hakka herbs in Ganzhou were documented from 93 plants in 62 families; most are used for bathing (97%), or as food, such as tea (32%), soup (12%), etc. Compared with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Chinese Materia Medica, 24 Hakka medicines use different plant parts, and 5 plants are recorded here for the first time as traditional medicines. The plant parts used were closely related with the life cycle: annual and perennial herbs were normally used as a whole plant, and woody plants as (tender) stem and leaf, indicating a trend to use the parts that are easily collected. Encouragingly, 311 extracts (94%) were active against one or more microorganisms. Most herbs were active against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (67%), Listeria innocua (64%), etc. Cytotoxicity was often observed against a tumor cell, but rarely against normal cells. Considering both antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity, many herbs reported in this study show promise as medicine. CONCLUSION: Hakka people commonly use easily-collected plant parts (aerial parts or entire herb) as medicine. External use of decoctions dominated, and may help combating microbial infections. The results offer promising perspectives for further research since little phytopharmacology and phytochemistry has been published to date.
Subject(s)
Materia Medica , Plants, Medicinal , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents , China , Humans , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Solvents , TeaABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a broad term that encompasses diverse healthcare modalities that emanate from a variety of healing cultures. One of the basic principles of CAM is the promotion of cultural pluralism and openness to diverse cultural aspects of health and illness. Some CAM modalities have been integrated into Israeli healthcare organizations over the past two decades. AIM: The objective of this research was to examine whether the integrated CAM modalities match the preferences of Israel's diverse ethnic groups. METHODOLOGY: The research was conducted in northern Israel, an area marked by ethnic and religious diversity. We gathered information about the types of CAM modalities included in the clinics of all four public health funds health maintenance organizations (HMOs)--by means of a telephone survey. This data was assessed in relation to previous data regarding patients' preferences on integrating CAM in community care. RESULTS: The 4 HMOs offer 24 CAM modalities within 58 clinics in northern Israel. The most common CAM modalities are: reflexology, Chinese Medicine and acupuncture, massage, shiatsu, twina, homeopathy and naturopathy. These modalities partly match the Jewish and Arab populations' preferences concerning Chinese medicine and touch/movement modalities. The Arab population, however, which reports greater use of folk-traditional medicine, such as consultation with healers and use of herbal medicine, do not have these treatment options available within healthcare organizations. CONCLUSIONS: Western-oriented CAM modalities are integrated within the IsraeLi HMOs, while local folk-traditional medicine is not. The integrated modalities accord with the Jewish populations' preferences more than with those of the Arab population. DISCUSSION: Some of the factors that influence integration are discussed. Certain homegrown traditional healthcare modalities, such as use of local medicinal herbs, should be considered for addition to current CAM practices. Developing integrative medicine within a common Jewish-Arabic space could have medical as well as social-cultural advantages.
Subject(s)
Complementary Therapies/methods , Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization & administration , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Patient Preference/statistics & numerical data , Arabs , Data Collection , Health Maintenance Organizations/organization & administration , Humans , Israel , Jews , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/ethnology , Patient Preference/ethnologyABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest fatal diseases of history. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) is a major public health issue in the world. In India, the incidence is getting up despite the Indian revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. India has six recognize medicine systems in this category, namely Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Yoga, Naturopathy and Homoeopathy. This review study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of different drug treatments based on Indian Systems of Traditional Medicines to the standard MDR-TB regimen. This review mainly focuses on the combinational approaches towards treatment protocols, prevention strategies, and management of tuberculosis in different established systems of medicine in India. Along with allopathic drugs, these AYUSH based drugs work in synergistic manner. Recent research suggests that Homeopathic treatment along with the antibiotics synergise the effect of antibiotics while reaching to its site of action. Additionally in Siddha system, formulation of medicinal herbs showing significant activity against TB bacteria. Furthermore, adopting the management or principles of Unani system would be beneficial in health and disease. Similarly, Unani and Naturopathy through natural healing are equally effective. On the other hand, medicinal plants from the Ayurveda that have been successfully employed to treat TB because of less toxicity and side effect in comparison with existing antibiotics. The findings in this review have provided scientific support for anti-TB activity of different medicinal system of India via numerous underlying mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/adverse effects , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Drug Synergism , Drug Therapy, Combination , Humans , India/epidemiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiologyABSTRACT
Currently, there are some therapies that are being practiced without adjusting to the available scientific evidence. The terminology is confusing, encompassing terms such as "alternative medicine", "natural medicine", "complementary medicine", "pseudoscience" or "pseudo-therapies". The Medicines Committee of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics considers that no health professional should recommend treatments not supported by scientific evidence. Also, diagnostic and therapeutic actions should be always based on protocols and clinical practice guidelines. Health authorities and judicial system should regulate and regularize the use of alternative medicines in children, warning parents and prescribers of possible sanctions in those cases in which the clinical evolution is not satisfactory, as well responsibilities are required for the practice of traditional medicine, for health professionals who act without complying with the "lex artis ad hoc", and for the parents who do not fulfill their duties of custody and protection. In addition, it considers that, as already has happened, Professional Associations should also sanction, or at least reprobate or correct, those health professionals who, under a scientific recognition obtained by a university degree, promote the use of therapies far from the scientific method and current evidence, especially in those cases in which it is recommended to replace conventional treatment with pseudo-therapy, and in any case if said substitution leads to a clinical worsening that could have been avoided.
Subject(s)
Complementary Therapies/methods , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Pediatrics/methods , Child , Humans , Spain , Terminology as TopicABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of complementary and alternative medicine methods for constipation in the pediatric population. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Medical literature search was performed in several databases for a variety of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine in childhood constipation. Databases included Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google scholar and a number of Persian databases including IranDoc, Magiran and SID. No time limitation was determined. Clinical trials or case series that had evaluated the effectiveness of CAM therapies in functional constipation of 1-18 year old children were included. Papers not in English or Persian language were excluded. Related articles were screened independently by two reviewers according to their titles and abstracts. A data extraction form was filled in for each eligible paper. Quality assessment of eligible documents was also performed. RESULTS: 30 studies were included, comprising 27 clinical trials and 3 case series. Ten documents were on herbal medicine, nine on traditional medicine, ten on manual therapies and one on homeopathy. Except for two herbal and one reflexology interventions, all studies reported positive effects on childhood constipation, with the majority being statistically significant. As the number of studies in each method was limited, we could not perform a meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: The scarcity of research on the efficacy and safety of different types of complementary and alternative medicine methods in children with constipation necessitates conducting more studies in each field. Graphical abstract.
Subject(s)
Complementary Therapies/methods , Constipation/therapy , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Phytotherapy/methods , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Trials as Topic , Humans , Infant , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Medicinal Plant resources of forest origin are extensively used in India for various systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy, Allopathy, Siddha and Ethnic etc. The tribal communities around the Kakrajhore forest in West Medinipur district of West Bengal have their own traditional knowledge based system of curing many diseases using the forest based plant resources similar to ayurveda. The forest comprises of one of the unique treasure and rich source of diversified ethno-botanical wealth and therefore extensive studies is required for proper documentation including ethnomedicinal knowledge of local tribes. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was initiated with an aim to inventorize the ayurvedic medicinal plant recourses and explore the traditional knowledge of tribal people of Kakrajhore forest to treat several diseases along with the sustainable management and conservation of medicinal plants. METHODS: The information on the medicinal plant resources were gathered through floristic inventorization with proper sampling method in the study area (N22°42'57.05â³, E86°34'58.02â³) during the year 2015. For floristic inventorization the study area of 312 ha was delineated by using GPS Receiver. Then total mapped area was divided by virtual grid of 100m apart in both East-West and North-South direction to allocate 60 sample plots by random sampling. In addition to inventorization, the use value (UV) of the species was determined and the informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated for the medicinal plants found in the study area based on personal interview. Further exploration was carried out to establish linkage with Ayurveda. RESULTS: The present survey has identified 57 numbers of ethno-medicinal plants belonging to 39 families, used for preparing medicinal remedies. The habit of the plants includes 35% trees, 28% shrubs, 23% herbs and 14% climbers. The most frequently utilized plant parts were the Roots & Tuber roots (26%), Stem which includes Bark, Tubers, Bulb, Rhizome, Gum, Wood & Young shoots (24%), Leaves (18%), Fruits (13%), and Seeds (10%). The most frequent happening ailments are asthma and bronchitis, constipation and dyspepsia, diarrhea, dysentery, ulcer, rheumatism, arthritis, fistula and piles troubles. Most of the Plants (88%) had more than a single therapeutic use. The most important plant species on the basis of use value were Smilex ovalifolia, Emblica officinalis, Curculigo orchioides, Croton roxburghii, Asparagus racemosus, Ziziphus nummularia, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Cisssus adnata, Buettneria herbacea, Litsea glutinosa, Vernonia anthelmintica and Chlorophytum borivilianum. There was a strong agreement among the informants related to the usage of the plants (ICF 0.65-0.93). As per the standard literature in Ayurveda, maximum numbers of documented species (33) are found to be used for 'digestive system disorder' which is analogous to ethnomedicinal use (30), followed by 'skin related problem' i.e. 13 and 20 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results show that people living around Kakrajhore forest area hold valuable knowledge of the uses of plant resources and some of the ayurvedic plants represent an important component in local livelihood. Though the Kakrajhore Forest area is rich in medicinal plant resources but the species are susceptible to be endangered by intense exploitation by human communities. More in-depth investigations are required for plants with high UV values on their possible phytochemical and pharmacological activity. Apart from this, sustainable management approach and proper conservation strategy for the area is recommended by involvement of local communities and forest department.
Subject(s)
Plant Preparations/chemistry , Plant Preparations/therapeutic use , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Ethnicity , Ethnobotany/methods , Ethnopharmacology/methods , Female , Forests , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , India , Male , Medicine, Ayurvedic , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Middle Aged , Phytotherapy/methods , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Después de realizar una lectura minuciosa al artículo La Medicina Natural y Tradicional como tratamiento alternativo de múltiples enfermedades de Plaín Pazos y otros1 consideramos positivo el enfoque dado en el artículo sobre el uso y la importancia de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional (MNT). Sin embargo, discrepamos cuando se le da el carácter de tratamiento alternativo de múltiples enfermedades a la MNT desde el título del artículo. La MNT, como bien se plantea en la revisión antes mencionada, tiene sus orígenes en la medicina oriental y se constituye por un conjunto de modalidades, técnicas o procedimientos preventivos, diagnósticos, terapéuticos y rehabilitadores, validados científicamente, por la tradición y por investigaciones, que están integrados al Sistema Nacional de Salud y es un tratamiento ante diferentes entidades nosológicas, no como alternativas ni complementarias, sino como conducta a seguir para lograr el equilibrio del organismo en la persona. La medicina oriental por muchos años fue un secreto para occidente y, una vez que se dio a conocer, se ha diseminado por todo el mundo, pero para lograr entender sus principios tiene que verse desde sus conceptos originales, sin tratar de llevarlos a los cánones de la medicina occidental, mientras que se continúe con esta brecha en el conocimiento, se seguirá viendo la MNT como una medicina alternativa. En occidente una persona enferma recibe tratamiento para sanar su enfermedad. La medicina oriental, en cambio, se basa en la cura de la persona y no de la enfermedad, considerada un desbalance de energías. Estas dos visiones absolutamente distintas hoy caminan hacia la integración. Mientras la medicina occidental se abre a la acupuntura y otras técnicas, la oriental utiliza nuevas tecnologías para diagnosticar. La nomenclatura que se utiliza unánimemente, como consenso en toda la literatura que se relaciona con la fitoterapia, se coloca inicialmente el nombre vulgar de la planta en cuestión, seguido de su nombre científico en latín, como se conoce universalmente,2 lo cual no se ve reflejado en la investigación a la que se hace referencia. La homeopatía es una de las manifestaciones de la Medicina Natural, que en la actualidad algunos ministerios de salud, como el de España, la consideran una pseudociencia al igual que el Iridoanálisis, que no es más que el análisis del iris teniendo como apoyo un mapa iridiano donde se reflejan cada uno de los órgano del cuerpo, sirviéndole al profesional como un método orientador y nunca diagnóstico que puede simplificar en muchos casos los excesivos exámenes complementarios, este método puede incluso dar señales de posibles enfermedades que tardarían mucho tiempo en manifestarse, fue utilizado por los médicos que atendieron a las víctimas del desastre de Chernóbil para, de una forma rápida, clasificar a los afectados según su gravedad. Las clasifican pseudoterapias o pseudociencias basándose en la poca cantidad de investigaciones de tipo de ensayo clínico, metaanálisis, entre otros, que demuestren su eficacia terapéutica.3 La poca socialización de investigaciones está dada por no considerar la MNT como tratamiento establecido dentro de la medicina occidental, a pesar de que son múltiples los profesionales que utilizan y ponen en práctica las diferentes formas de la MNT, basta con hacer una simple exploración en Google o cualquier buscador, para encontrar cientos de links que llevan hasta clínicas, consultas, folletos, sitios web especializados en esta materia, entre otras opciones. No faltan quienes magnifican las limitantes que tienen, como también las puede tener alguna terapéutica de la medicina occidental. En Cuba, el Ministerio de Salud Pública mantiene como una de sus directrices el incremento de la aplicación de la MNT con el uso de las modalidades definidas en la Resolución Ministerial No. 261 del 24 de agosto del 2009, así como la inclusión para el análisis de su comportamiento en los objetivos de trabajo del Ministerio de Salud y en los lineamientos del Partido Comunista de Cuba (objetivo 3.2 y el lineamiento 131-132).4 La MNT es un punto de partida que ofrece a los profesionales de la salud herramientas para brindar una atención de calidad, en cualquier situación relacionada con el binomio salud-enfermedad tanto personas enfermas, como personas que están tomando decisiones sobre su salud y personas sanas que desean mantenerse o modificar conductas de riesgo para intuir lo relacionado con sus cuidados, por lo que se considera debe aceptarse para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de la salud pública cubana. En Cuba, las aportaciones de la MNT pueden contribuir a mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población, si se toma en cuenta que los principales problemas de salud son las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles que requieren de cambios en el estilo de vida para disminuir las complicaciones y evitar que aumente la población con alguna discapacidad. Esto sería posible si el personal de salud, a través del conocimiento alcanzado con la implementación de programas y estrategias en el ámbito asistencial y educativo, retoma las diferentes modalidades de la MNT para lograr una mejor calidad de vida en los pacientes, siendo un reto para la salud pública en Cuba ante los cambios económicos, políticos y sociales del presente siglo(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Homeopathy/methods , Medicine, Traditional/methods , CubaABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In the genus Gelsemium, Gelsemium elegans (Gardn. & Champ.) Benth. has been recognized as a toxic plant that is widely distributed in Southeast Asia and has been used as traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid pain, neuropathic pain, spasticity, skin ulcers and cancers for many years. Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil. has been used since the nineteenth century in homeopathy for treating anxiety, neuralgia, migraine and spasmodic disorders, such as asthma and whooping cough in North America. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and toxicology of medicinal plants in the genus Gelsemium. The overall objective is to explore the evidence supporting its ethnopharmacological effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature survey was performed by searching the scientific databases Pubmed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Scopus, Web of Science and the Chinese CNKI, in addition to traditional Chinese medicine and homeopathic texts for information on Gelsemium. RESULTS: Plants of the genus Gelsemium have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of migraines, neuralgia, sciatica, cancer and various types of sores. Studies into the phytochemical composition of this genus have shown that all of the species are rich sources of monoterpene indole alkaloids and that they have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their markedly diverse and complex architecture. To date, a total of 121 alkaloids have been isolated and identified from the genus. The crude extracts, as well as the monomeric compounds, from the genus possess anti-tumor, analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating pharmacological activities. CONCLUSION: It is evident from the available literature that Gelsemium species possess potential for use as a beneficial therapeutic remedy. However, the analysis of previous pharmacological research suggests that a clear assignment of active molecules and mechanisms of action is remain lacking. Due to their high toxicity, the studies available on toxicity and safety are inadequate for providing information on clinical utilization.
Subject(s)
Gelsemium/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Animals , Ethnopharmacology , Humans , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Phytotherapy/adverse effects , Phytotherapy/methods , Plant Extracts/adverse effectsABSTRACT
En Cuba la medicina natural y tradicional es considerada una disciplina médica reconocida por el Ministerio de Salud Pública (MINSAP), por lo que los profesionales y técnicos de los servicios de salud deben estar preparados en el manejo de las diferentes técnicas de esta terapéutica. Con el objetivo de caracterizar el comportamiento del conocimiento y práctica de procedimientos terapéuticos de medicina natural y tradicional, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal a profesionales y técnicos de la salud del Policlínico Isidro de Armas en el año 2009. La muestra estuvo constituida por 64 profesionales y 47 técnicos de la salud a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario sobre el conocimiento de las diferentes terapéuticas de medicina natural y tradicional y su aplicación. Se obtuvo que la totalidad de los encuestados refirieron tener conocimiento acerca de la medicina natural y tradicional, el proceder más conocido fue la acupuntura y técnicas afines (88,3 por ciento) y el más aplicado fue la Fitoterapia (49,5 por ciento). Se concluyó que la proporción de profesionales y técnicos que aplica los procedimientos de medicina natural y tradicional, fue más pequeña que la proporción que refirió tener conocimiento de estas terapéuticas(AU)
In Cuba the natural and traditional medicine is considered a medical discipline recognized by Public Health Ministry, thus the professionals and technicians of health services must to be trained in the management of different techniques of this therapeutics. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in health professionals and technicians of the Isidro de Armas polyclinic in 2009 to characterize the behavior of knowledge and practice of therapeutical procedures of natural and traditional medicine. Sample included 64 health professionals and 47 health technicians underwent a questionnaire on the knowledge of the different therapeutics of natural and traditional medicine and its implementation. The total on polled considered to have enough knowledge on this field, where the more known procedure was acupuncture and related techniques (88,3 percent ) and the more applied one was the Physiotherapy (49,5percent ). We conclude that the rate of professionals and technicians who to apply the procedures related to natural and traditional medicine, was smaller than the rate referred to have knowledge on these therapeutics(AU)