Homeopathic Treatment of Insomnia and Symptom Clusters Related to Cerebral Chemotoxicity in Oncology.

BACKGROUND: During chemotherapy, the correlation between insomnia and fatigue, anxiety, pain, depressed mood, and cognitive disorders makes these subjective complaints a 'symptom cluster' with common biological mechanisms. The theory of cerebral inflammation following the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (high level of interleukin 1-ß [IL1-ß], IL6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha) is currently the most generally accepted. Understanding these mechanisms should allow us to propose a chemoprotective homeopathic treatment of the nervous system. METHODS: By retaining the inflammatory aetiology, we combined the rubrics 'Inflammation of the brain', 'Inflammation of the meninges', 'Inflammation of the nerves' with the symptom cluster: insomnia, fatigue, depressive state and memory disorders. RESULTS: After repertorisation, we propose the following homeopathic protocol: Belladonna 15c, Phosphorus 15c, Cerebral cortex 4c and Nerves 4c, two pills of each medicine to be sucked together before breakfast, lunch and dinner, on each day of chemotherapy and for the following 2 days. CONCLUSION: This selected protocol, derived from a physiopathological knowledge of the symptoms, seems to be well suited to the prevention and treatment of post-chemotherapeutic cerebral inflammation. It is essential to start the homeopathic treatment before the chemotherapy session to anticipate the emergence of the 'chemo-brain' side effects. This proposed prevention protocol must be confirmed and quantified by randomised studies.

European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.

This European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia was developed by a task force of the European Sleep Research Society, with the aim of providing clinical recommendations for the management of adult patients with insomnia. The guideline is based on a systematic review of relevant meta-analyses published till June 2016. The target audience for this guideline includes all clinicians involved in the management of insomnia, and the target patient population includes adults with chronic insomnia disorder. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system was used to grade the evidence and guide recommendations. The diagnostic procedure for insomnia, and its co-morbidities, should include a clinical interview consisting of a sleep history (sleep habits, sleep environment, work schedules, circadian factors), the use of sleep questionnaires and sleep diaries, questions about somatic and mental health, a physical examination and additional measures if indicated (i.e. blood tests, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram; strong recommendation, moderate- to high-quality evidence). Polysomnography can be used to evaluate other sleep disorders if suspected (i.e. periodic limb movement disorder, sleep-related breathing disorders), in treatment-resistant insomnia, for professional at-risk populations and when substantial sleep state misperception is suspected (strong recommendation, high-quality evidence). Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is recommended as the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia in adults of any age (strong recommendation, high-quality evidence). A pharmacological intervention can be offered if cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is not sufficiently effective or not available. Benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine receptor agonists and some antidepressants are effective in the short-term treatment of insomnia (≤4 weeks; weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). Antihistamines, antipsychotics, melatonin and phytotherapeutics are not recommended for insomnia treatment (strong to weak recommendations, low- to very-low-quality evidence). Light therapy and exercise need to be further evaluated to judge their usefulness in the treatment of insomnia (weak recommendation, low-quality evidence). Complementary and alternative treatments (e.g. homeopathy, acupuncture) are not recommended for insomnia treatment (weak recommendation, very-low-quality evidence).

The effect of a homeopathic complex on psychophysiological onset insomnia in males: a randomized pilot study.

CONTEXT: Psychophysiological onset insomnia (PI) is defined as sleeplessness exceeding 30 min due to learned, sleep-preventing behaviors and hyperarousal at bedtime. This common condition significantly impacts sufferers' health, occupational performance, and interpersonal relationships. Conventional treatment with hypnotics has many shortcomings. Homeopathic medication may present an alternative treatment for this condition. OBJECTIVE: The study intended to determine the effect of a homeopathic complex on PI. DESIGN: The research team designed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-wk pilot study, using matched pairs. SETTING: The study took place at the Homeopathy Health Clinic at the University of Johannesburg in Johannesburg, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six males aged between 18 and 40 y with chronic PI were recruited; 28 completed the study- placebo group (n = 14) and experimental group (n = 14). INTERVENTIONS: The homeopathic complex was made in 20% alcohol. The placebo consisted of the unmedicated vehicle only. OUTCOME MEASURES: The study used the Pre-sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) and the Sleep Diary (SD), which assessed sleep-onset latency. RESULTS: The experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement in presleep arousal as well as sleep onset latency over the 4 wks of the study. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed that the improvement occurred gradually. Intergroup analysis showed through both the PSAS and the SD that the experimental group had outperformed the placebo group by day 28 of the study. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that daily use of the homeopathic complex does have an effect over a 4-wk period on physiological and cognitive arousal at bedtime as well as on sleep onset latency in PI sufferers. Further research on the use of this complex for PI is warranted before any definitive conclusions can be drawn.

Identifying complementary and alternative medicine recommendations for insomnia treatment and care: a systematic review and critical assessment of comprehensive clinical practice guidelines.

Background: There is a need for evidence-informed guidance on the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for insomnia because of its widespread utilization and a lack of guidance on the balance of benefits and harms. This systematic review aimed to identify and summarize the CAM recommendations associated with insomnia treatment and care from existing comprehensive clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). The quality of the eligible guidelines was appraised to assess the credibility of these recommendations. Methods: Formally published CPGs incorporating CAM recommendations for insomnia management were searched for in seven databases from their inception to January 2023. The NCCIH website and six websites of international guideline developing institutions were also retrieved. The methodological and reporting quality of each included guideline was appraised using the AGREE II instrument and RIGHT statement, respectively. Results: Seventeen eligible GCPs were included, and 14 were judged to be of moderate to high methodological and reporting quality. The reporting rate of eligible CPGs ranged from 42.9 to 97.1%. Twenty-two CAM modalities were implicated, involving nutritional or natural products, physical CAM, psychological CAM, homeopathy, aromatherapy, and mindful movements. Recommendations for these modalities were mostly unclear, unambiguous, uncertain, or conflicting. Logically explained graded recommendations supporting the CAM use in the treatment and/or care of insomnia were scarce, with bibliotherapy, Tai Chi, Yoga, and auriculotherapy positively recommended based on little and weak evidence. The only consensus was that four phytotherapeutics including valerian, chamomile, kava, and aromatherapy were not recommended for insomnia management because of risk profile and/or limited benefits. Conclusions: Existing guidelines are generally limited in providing clear, evidence-informed recommendations for the use of CAM therapies for insomnia management due to a lack of high-quality evidence and multidisciplinary consultation in CPG development. More well-designed studies to provide reliable clinical evidence are therefore urgently needed. Allowing the engagement of a range of interdisciplinary stakeholders in future updates of CPGs is also warranted. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=369155, identifier: CRD42022369155.

Nonlinear dynamical systems effects of homeopathic remedies on multiscale entropy and correlation dimension of slow wave sleep EEG in young adults with histories of coffee-induced insomnia.

BACKGROUND: Investigators of homeopathy have proposed that nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) and complex systems science offer conceptual and analytic tools for evaluating homeopathic remedy effects. Previous animal studies demonstrate that homeopathic medicines alter delta electroencephalographic (EEG) slow wave sleep. The present study extended findings of remedy-related sleep stage alterations in human subjects by testing the feasibility of using two different NDS analytic approaches to assess remedy effects on human slow wave sleep EEG. METHODS: Subjects (N=54) were young adult male and female college students with a history of coffee-related insomnia who participated in a larger 4-week study of the polysomnographic effects of homeopathic medicines on home-based all-night sleep recordings. Subjects took one bedtime dose of a homeopathic remedy (Coffea cruda or Nux vomica 30c). We computed multiscale entropy (MSE) and the correlation dimension (Mekler-D2) for stages 3 and 4 slow wave sleep EEG sampled in artifact-free 2-min segments during the first two rapid-eye-movement (REM) cycles for remedy and post-remedy nights, controlling for placebo and post-placebo night effects. RESULTS: MSE results indicate significant, remedy-specific directional effects, especially later in the night (REM cycle 2) (CC: remedy night increases and post-remedy night decreases in MSE at multiple sites for both stages 3 and 4 in both REM cycles; NV: remedy night decreases and post-remedy night increases, mainly in stage 3 REM cycle 2 MSE). D2 analyses yielded more sporadic and inconsistent findings. CONCLUSIONS: Homeopathic medicines Coffea cruda and Nux vomica in 30c potencies alter short-term nonlinear dynamic parameters of slow wave sleep EEG in healthy young adults. MSE may provide a more sensitive NDS analytic method than D2 for evaluating homeopathic remedy effects on human sleep EEG patterns.

Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic primary insomnia is defined as difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep or of non-restorative sleep that lasts for at least 1 month and causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning. The homeopathic simillimum is that remedy which most closely corresponds to the totality of symptoms; remedy selection is based on a full evaluation of the patient's physical, emotional and mental characteristics. AIM/PURPOSE: The purpose of this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic simillimum in the treatment of chronic primary insomnia. METHOD: 30 participants were selected in accordance with DSM-IV TR (2000)(1) criterion 307.42 Primary Insomnia and then randomly divided between treatment and placebo groups. The measurement tools used were a Sleep Diary (SD) and the Sleep Impairment Index (SII).(2) After an initial consultation, 2 follow-up consultations at 2-week intervals took place. Homeopathic medication was prescribed at the first and second consultations. The SII was completed at each consultation and participants were instructed at the first consultation to start the SD. RESULTS: SD data revealed that verum treatment resulted in a significant increase in duration of sleep throughout the study, compared to the placebo treatment which resulted in no significant increase in duration of sleep. A significant improvement in SII summary scores and number of improved individual questions were found in the verum group, responses to all 11 questions having improved significantly upon completion of the study. An initial improvement occurred in the placebo group, but was not sustained. Comparison of results between the groups revealed a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: The homeopathic simillimum treatment of primary insomnia was effective, compared to placebo. Homeopathy is a viable treatment modality for this condition and further research is justified.

Efficacy of individualized homeopathic treatment of insomnia: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is the most common sleep-related complaint associated with impaired day-time functioning, reduced quality of life, increased morbidity and substantial societal cost. We evaluated whether individualized homeopathy (IH) could produce significant effect beyond placebo in treatment of insomnia. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two parallel arms trial, 60 patients were randomized to receive either IH/verum or control/placebo (1:1). Patient-administered sleep diary (6 items; 1: latency to fall asleep, 2: minutes awake in middle of night, 3: minutes awake too early, 4: hours spent in bed, 5: total sleep time in hours, and 6: sleep efficiency) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were taken as the primary and secondary outcomes respectively, measured at baseline, and after 3 months. RESULTS: Five patients dropped out (verum: 2, control: 3). Intention to treat sample (n = 60) was analyzed. Trial arms were comparable at baseline. In the verum group, except sleep diary item 3 (P = 0.371), rest of the outcomes improved significantly (all P < 0.01). In the control group, there were significant improvements in diary item 6 and ISI score (P < 0.01) and just significant improvement in item 5 (P = 0.018). Group differences were significant for items 4, 5 and 6 (P < 0.01) and just significant (P = 0.014) for ISI score with moderate to large effect sizes; but non-significant (P > 0.01) for rest of the outcomes. CONCLUSION: IH seemed to produce significantly better effect than placebo. Rigorous trials and independent replications are warranted.

The homeopathic preparation Neurexan vs. valerian for the treatment of insomnia: an observational study.

Insomnia is prevalent and complementary therapies are common, but data are lacking on the effectiveness and tolerability of preparations beyond valerian. Here we report on an open-label, prospective cohort study in 89 German centers offering both conventional and complementary therapies. Subjects received the homeopathic preparation Neurexan or valerian for 28 days. Doses were at physicians' judgments. Sleep duration and latency were evaluated based on patients' sleep diaries over 14 days; sleep quality was evaluated at 28 +/- 1 days. A total of 409 subjects were enrolled. The groups were balanced at baseline for age, sex, weight, and sleep disturbances. At day 14, both groups reported improved sleep latency and duration; latency was reduced from baseline by 37.3 +/- 36.3 min with Neurexan and by 38.2 +/- 38.5 min with valerian. The duration of sleep increased by 2.2 (+/-1.6) h in the Neurexan group and by 2.0 (+/-1.5) h in the valerian group. Differences between the groups in improvement on sleep duration were significantly in favor of Neurexan therapy at days 8, 12, and 14. At day 28, quality of sleep was improved in both groups with no significant differences between the treatments. Significantly more patients reported lack of daytime fatigue with Neurexan than with valerian therapies (49% vs. 32%; p < 0.05 for the comparison). For patients favorable towards a CAM-based therapy, Neurexan might be an effective and well-tolerated alternative to conventional valerian-based therapies for the treatment of mild to moderate insomnia.

Trazodone-induced delirium: case report / Delirio inducido por trazodona: reporte de caso

ABSTRACT Trazodone is used as an antidepressant in doses between 150 and 600 mg. At lower doses, it is commonly used to treat insomnia. There are few case reports about confusional symptoms as an undesirable side effect of this drug. We report a case of a patient who presented with delirium after prescription of trazodone 100 mg. She required hospitalisation but, shortly after discontinuation of trazodone, the symptoms disappeared without antipsychotic medication. Seven months after the episode, the patient remains asymptomatic.

RESUMEN La trazodona se usa como antidepresivo en dosis de 150-600 mg. En dosis más bajas, se usa comúnmente para tratar el insomnio. Hay pocos reportes de caso sobre síntomas confusionales como un efecto secundario indeseable de este medicamento. Se presenta el caso de una paciente que acudió con delirio después de la prescripción de trazodona 100 mg. La paciente requirió hospitalización pero, poco después de la interrupción de la trazodona, los síntomas desaparecieron sin medicación antipsicótica. A los 7 meses del episodio, la paciente permanecía asintomática.

Pharmacologic approaches for the treatment of chronic insomnia.

Insomnia is a common problem that for many sufferers persists chronically and may result from a wide range of causes. Specific treatments address particular underlying medical disorders. General therapeutic approaches, including pharmacologic and behavioral strategies, may have broad applicability to insomnia patients. Many different medications and substances have been used in an attempt to improve sleep. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of medications and other substances employed to promote improved sleep. Special emphasis is given to the use of the newer-generation benzodiazepine receptor agonist hypnotics.

Effects of homeopathic medicines on polysomnographic sleep of young adults with histories of coffee-related insomnia.

BACKGROUND: Homeopathy, a common form of alternative medicine worldwide, relies on subjective patient reports for diagnosis and treatment. Polysomnography offers a modern methodology for evaluating the objective effects of taking homeopathic remedies that clinicians claim exert effects on sleep quality in susceptible individuals. Animal studies have previously shown changes in non rapid eye movement sleep with certain homeopathic remedies. METHODS: Young adults of both sexes (ages 18-31) with above-average scores on standardized personality scales for either cynical hostility or anxiety sensitivity (but not both) and a history of coffee-induced insomnia participated in the month-long study. At-home polysomnographic recordings were obtained on successive pairs of nights once per week for a total of eight recordings (nights 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, 23). Subjects (N=54) received placebo pellets on night 8 (single-blind) and verum pellets on night 22 (double-blind) in 30c doses of one of two homeopathic remedies, Nux Vomica or Coffea Cruda. Subjects completed daily morning sleep diaries and weekly Pittsburgh sleep quality index scales, as well as profile of mood states scales at bedtime on polysomnography nights. RESULTS: Verum remedies significantly increased PSG total sleep time and NREM, as well as awakenings and stage changes. Changes in actigraphic and self-rated scale effects were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated the feasibility of using in-home, all-night sleep recordings to study homeopathic remedy effects. Findings are similar though not identical to those reported in animals with the same remedies. Possible mechanisms include initial disruption of the nonlinear dynamics of sleep patterns by the verum remedies.

Erythrina mulungu: descrição botânica e indicações clínicas a partir da antroposofia / Erythrina mulungu: Botanical description and clinical indications from anthroposophy

Erythrina é um gênero da família botânica Leguminosae (Fabaceae), que ocorre em todo o território brasileiro. São árvores de porte médio, madeira mole, flores grandes vermelhas ou alaranjadas, que ocorrem numa ampla variedade de habitats, desde matas tropicais até bosques de altitude. Seus frutos e sementes se dispersam pela ação do vento e dos animais. Estão distribuídas majoritariamente nas Américas e na África. No Brasil, são encontradas cerca de 12 espécies de Erythrina, sendo que a espécie E. mulungu Mart. ex Benth (sinonímia: E. verna Vell.) é a mais utilizada para fins medicinais. E. mulungu é uma árvore de 15 a 20 metros de altura, com espinhos ao longo dos troncos, folhas compostas, longamente pecioladas. Perde todas as folhas na época da floração cobrindo-se de inflorescências alaranjadas. Produz pequenos frutos do tipo vagem, de 6 a 12 cm de comprimento, contendo entre uma e três sementes, de cor marrom-clara. Ocorre naturalmente no Cerrado, Amazônia e Mata Atlântica, preferencialmente nas encostas e matas abertas. Tem crescimento rápido, alcançando 3,5 m de altura em dois anos. Preparações de E. mulungu são utilizadas popularmente com o propósito de afastar forças negativas, trazer paz e tranquilidade. É bastante comum a substituição por outras espécies do mesmo gênero, dependendo da disponibilidade local. A ação neurotrópica da planta é explicada pela presença de alcaloides eritrínicos, encontrado principalmente nas sementes e na casca. E. mulungu é mencionada nas principais farmacopeias e compêndios vigentes de fitoterapia e homeopatia, com indicação para quadros leves de ansiedade e insônia. O presente artigo discorre sobre as possibilidades de uso desta planta na medicina antroposófica, de forma isolada, ou em associação com outros insumos farmacêuticos já consagrados.(AU)

Erythrina is a genus of the botanical family Leguminosae (Fabaceae), which occurs throughout the whole Brazilian territory. They are medium-sized trees, with soft wood, big red or orange flowers, which occur in a wide variety of habitats, from the rainforests to the highland woods. Their fruits and seeds are dispersed by wind and animals action. They are distributed mainly in America and Africa. Around 12 species of Erythrina are found in Brazil, of which E. mulungu Mart. ex Benth (synonym: Erythrina verna Vell.) is the therapeutically most used species. E. mulungu is a 15 to 20 m high tree, with thorns along the stems, composed and long-petiolate leaves. It loses all its leaves during the flowering season, when it is covered by orange inflorescences. It bears little bean-type fruits, with 6 to 12 cm long, containing one to three light brown colored seeds. It occurs naturally in the Cerrado, Amazonia and Atlantic Rainforest, preferably at hillsides and open forests. It grows quickly, reaching 3,5 m high in two years. E. mulungu preparations are popularly used to calm down and to remove negative energy. The substitution by other species of the same genus is very common, depending on local availability. The neurotropic action of the plant is explained by the presence of erythrinic alkaloids, found mainly in the seeds and bark. E. mulungu is mentioned in the main current pharmacopeias and compendia of phytotherapy and homeopathy, being indicated for mild anxiety and insomnia. The present article discusses the possibilities of using this plant in anthroposophic medicine, singly or in association to other already established pharmaceutical substances.(AU)

Management of distress during climacteric years by homeopathic therapy.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the usefulness of homeopathic therapy in the management of distressing symptoms encountered during climacteric years in women (primary objective) and also the changes brought about in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lipid profile in these women after homeopathic treatment (secondary objective). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An open, multicenter, prospective, observational study was carried out to ascertain the usefulness of homeopathic treatment in distress during climacteric years (DDCY). Patients were enrolled from the general outpatient department of the six Institutes/Units of Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH) and were required to complete a follow-up period of 1 year as per the protocol designed by the CCRH. A uniform questionnaire assessing 15 predefined symptoms of menopause was adopted, with assessment of each symptom at every visit. Levels of serum FSH and lipid profile were monitored at entry and at completion. Effect size of the study was also calculated. CARA Software was used for repertorization of the presenting symptoms of menopause along with the characteristic attributes of each patient to arrive at a simillimum. The selected medicine was prescribed in a single dose as per the homeopathic principles. The assessment of the results was made through statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon signed rank test on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) comparing symptom score at entry and completion of 1 year of treatment and t test for analyzing improvement in laboratory findings. RESULTS: Homeopathic therapy was found to be useful in relieving menopausal distressing symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, anxiety, palpitation, depression, insomnia, and so on. Influence on serum levels of FSH, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein was not significant but serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and very-low-density lipoprotein decreased significantly. Effect size of the study was found to be large. The medicines found to be most frequently indicated and useful were Sepia, Lachesis, Calcarea carb., Lycopodium, and Sulphur. CONCLUSIONS: This study proves the usefulness of homeopathic medicines in relieving DDCY.

Homeopathy for insomnia: a systematic review of research evidence.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is a common problem which impacts on quality of life. Current management includes psychological and behavioural therapies and/or pharmacological treatments. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review research evidence for effectiveness of homeopathy in the management of insomnia. METHODS: Comprehensive searches of biomedical databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane library, Science Citation Index), homeopathy-specific and complementary medicine-specific databases were conducted. RESULTS: (A) Homeopathic medicines: four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) compared homeopathic medicines to placebo. All involved small patient numbers and were of low methodological quality. None demonstrated a statistically significant difference in outcomes between groups, although two showed a trend favouring homeopathic medicines and three demonstrated significant improvements from baseline in both groups. A cohort study reported significant improvements from baseline. (B) Treatment by a homeopath: No randomised controlled trials of treatment by a homeopath were identified. One cohort study, three case series and over 2600 case studies were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The limited evidence available does not demonstrate a statistically significant effect of homeopathic medicines for insomnia treatment. Existing RCTs were of poor quality and were likely to have been underpowered. Well-conducted studies of homeopathic medicines and treatment by a homeopath are required to examine the clinical and cost effectiveness of homeopathy for insomnia.

Effects of homeopathic medicines on mood of adults with histories of coffee-related insomnia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this within-subjects feasibility study was to determine whether two different homeopathic remedies, Nux Vomica (NV) and Coffea Cruda (CC), exert effects on subjective mood ratings in healthy adults with a history of coffee-induced insomnia. The impact of individual personality traits, anxiety sensitivity or Type A cynical hostility, and homeopathic constitutional type (HTYPE-NV, HTYPE-CC), on remedy effects was examined to evaluate differential responsivity, in accord with clinical claims. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Young adults of both sexes (ages 18-31) with above-average scores on standardized personality scales for either cynical hostility or anxiety sensitivity, and a history of coffee-induced insomnia, participated in the month-long study. At-home polysomnographic recordings were obtained on successive pairs of nights once per week for a total of 8 recordings (nights 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, 23). Subjects (N = 59) received placebo pellets on night 8 (single-blind) and verum pellets in 30c doses of one of two homeopathic remedies, NV or CC, on night 22 (doubleblind). Subjects completed the Profile of Mood States Scales at bedtime. RESULTS: The remedies produced differential effects on anger and overall mood, with improved mood following CC administration. A similar trend for depression was observed. Anxiety sensitive subjects experienced less tension following CC, whereas hostile subjects receiving CC became more tense. The high HTYPE-CC receiving CC experienced less vigor. The high HTYPE-CC receiving NV experienced more vigor.

Utilización de plantas medicinales como alternativa a las benzodiazepinas: revisón bibliográfica / Use of medicinal plants as an alternative to benzodiazepines: a review

El uso de las benzodiazepinas (BZD) ha ido incrementándose en losúltimos años. Son los fármacos más utilizados en el ámbito médico parael tratamiento de los trastornos del ritmo sueño-vigilia y en los trastornosde ansiedad. Poseen serios efectos adversos en tanto alteran laarquitectura del sueño, provocan tolerancia y dependencia, incoordinaciónmotora y debilidad muscular, y a mediano y largo plazo altera funcionescognitivas tales como la memoria y la atención. Se analizan las posiblesalternativas a éstas medicaciones que pueden dar una respuesta similaro mejorada sin los efectos adversos mencionados.Entre ellas encontramos a las medicinas naturales o fitoterapia. Seplantea como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica que permitadeterminar los actuales usos de plantas medicinales en los cuadros deinsomnio y en los trastornos de ansiedad. Se encontró que ciertasplantas medicinales son una alternativa terapéutica segura y eficaz parasuplantar a las BZD en los trastornos del sueño y la ansiedad, cuandosu uso es responsable y respaldado con evidencia científica.

The use of benzodiazepines (BZD) has been increasing in recent years.They are commonly used in the medical field for the treatment ofdisorders of sleep-wake rhythm and anxiety disorders. BZD presentserious adverse effects like alter sleep architecture, cause tolerance anddependence, motor incoordination and muscle weakness, medium andlong term alter cognitive functions such as memory and attention. Weanalyze possible alternatives to these medications that can give a similarresponse or improved it without the side effects listed. Among them wefound the natural or herbal medicines. We perform a literature review todetermine current uses of medicinal plants in the tables of insomnia andanxiety disorders. It was found that certain herbs are a safe and effectivetherapeutic alternative way to supplant the BZD in sleep disorders andanxiety, when its use is responsible and backed with scientific evidence.

Bach flower remedies: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials.

Bach flower remedies continue to be popular and its proponents make a range of medicinal claims for them. The aim of this systematic review was to critically evaluate the evidence for these claims. Five electronic databases were searched without restrictions on time or language. All randomised clinical trials of flower remedies were included. Seven such studies were located. All but one were placebo-controlled. All placebo-controlled trials failed to demonstrate efficacy. It is concluded that the most reliable clinical trials do not show any differences between flower remedies and placebos.

Tratamento homeopático da insônia

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de abordar o tratamento homeopático da insônia, tanto na sua manifestação aguda, quanto na sua forma crônica. Inicia pela revisão dos fundamentos da Homeopatia, analisando a singularidade da abordagem homeopática e sua peculiar anamnese, de modo a demonstrar as especificidades da abordagem homeopática na caracterização e no controle desta moléstia. Em seguida passa em revista os medicamentos homeopáticos mais utilizados no tratamento da Insônia Aguda e, através do Relato de Caso Clínico, procura evidenciar as possibilidades terapêuticas da aplicação da Homeopatia na Insônia Crônica. (AU)