Monitoring improvement in health during homeopathic intervention. Development of an assessment tool based on Hering's Law of Cure: the Hering's Law Assessment Tool (HELAT).

INTRODUCTION: Hering's 'Law of Cure' is considered important in homeopathy and thought to predict a positive outcome to treatment. No formal outcome measures are currently available to monitor response to homeopathic treatment on the basis of these assumptions. We describe a simple assessment tool, the Hering's Law Assessment Tool (HELAT) to identify and differentiate patient responses to homeopathic treatment as corresponding to Hering's Law from other symptomatic responses. We describe the development of the tool and assess its face, content and predictive validity. METHOD: The HELAT was initially developed through literature review, discussion between homeopaths and clinical experience. In phase one, the tool was reviewed by three experienced homeopaths to assess face and content validity. In phase two, we tested its predictive validity by hypothesizing that the HELAT total score may predict changes in a clinical response (using standard validated rheumatological outcome, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20%) in 32 patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving homeopathic intervention over 24 weeks as part of a clinical trial. RESULTS: The HELAT was piloted and changed to improve face and content validity and the final version was then employed for phase two as a predictor of outcome. HELAT total score predicted patient's clinical response (ACR20) [B = 1.142, SE = 0.462, P = 0.013] which was independent of practitioner assessing the patients treatment response [B = 1.04, SE = 1.01, P = 0.302]. CONCLUSION: The initial data suggests that the HELAT may hold promise for a potential clinical and research outcome measure in homeopathy. Further work is now needed to formally assess its reliability and validity for potential use in clinical practice and trials.

Homeopathy has clinical benefits in rheumatoid arthritis patients that are attributable to the consultation process but not the homeopathic remedy: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether any benefits from adjunctive homeopathic intervention in patients with RA are due to the homeopathic consultation, homeopathic remedies or both. METHODS: Exploratory double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted from January 2008 to July 2008, in patients with active stable RA receiving conventional therapy. Eighty-three participants from three secondary care UK outpatient clinics were randomized to 24 weeks of treatment with either homeopathic consultation (further randomized to individualized homeopathy, complex homeopathy or placebo) or non-homeopathic consultation (further randomized to complex homeopathy or placebo). Co-primary outcomes: ACR 20% improvement (ACR20) criteria and patient monthly global assessment (GA). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: 28-joint DAS (DAS-28), tender and swollen joint count, disease severity, pain, weekly patient and physician GA and pain, and inflammatory markers. RESULTS: Fifty-six completed treatment phase. No significant differences were observed for either primary outcome. There was no clear effect due to remedy type. Receiving a homeopathic consultation significantly improved DAS-28 [mean difference 0.623; 95% CI 0.1860, 1.060; P = 0.005; effect size (ES) 0.70], swollen joint count (mean difference 3.04; 95% CI 1.055, 5.030; P = 0.003; ES 0.83), current pain (mean difference 9.12; 95% CI 0.521, 17.718; P = 0.038; ES 0.48), weekly pain (mean difference 6.017; 95% CI 0.140, 11.894; P = 0.045; ES 0.30), weekly patient GA (mean difference 6.260; 95% CI 0.411, 12.169; P = 0.036; ES 0.31) and negative mood (mean difference - 4.497; 95% CI -8.071, -0.923; P = 0.015; ES 0.90). CONCLUSION: Homeopathic consultations but not homeopathic remedies are associated with clinically relevant benefits for patients with active but relatively stable RA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current controlled trials, http://www.controlled-trials.com/, ISRCTN09712705.

[Outcome of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with homeopathic drugs without DMARD therapy]. / Verlauf einer rheumatoiden Arthritis unter homöopathischer Behandlung ohne Basistherapie.

CASE REPORT: The case of a 34-year-old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is reported, who was treated with homeopathic medicine without DMARD (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) therapy for 13 years. She required bilateral knee replacement surgery. Her arthritis was highly active. On X-ray analysis, her wrists, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints displayed marked structural damage. CONCLUSION: There are very few controlled clinical trials investigating the efficacy of homeopathic remedies in RA, and none of them has shown a significant benefit for the patients. This lack of efficacy is underscored by the case presented here. It is medical malpractice to treat patients with homeopathic drugs while withholding an effective DMARD therapy.

Complementary and alternative medicine use in rheumatoid arthritis: an audit of patients visiting a tertiary care centre.

BACKGROUND: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) enjoys widespread popularity in chronic illnesses such as rheumatic diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the commonest inflammatory joint disease seen in clinical practice. No systematic study on the use of CAM by patients with RA is available from northern India. METHODS: We evaluated the prevalence and usage characteristics of CAM in Indian patients with RA using a questionnaire at a tertiary care centre in northern India. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients with RA included in the study, 39% reported current CAM use. As many as 84 respondents (82%) reported having tried CAM during the course of their disease. A total of 215 CAM courses were used, out of which 77 were being continued. Ayurveda was the commonest (28% courses) followed by homoeopathy (20%), yoga asana (17%) and pranayama (12%). Pain control was the primary reason for using CAM (69% of users). Most CAM therapies (78%) were started on the advice of friends and relatives. Discontinuation of CAM was attributed to lack of clinical benefit (78%) and adverse effects (10%). Of the patients using CAM, 87% did not reveal its use to their physicians, primarily because the physician did not enquire about it. CONCLUSION: Patients with RA frequently use CAM for pain control. These practices are often not revealed to the treating physician. Knowledge of the concurrent use of CAM may serve to alert the physician about potential side-effects or drug interactions.

Have complementary therapies demonstrated effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis?

In recent decades the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has improved thanks to the use of highly effective drugs. However, patients usually require long term therapy, which is not free of side effects. Therefore RA patients often demand complementary medicine, they seek additional sources of relief and/or less side effects. In fact 30-60% of rheumatic patients use some form of complementary medicine. Therefore, from conventional medicine, if we want to optimally treat our patients facilitating communication with them we must know the most commonly used complementary medicines. The aim of this review is to assess, based on published scientific research, what complementary therapies commonly used by patients with RA are effective and safe.

[Complementary medicine in rheumatoid arthritis]. / La medicina complementare nell'artrite reumatoide.

Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for chronic conditions has increased in recent years. CAM is immensely popular for musculoskeletal conditions and patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) frequently try CAM. This review summarises the trial data for or against CAM as a symptomatic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Collectively the evidence demonstrates that some CAM modalities show significant promise, e.g. acupuncture, diets, herbal medicine, homoeopathy, massage, supplements. However, for the great majority of these therapies no evidencebased (clinical randomised trials) results are available. CAM is usually used in addition to, and not as a substitute for conventional therapies. The motivation of patients to try CAM is complex; the willingness to take control of their healthcare, the desire to try everything available, the mass-media pressure and the erroneous notion that CAM is without risks. In fact, none of these treatments is totally devoid of risks. While the use of complementary and alternative modalities for the treatment of RA continues to increase, rigorous clinical trials examining their efficacy are needed before definitive recommendations regarding the application of these modalities can be made.

Factors Associated with the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Korean Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is often painful and debilitating. Patients with RA are increasingly receiving complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). We aimed to identify the patient characteristics and disease-specific factors associated with Korean patients with RA who decide to start treatment with CAM. METHODS: Among the total 5371 patients with RA in the KORean Observational study Network for Arthritis (KORONA), 2175 patients who had no experience with CAM were included in our study. In our study, we assessed the frequency of new incident CAM use, its patterns, and the predictive factors of new CAM use. RESULTS: Of the 2175 patients, 229 patients (10.5%) newly started receiving CAM within a year of enrolling in the cohort. Of those who started treatment with CAM, 17.0% received only herbal medicine, 54.6% only acupuncture treatments (7.0% used a combination of both), and 21.4% "Other" (e.g., physical therapy and placental extract injections). Women (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.13-3.14) and patients with depression (OR 3.52, 95% CI 1.65-7.50) were significantly more likely to be treated with CAM. Regarding household types, patients who lived in an extended family (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.08-2.95) or as part of a couple (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.07-2.24) were more likely to be treated with CAM than patients living in a nuclear family. CONCLUSION: Our study found, within a year, an incidence rate of 10.5% for new CAM use among patients with no previous experience with CAM. Sex, depression, and household type were significantly associated with new CAM use.

Homeopathy and rheumatic disease.

Despite a growing interest in uncovering the basic mechanisms of arthritis, medical treatment remains symptomatic. Current medical treatments do not consistently halt the long-term progression of these diseases, and surgery may still be needed to restore mechanical function in large joints. Patients with rheumatic syndromes often seek alternative therapies, with homeopathy being one of the most frequent. Homeopathy is one of the most frequently used complementary therapies worldwide.

Why I would not recommend complementary or alternative therapies: a physician's perspective.

The use of complementary or alternative therapies by patients with rheumatic diseases is widespread and under-reported by patient to physician. The most commonly used forms of therapy are herbal/nutrient supplements, chiropractic, homeopathy, and acupuncture. The use of these therapies for treatment of rheumatic disease is not substantiated by review of the available medical literature. Furthermore, these therapies are expensive and potentially toxic. Incorporation of these treatments into the therapeutic armamentarium of the rheumatologist cannot be recommended until they are shown to be effective, safe, and affordable.

The costs of treating rheumatoid arthritis patients with complementary medicine: exploring the issue.

OBJECTIVES: To measure the marginal costs of providing complementary medicine services (mostly homoeopathy) in outpatient clinics for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to illustrate how parameters to which the cost of complementary medicine may be sensitive can be identified. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational costing study. SETTING: The outpatient clinic of the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital. SUBJECTS: Random sample of 89 patients from the 427 (RA) patients attending outpatient clinics from April 1995 to March 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The marginal costs incurred by the hospital of treating 89 patients attending outpatient clinics and the relative contribution of the different resources to the total costs. RESULTS: The total costs of treating 89 patients were 7,124 Pounds of which 543 Pounds was assumed to be fixed and the remainder variable. The marginal costs of treating additional patients, starting from zero patients treated, are presented. Consultation time (doctors and dietician) contributed to 29% of the total costs, non-conventional drugs contributed to 22% of the total costs. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the marginal costs of providing complementary care to RA patients will inform the debate over whether these therapies are likely to be cost-effective. In addition, those who would like to explore the practicalities of establishing a service involving complementary medicine will gain an understanding of the likely provider costs. The cost of complementary medicine appears to be most sensitive to the time spent with the patient by the doctor.

Are the therapeutic effects of homeopathy attributed to the consultation, the homeopathic remedy, or both? A protocol for a future exploratory feasibility trial in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Systematic reviews suggest that homeopathy has a greater effect than placebo, however, the mechanisms of its action are unknown. The clinical effects of homeopathy could be attributed to the specific effects of the remedy and/or to the contextual effects of the consultation process; these factors have not been critically evaluated. We have developed a model that attempt to separate the consultation effects from the specific effects because of the remedy. We propose to investigate this design in a chronic condition, rheumatoid arthritis, for which previous research has evaluated both classical and complex homeopathic interventions. The following protocol describes the study design. The aims of this exploratory trial are to assess the feasibility of the study design, identify effect sizes of the consultation, the complex treatment, and the individualized remedy, as well as possibly efficacy, for the two types of homeopathic treatment and the homeopathic consultation. Data collection will take place in 2004.

[Rheumatic diseases and alternative medicine]. / Reumás betegségek és az alternatív medicina.

Besides the scientific- rational medicine alternative medicine keeps spreading in our days. The authors give a review of the possibilities of the alternative therapy of locomotor diseases. Patients suffering from locomotor diseases ask increasingly often for these therapeutical procedures. Literary review is given on acupuncture, manual therapy, homeopathy and certain physiotherapeutical techniques as well as on other less often applied alternative therapeutical procedures. It is stressed that alternative treatment may also involve potential danger. It is stated finally that as shown by the review of the literature well controllable clinical examinations required indispensably for the estimation of the efficacy of a therapeutical procedure are only in limited number at disposal.

Homeopathy enables rheumatoid arthritis patients to cope with their chronic ill health: a qualitative study of patient's perceptions of the homeopathic consultation.

OBJECTIVE: The role of the consultation in mediating improved clinical outcomes has been demonstrated in both conventional and complementary medicine but to date no depth study has explored how complementary medical consultations achieve such benefits. This study explored rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients' perceptions of the homeopathic consultation including any perceived benefit. METHODS: Qualitative study nested within a placebo-controlled multi-centre trial assessing adjunctive homeopathic intervention for RA. In-depth face to face interviews (with 16 participants) were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. RESULTS: RA participants perceived homeopathic consultations helped them cope better through either enabling improved physical health, wellbeing and/or illness management. Four themes associated with improved coping were: receiving emotional support; exploring the illness; exploring self; and gaining advice. Exploring the wider narrative of their illness, enabled participants to address their individual needs and for some, this process of increased awareness changed their perception resulting in the perceived benefits. CONCLUSION: Homeopathic consultations enable RA patient to cope better. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Homeopathic consultations may provide an additional resource for RA patients. Identifying and employing the "active ingredients" that confer benefit may be appropriate for other clinicians to maximise patient benefits from consultations.