Anatomical Mercury: Changing Understandings of Quicksilver, Blood, and the Lymphatic System, 1650-1800.

The use of mercury as an injection mass in anatomical experiments and preparations was common throughout Europe in the long eighteenth century, and refined mercury-injected preparations as well as plates of anatomical mercury remain today. The use and meaning of mercury in related disciplines such as medicine and chemistry in the same period have been studied, but our knowledge of anatomical mercury is sparse and tends to focus on technicalities. This article argues that mercury had a distinct meaning in anatomy, which was initially influenced by alchemical and classical understandings of mercury. Moreover, it demonstrates that the choice of mercury as an anatomical injection mass was deliberate and informed by an intricate cultural understanding of its materiality, and that its use in anatomical preparations and its perception as an anatomical material evolved with the understanding of the circulatory and lymphatic systems. By using the material culture of anatomical mercury as a starting point, I seek to provide a new, object-driven interpretation of complex and strongly interrelated historiographical categories such as mechanism, vitalism, chemistry, anatomy, and physiology, which are difficult to understand through a historiography that focuses exclusively on ideas.

Um capítulo esquecido na história da psicologia? sexualidades desviantes, psicopatologia e normalidade / A forgotten chapter in the history of psychology? deviant sexualities, psychopathology, and normality / ¿Un capítulo olvidado en la historia de la psicología? sexualidades desviadas, psicopatología y normalidad

Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)

This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)

Anatomía segmentaria del recto. Nuevo enfoque / Anatomy segmentation of the rectal. New approach

RESUMEN Se actualizó la clasificación anatómica del tumor de recto, con la revisión de varios tratados sobre anatomía. El estudio de la morfología interna del recto reconoce la formación de anchos pliegues. La formación de anchos pliegues de mucosas transversales, denominadas válvulas: una válvula inferior a 7 cm del ano, otra a 2 cm. Más arriba con una forma de media luna y la tercera a 11 cm del ano. Como estas válvulas son pliegues mucosos sin localización precisa no pueden ser consideradas como puntos anatómicos para segmentación del recto. De esta manera, la segmentación rectal como el límite entre recto superior e inferior se sitúa en la reflexión peritoneal; en el diagnóstico de tumores rectales la definición de su situación anatómica es importante para la conducta terapéutica, ya que el recto inferior tiene su origen embriológico en el proctodeo (ectoblástica) y puede ser más sensible a las radiaciones y los tumores del recto superior son tumores que se originan de tejido de formación entoblástica, las radiaciones producen lesiones del peritoneo y de otros órganos de la cavidad pelviana. La segmentación rectal es importante para el estadio locorregional del tumor y para la definición de un esquema de tratamiento adecuado. En primer lugar, establece el concepto anatómico de localización de un tumor de recto inferior, se diagnóstica con un tacto rectal, si es tocable es del recto inferior. En segundo lugar, define cuáles son los estudios complementarios para saber el estadio de la enfermedad y establece los parámetros anatómicos necesarios para la indicación del tratamiento neoadyuvante (AU).

SUMMARY To present a recent an anatomic classification of rectal tumor localization. Review of many anatomy treaties. The rectal internal morphology studies recognize the formation of thick folds of transversal mucosa thick folds named valves: a low valve to 7 cm from anus. Another is to 2 cm upper with a half moon form, a third one to 11 cm from anus. As this valves are mucosal folds without a clear localization they can't be consider as anatomical points to the rectum segment. Therefore, the rectal segmentation as the limit between up and low rectum, is located in the peritoneal reflection. In the rectal tumors diagnosis definition of it's anatomic situation is important for the therapeutic behavior, because the low rectum has its embryologic origin in the Proctodeum (ectoblastic). It can be more sensitive to the radiation the up rectum tumors are originated from the formation entoblast tissue (endoblast) the radiations cause peritoneal injuries and other pelvic cavity organs. The rectal segmentation is important for the locate-regional tumor stadium and for the appropriate treatment definition. In first place, establish the anatomic concept of the low rectal tumor localization. In second place defines which are the complementary for the new adjuvant indication (AU).

The influence of German idealistic morphology on the development of C.J. van der Klaauw's epistemology.

Notwithstanding the general rise of experimental disciplines in biology in the first decades of our century, in Germany and in the Netherlands the interest in the idealistic morphological tradition flourished, and compensated for a reductionistic causal approach to natural phenomena. This article analyses the influence of the German idealistic morphologists W. Lubosch and A. Meyer on the development of C.J. van der Klaauw's epistemology. It discusses the gradual incorporation of non-causal principles into van der Klaauw's concept of biology. Van der Klaauw's epistemological concept of holistic biology was shaped in a critical confrontation with German idealistic morphology, and his early considerations can be interpreted as a direct impulse towards the development of his theory of functional components. Van der Klaauw's theories, being an alternative to the reductionistic experimental sciences, were among the causes of the fact that in the first half of our century biology in the Netherlands took a course deviating from the development of biology in the Anglo-American countries.

Aspectos emocionales en el artista / Emotional aspects in the artist

Se hace un recuento de las definiciones de la emoción bajo un punto de vista Psicológico y neuroanatómico y el artista; se plantea a la medicina homeopática como un recurso terapeútico en la valoración de la emoción de artista y en su conclusión bajo el punto de vista médico para mejorar su interpretación en la escena

El libro del interno: (temas de clinica medica) / The intern's book: (fear of clinic it prescribes)

Contiene: Amibiasis, transmision y contagio, anatomia patologica, tipos de ulceras, clinicograma de la amibiasis cronica, laboratorio de la amibiasis, normas terapeuticas de la amibiasis, patologia de la cefalea, fisiopatologia, clasificacion de las cefaleas, historia clinica en las cefaleas, insuficiencia circulatoria, hipertension endocraneana, hemorragia subaracnoidea,j aqueca, tension nerviosa, origen odontologico de la cefalea, origen oftalmologico