"They Sweat for Science": The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory and Self-Experimentation in American Exercise Physiology.

In many scientific fields, the practice of self-experimentation waned over the course of the twentieth century. For exercise physiologists working today, however, the practice of self-experimentation is alive and well. This paper considers the role of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory and its scientific director, D. Bruce Dill, in legitimizing the practice of self-experimentation in exercise physiology. Descriptions of self-experimentation are drawn from papers published by members of the Harvard Fatigue Lab. Attention is paid to the ethical and practical justifications for self-experimentation in both the lab and the field. Born out of the practical, immediate demands of fatigue protocols, self-experimentation performed the long-term, epistemological function of uniting physiological data across time and space, enabling researchers to contribute to a general human biology program.

[Laqueur and Organon. The university laboratory and the pharmaceutical industry in the Netherlands]. / Laqueur en Organon. Het universitaire laboratorium en de farmaceutische industrie in Nederland.

Since the 1970s cooperation between universities and pharmaceutical firms is business as usual. This has not always been the case. The first alliances between academic scientists and the pharmaceutical industry can be traced back to the 1920s. Compared to the U.S. and most other European countries, the creation of networks between the Dutch academy and industry shows a rather peculiar pattern that is illustrative in clarifying how the relationships between scientists and the pharmaceutical companies were built. Dutch scientists could not ally themselves with the pharmaceutical industry, simply because no Dutch pharmaceutical company specialized in organpreparations existed prior to the 1920s. This situation forced scientists to opt for the strongest form of alliance they could create, namely to take part in the founding of a pharmaceutical company. Ernst Laqueur, a professor in pharmacology at the University of Amsterdam, was one of the three founders of Organon, the Dutch pharmaceutical firm that was founded in 1923. Based on an analysis of the early history of sex endocrinology, this paper examines the creation of networks between Laqueur and Organon. The paper concludes that the university laboratory played a crucial role in the development of Organon. Organon was dependent on Laqueurs laboratory for the provision of the required biological essay techniques in order to manufacture standardized hormone products, Moreover, Laqueur mediated all the contacts between Organon and the clinic, required for the clinical testing of hormones and the provision of raw materials for the making of hormones into chemicals and drugs.

[History of homeopathy in Hungary, 1820-1871]. / Die geschichte der homöopathie in Ungarn (1820-1871).

This paper analyses the development of homeopathy in Hungary between 1820 and 1871. A brief account of the spread of this new method during the 1820s is followed by a history of the foundation of homeopathic hospitals in the first half of the 19th century and the publication of homeopathic self-help books for lay-persons. The attempts to establish an homeopathic association and an university chair of homeopathy which were to succeed ultimately are discussed. The homeopaths conflicts with allopaths and the difficult situation presented to homeopaths after the revolution of 1848/1849 are analysed. The paper concludes with a short representation of five of the most famous homeopaths in Hungary during the period under discussion.

[Not Available]. / Zu den Auseinandersetzungen um die Institutionalisierung von Naturheilkunde und Homöopathie an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin zwischen 1919 und 1933.

After the November Revolution the Government, supported by strong pressure groups, made several attempts to establish naturopathy and homeopathy as subjects at the Prussian Universities. Thus in 1919, a decision of the Prussian parliament to install a "Chair of General Therapy" led to fierce discussions between representatives of the government on the one hand and members of the medical faculties on the other. In 1927, a "Chair in Homeopathy" was created, which also lead to several controversies. The full professors of the medical faculty of the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin strongly rejected the idea. They were supported by their colleagues at other universities. Their motives seem to have been both financial and scientific.