The psychology and policy of overcoming economic inequality.

Recent arguments claim that behavioral science has focused - to its detriment - on the individual over the system when construing behavioral interventions. In this commentary, we argue that tackling economic inequality using both framings in tandem is invaluable. By studying individuals who have overcome inequality, "positive deviants," and the system limitations they navigate, we offer potentially greater policy solutions.

Clinical disposition, metabolism and in vitro drug-drug interaction properties of omadacycline.

1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, transport and elimination properties of omadacycline, an aminomethylcycline antibiotic, were investigated in vitro and in a study in healthy male subjects. 2. Omadacycline was metabolically stable in human liver microsomes and hepatocytes and did not inhibit or induce any of the nine cytochrome P450 or five transporters tested. Omadacycline was a substrate of P-glycoprotein, but not of the other transporters. 3. Omadacycline metabolic stability was confirmed in six healthy male subjects who received a single 300 mg oral dose of [14C]-omadacycline (36.6 µCi). Absorption was rapid with peak radioactivity (∼610 ngEq/mL) between 1-4 h in plasma or blood. The AUClast of plasma radioactivity (only quantifiable to 8 h due to low radioactivity) was 3096 ngEq h/mL and apparent terminal half-life was 11.1 h. Unchanged omadacycline reached peak plasma concentrations (∼563 ng/mL) between 1-4 h. Apparent plasma half-life was 17.6 h with biphasic elimination. Plasma exposure (AUCinf) averaged 9418 ng h/mL, with high clearance (CL/F, 32.8 L/h) and volume of distribution (Vz/F 828 L). No plasma metabolites were observed. 4. Radioactivity recovery of the administered dose in excreta was complete (>95%); renal and fecal elimination were 14.4% and 81.1%, respectively. No metabolites were observed in urine or feces, only the omadacycline C4-epimer.

The persistence of cognitive biases in financial decisions across economic groups.

While economic inequality continues to rise within countries, efforts to address it have been largely ineffective, particularly those involving behavioral approaches. It is often implied but not tested that choice patterns among low-income individuals may be a factor impeding behavioral interventions aimed at improving upward economic mobility. To test this, we assessed rates of ten cognitive biases across nearly 5000 participants from 27 countries. Our analyses were primarily focused on 1458 individuals that were either low-income adults or individuals who grew up in disadvantaged households but had above-average financial well-being as adults, known as positive deviants. Using discrete and complex models, we find evidence of no differences within or between groups or countries. We therefore conclude that choices impeded by cognitive biases alone cannot explain why some individuals do not experience upward economic mobility. Policies must combine both behavioral and structural interventions to improve financial well-being across populations.