[Exploration of one-step preparation of Ganoderma lucidum multicomponent microemulsion].

To explore one-step method for the preparation of Ganoderma lucidum multicomponent microemulsion, according to the dissolution characteristics of triterpenes and polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum, formulation of the microemulsion was optimized. The optimal blank microemulsion was used as a solvent to sonicate the Ganoderma lucidum powder to prepare the multicomponent microemulsion, besides, its physicochemical properties were compared with the microemulsion made by conventional method. The results showed that the multicomponent microemulsion was characterized as (43.32 +/- 6.82) nm in size, 0.173 +/- 0.025 in polydispersity index (PDI) and -(3.98 +/- 0.82) mV in zeta potential. The contents of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes and polysaccharides were (5.95 +/- 0.32) and (7.58 +/- 0.44) mg x mL(-1), respectively. Sonicating Ganoderma lucidum powder by blank microemulsion could prepare the multicomponent microemulsion. Compared with the conventional method, this method is simple and low cost, which is suitable for industrial production.

[Determination of trace elements in mylabris before and after being processed].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the processing principle of Mylabris by comparing the differences between the contents of 11 trace elements in Mylabris before and after being processed. METHODS: Used Flame AAS, Graphite Furnace AAS and Hydride generation AAS to determine the content of Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Pb, Cd, As and Hg elements in Mylabris samples. RESULTS: The sequence of 11 trace elements contents in the Mylabris samples from high to low was: K > Mg > Fe > Ca > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > As > Hg > Cd. In Mylabris after being processed, the contents of Pb, As, Hg, Cd and Fe elements decreased, Cu, Mg and Ca increased; In the head, legs and wings of Mylabris, the contents of Hg and Pb elements were higher than those of the other parts. The content of As in the inner wings was the highest. CONCLUSION: The traditional processing method, stir-frying with rice and removing head, legs and wings is scientific.

[Comparison of the effects of traditional and modern processing methods on antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Musca domestica].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the different effects of traditional and modern processing methods onantibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Musca domestica. METHODS: Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of traditional and modem processing products were carried out on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and macrophage RAW264.7 which activated by LPS. RESULTS: The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were more pronounced in modern processing product treatment group than those of traditional processing product treatment group. CONCLUSION: Modern processing technology can protect the substances in Musca domestica which have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

[Research on TLC identification and anti-coagulant activity quantitatively methods of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans].

OBJECTIVE: To improve the quality standard of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans by researching the methods of the TLC identification and anti-coagulant activity quantitatively. METHODS: Identified the free arginine (Arg) and serine (Ser) in scolopendra by TLC, screened the samples preparation process and developed solvent systems; Determined the anti-coagulant activity by method of titration with thrombin and screened the pretreatment methods. RESULTS: When medicinal materials was extracted by formic acid and 95% ethanol (1:1) with ultrasonic method and developed by n-butanol-acetic acid-water (12:5:4), the spots of Arg and Ser were well separated. Ultrasonic method was suitable for preparation of the anti-coagulant components in Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans and their anti-coagulant activity was determined by method of titration with thrombin could get a well reproducibility, the anti-thrombin activity of testing sample was (14.00 +/- 1.53) U/g and those of three different batch were (13.00 +/- 0.58) U/g, (17.00 +/- 1.15) U/g, (15.67 +/- 1.53) U/g respectively. CONCLUSION: The methods of TLC identification and anti-coagulant activity quantitatively could be used as a basis for improving the quality standard of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans.

A review of traditional and current processing methods used to decrease the toxicity of the rhizome of Pinellia ternata in traditional Chinese medicine.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The rhizome of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit, called Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR) and Banxia in Chinese, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the functions of "removing dampness-phlegm" and "downbear counterflow and check vomiting". PR has potential toxic effects that can be detoxified by Fuzhi processing (repeated processing using one or multiple adjuvants) with specific adjuvants. AIM OF THE STUDY: This paper aims to provide a summary of traditional and current processing methods used to detoxify PR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The available references of the processing methods of PR from the classic books of Materia Medica, literature, online databases and masters or doctoral theses are collected and summarized. We also discussed the possible processing mechanisms of how we can achieve a safer and effective application of PR via these processing methods. RESULTS: PR cannot be administered orally before processing. PR contains nucleoside alkaloids, cerebrosides, fatty acids, lectin, polysaccharides, and calcium oxalate crystals. To date, although the active substances of PR are still unclear, the toxic components are almost completely clarified as needle-like calcium oxalate crystals (NCOCs) and lectin proteins. Furthermore, the toxic effects of PR include causing death in animals, inflammation, conjunctival irritation, pregnancy toxicity, teratogenicity, visceral toxicity, aphonia and vomiting. From ancient times to now, Fuzhi methods have remained the predominant method for PR processing, and the main adjuvants used are ginger juice, alum, licorice and lime. In addition, detoxification mechanisms are related to removing or damaging the NCOC and lectin in PR based on processing with adjuvants. Currently, Fuzhi processing has been greatly improved, and novel processing technologies with novel adjuvants have been used for PR processing. However, there are still some flaws in PR processing, which should be urgently solved in the future, and clarifying the characteristic bioactive compounds in PR corresponding to its function or effects is the most important step for PR processing. CONCLUSION: Our present paper reviewed the previous literature regarding all aspects of the processing of PR, and this paper will be helpful for achieving a safer and effective application of PR and its processed products and will also be beneficial for the further optimization of processing technology and clinical medication safety of PR.

[Quality control of traditional Tibetan Medicine Zsuotai].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the method of quality control for traditional Tibetan Medicine Zsuotai. METHODS: Collecting the samples of Tsuotai from Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, and Gansu province, to detect Hg2+ by Zsuotai reacted with HCl-HNO3 (3:1), and to determine the quantity of HgS in Zsuotai by sulfocyanate volumetric method. RESULTS: The method for the determination of HgS in Zsuotai was in good reproducibility (RSD = 0.68%). The calibration curve was linear (r = 0.9999) within -0.0002 - 0.2123 g of mercuric sulfide. The recovery was 100.94% (RSD = 0.66%). CONCLUSIONS: This method is convenient and accurate, so it can be used to establish quality control of the medicinal material.

[Enzymatic production of oral nutritional liquid from oyster].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare an oral nutritional liquid for protecting liver and antialcoholic from defatted oyster powder. METHODS: The orthogonal design was used to determine the optimal enzymatic hydrolytic condition and the enzymolysis liquid from oyster was deodorized and seasoned. RESULTS: The optimum hydrolytic conditions were determined as follows: defatted oyster powder added concentration of 2%, ratio of enzyme to base material 10%, enzymatic hydrolytic time 90 min, temperature 50 degrees C, pH 6.2. The content of glycogen, crude protein and amino acids in the oral nutritional liquid were 461 mg/100 mL, 381 mg/100 mL and 294.5 mg/100 mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The processing conditions are stable and reliable and can be used to provide reference for further pilot scale production.

[Comparison of protein composition and activities of pilose antler processed by different methods].

To elucidate the influence of processing conditions on pilose antlers therapic effects, the protein composition and activities were compared on three kinds of pilose antler processed by lyophilization, freezing and traditional short-time heating, respectively. The concentration of the water soluble protein in freeze-dried pilose antler was 126.54 mg/g (Folin-Phenol assay), which was 13.1 times higher than that of heating processed antler. These proteins distributed widely in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and the protein band between 50.0 kDa approximately 60.0 kDa achieved the highest concentration. The water extract of freeze-dried antler promoted the proliferation and IGF-I secretion of rat osteogenic-like cell UMR-106 by 245.25% ( MTT assay) and 66.36 ng/ml, which was respectively 2.2 times and 1.2 times of those of heating processed antler. The same candidate inhibited the growth of human hepatic carcinoma cell BEL-7402 by the highest rate of 47.64% , which was 1.4 times of heating processed antler. The activities of frozen fresh pilose antler were lower than those of its freeze-dried counterpart, but were much higher than those of heating processed antler. The results indicated that lyophilization help to remain the activity of pilose antlers proteins as much as possible and improve its efficacy.

[Comparative research on anticancer activity between fresh and processed Gekko subpalmatus].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anticancer activity of fresh and processed Gekko subpalmatus on mouse H22 hepatocellular in vitro and in vivo comparatively. METHODS: In vitro, the effect of different concentration fresh and processed Gekko subpalmatus on proliferation of H22 cells were measured by Monotetrazolium (MTT) assay. Mouse transplanted hepatoma H22 model was established to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of fresh and processed Gekko subpalmatus. Rate of restraining tumor, index of thymus and spleen were calculated after 14 days' treatment. RESULTS: In vitro, fresh and processed Gekko subpalmatus inhibited proliferation of H22 cells and the IC50 values were 8.53 mg/ml and 6.42 mg/ml. In vivo, the restraining tumor rates of fresh and processed Gekko subpalmatus each at the highest doses were 53.0% and 47.4%. Compared with those in CTX group, the indexes of thymus and spleen were markedly increased after all processed group's treatment. The indexes of the thymus increased after low dose fresh group's treatment. The indexes of the spleen of the moderate and high dose groups were higher than CTX group. CONCLUSION: Fresh and processed Gekko subpalmatus show significant anti-tumor activity in hepatoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. The processed samples can improve the immunity of the mouse.

[Optimization of formulation matrix proportion and preparation technology of realgar floating tablets for gastric retention by uniform design and correlation analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the different components proportions of the Realgar floating tablets for gastric retention by uniform design and correlation analysis. METHOD: With the different dosage of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as the tablets frame matrix, uniform design and correlation analysis were used to optimize the best component proportions of formula, and to measure the dissolution of the tablets in vitro. RESULT: Dissolution of the tablets in vitro was conformed to the expectation of experiment. The drug-release mechanism was by diffusion and corrosion at the same time. CONCLUSION: The Realgar floating tablets for gastric retention achieved the goal of design, which demand sustained release and safety.

[Analysis on processing mechanism of calamine].

OBJECTIVE: To study processing method and mechanism of Calamine. METHOD: Thermogravimetry analysis method and nano-technology were adopted to analyze and synthesize the components in Calamine, Tetracycline was took as the comparison drug to determine the antibacterial activity of Calamine and its components. RESULT: A part of zinc carbonate in Calamine was decomposed into zinc oxide when processing, and the particle size was smaller than before. The antibacterial activity of Calamine is decided by the content and particle size of zinc oxide, and has nothing with zinc carbonate. The more content and the smaller particle size of zinc oxide, the more powerful antibacterial activity of Calamine. CONCLUSION: The content and the particle size of zinc oxide can be the important targets in the processing of Calamine.

[Various methods of processing pyritum].

Five methods of processing pyritum and the effect of temperature fluctuations on processed products were studied using Fe2+ in the decoction, sulphur in processed products and sulphur separated out of processed products after adding hydrochloric acid as indexes. The results may serve as a reference for further study on pyritum.

[Effect of processing on reducing the toxicity in sulfur].

The content of arsenic in sulfur before and after processing was determined. The result shows that the content in raw materials is 8-15 times higher than that of the processed product, which implies that the toxicity of sulfur is obviously reduced by processing.

[Outward character and inner quality of Bombyx Batryticatus, Carapax Trionycis, Squama Manitis and endothelium corneum Gigeriae Galli after frying].

According to the requirement for outward character in processing traditional Chinese medicines, Bombyx Batryticatus, Carapax Trionycis, Squama Manitis and Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli, which are four kinds of often used traditional Chinese animal medicines, were fried, the contents of amino acids in each kind were determined, and investigate the inner quality of each kind of the processed product was investigated with reference to other standards.

[Preliminary studies on process and ultramicro-pulverization on pharmacodynamics of Leech].

OBJECTIVE: To compare pharmacodynamics of decoction and powder of Leech; To identify effect of pharmacodynamics of Leech with new methods of process and ultrmicro-pulverization. METHOD: The size of ultramicor-powder of Leech and new method processed Leech is determined by BT-1500 size distributive instrument. It is compared that the pharmacodynamics of Leech decoction and powder as well as ultramicro-powder with new method processed of 1/2 decoction dose by anticoagulation and antithrombus action of mice. The safety of different samples is identified. RESULT: The pharmacodynamics of samples is as ultramicro-powder of Leech with new method processed > ultrmicro-powder of Leech > powder of Leech > decoction of Leech. CONCLUSION: The ultramicro-powder of Leech with new method processed has better pharmacodynamic effect and the smell of Leech is improved.

[Study on extraction technique of HDCA].

OBJECTIVE: To find out the optimal extraction technique for HDCA (a-hydroxycholic acid). METHOD: According to the orthogonal design L9(3(4)), the optimal extraction technique was sought through experimental investigation, and the content of HDCA was determined by TLC. RESULT: The optimal extraction method was eightfold 8% NaOH solution and 16 hours. The optimal purification method was six fold ethyl acetate, 5% active carbon, and 30 minutes twice. CONCLUSION: The above mentioned extraction technique is optimal and feasible in extraction of HDCA.

[Studies on extraction factors of buxueyangyan mixture].

OBJECTIVE: To study the optimum extraction factors of Buxueyangyan Mixture. METHOD: The orthogonal design was used to select the optimum extraction factors of Cervi Pantotrichum etc. and water extraction rate was used to evaluate the factors. The orthogonal desingn was used to study three factors including crude particle size, extraction time and amount of water. Lcariine content was used as analytical parameter. RESULT: The optimum extraction factors for Cervi Pantotrichum etc. were: 3 a volume ofwith 10 times of water used for three extraction 2.5 h each time. The optimum extraction factors for others were: 1 cm or smaller the crude particle size, boiling 2 times: 2.5, 1.5 h respectively the amount of water used was 10. 8 times of the drug mixture respectively. CONCLUSION: According the optimum extraction factors, the active substance can be extracted efficiently.

[Study on the preparation of venenum bufonis beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes].

OBJECTIVE: To study the preparation of Venenum Bufonis beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. METHOD: An optimal condition was established by the uniform design. Under the optimal conditions the Venenum Bufonis beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were prepared with 5 different methods. RESULT: The ball grinding method was superior to other four methods. The bufadienolide inclusion rate of Venenum Bufonis beta-cyclodextrin prepared with ball grinding method was 85.42%. CONCLUSION: Ball grinding method is the best method for the preparation of Venenum Bufonis beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.

[Content analysis of bilirubin in niuhuang compound suppository by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method of determinating content of bilirubin in Niuhuang Compound Suppository by HPLC. METHOD: C18 column was used. The mobile phase was consisted of dimethylsulfoxide: acetonitrile: 0.5% acetic ammonium (1:1.4:1). Detector wavelength was 456 nm. The extraction solution for bilirubin was consisted of dlimethylsulfoxide: acetonitrile = 9:4. RESULTS: The linearity was obtained over the range of 0.107 - 2.14 microg. The mean recovery was 101.0%, RSD = 0.518% (n = 5). CONCLUSION: The method was sensitive, simple and accurate.

[Study on extraction process of zhanjin ruji].

OBJECTIVE: To select the optimum extraction process of Zhanjin Ruji. METHOD: To observe influence of extraction time upon the extraction rate of volatile oil, the orthogonal test was adopted to observe the extraction process by alcohol from the extraction rate and content of the total saponins in Radix Notoginseng. RESULT: The three kinds of herbs including Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Resina Olibani and Myrrha were extracted with water for 3 hours, 95% of volatile oil can be distilled. The three kinds of herbs including Radix Notoginseng, Herba Lycopodii and Radix Gentianae Macrophyllac were extracted by alcohol. Four factors such as alcohol concentration(A), extraction times(B), extraction time(C), and solvent amount(D), had not significant effect on the content of total saponins in Radix Notoginseng in herbal extraction, but factor A and B had significant effect on the extraction rate. The optimum extraction process was as follows extracted with 5 times the amount of the solvent volum 60% alcohol for 3 times and with each time for 1 hour. Three times experiments showed that the extraction rate was 26.5% and the content of the total saponins in Radix Notoginseng was 17.28% mg.g-1. CONCLUSION: The above experimental results can provide experimental basis for deciding the extraction process of Zhanjin Ruji.