Assuntos
Anestesiologistas , Pena de Morte/métodos , Ética Médica , Papel do Médico , American Medical Association , Anestésicos Intravenosos/provisão & distribuição , Pena de Morte/legislação & jurisprudência , Certificação , Indústria Farmacêutica , Humanos , Jurisprudência , Fármacos Neuromusculares não Despolarizantes , Pancurônio , Cloreto de Potássio , Sociedades Médicas , Suicídio Assistido/ética , Tiopental/provisão & distribuição , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Terapias Complementares , Homeopatia , American Medical Association , Canadá , Terapias Complementares/legislação & jurisprudência , Terapias Complementares/normas , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Homeopatia/história , Homeopatia/legislação & jurisprudência , Homeopatia/tendências , Humanos , Sociedades , Estados UnidosRESUMO
KIE: This ninth in a series of historical vignettes describes how the adoption in 1882 of a new code of ethics by the Medical Society of the State of New York resulted in the Society's expulsion from the American Medical Association, the creation of a rival New York State Medical Association, and a schism in American medicine that lasted for 20 years. The cause of the schism was a clause in the Society's code which allowed "consultation with legally qualified practitioners of medicine," in effect including homeopaths. King traces the controversy over homeopathy to its extinction as an issue and its resolution in the new code of ethics adopted by the AMA in 1905.^ieng
Assuntos
American Medical Association/história , Códigos de Ética , Ética Médica/história , American Medical Association/organização & administração , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XX , Homeopatia/história , New York , Sociedades Médicas/história , Estados UnidosRESUMO
By the time Mark Twain was born, in 1835, the political forces of Jacksonian democracy had created an era of unregulated medical practice in the United States. Licensure laws were almost nonexistent, and any citizen could practice medicine. Regular ("allopathic") medicine was competing with at least two dozen other sects, including homeopathic, botanical, and hydropathic medicine. Although allopathy presented itself as the "scientific" branch of medicine and proclaimed the practices of the other sects to be "quackery," its therapies were aggressive and toxic and had no proven advantage over the treatments used by competitors. Through the efforts of the American Medical Association (AMA), allopathic medicine eliminated its competition by promoting the reestablishment of licensure laws in the late 1800s. In a continuation of the same endeavor, the AMA sought to identify weak and inadequate medical schools and commissioned Abraham Flexner to write the famous Flexner report of 1910 (the year of Mark Twain's death). Twain, an insightful political observer and social critic who was familiar with the competing medical systems and the medical politics of the 19th century, questioned the wisdom of limiting patients' medical options. He doubted the competence and intentions of physicians as a group even as he maintained confidence in the abilities of his own physicians. He was critical of the empirical medical practices used during his youth, but he saw hope in the new scientific orientation of medicine in the early 20th century. Twain's commentaries provide a unique perspective on pre-Flexnerian medicine in the United States.
Assuntos
Pessoas Famosas , História do Século XIX , Literatura Moderna/história , American Medical Association/história , História do Século XX , Medicina na Literatura , Medicina Tradicional/história , Equivalência Terapêutica , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Homeopathy was introduced into the USA by Hans Burch Gram in 1825. It developed largely through immigration of German homeopaths. The first homeopathic medical college was established in Allentown, PA in 1835. The American institute of Homeopathy (AIH) was founded in 1844. The American Medical Association was founded in 1847 and pursued policies hostile to homeopathy from the outset. Eclectic medicine was widespread in nineteenth century medicine, one of the greatest homeopaths, JT Kent had originally been an eclectic. The International Hahnemannian Association split from the AIH in 1880. The Flexner Report of 1910 resulted in many homeopathic medical colleges being closed down. Homeopathy in the USA was in steep decline from the 1920s to the 1960s but has had a strong recovery since the 1970s.
Assuntos
Homeopatia/história , Sociedades Médicas/história , American Medical Association/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Homeopatia/tendências , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
KIE: Attempts by nineteenth-century American physicians to upgrade the status of the medical profession influenced the development of their code of ethics, as chronicled here. Unlike the case in Great Britain, physicians in the U.S. did not constitute a homogenous class in background and education. To distinguish 'regular' physicians from other practitioners such as homeopaths, medical societies tended to emphasize adherence to 'orthodox medical beliefs' in defining the standards of the profession.^ieng