Disparities in Access, Quality, and Clinical Outcome for Latino Californians with Colon Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To compare access, quality, and clinical outcomes between Latino and non-Latino White Californians with colon cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer care remain understudied, particularly among patients who identify as Latino. Exploring potential mechanisms, including differential utilization of high-volume hospitals, is an essential first step to designing evidence-based policy solutions. METHODS: We identified all adults diagnosed with colon cancer between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2020 from a statewide cancer registry linked to hospital administrative records. We compared survival, access (stage at diagnosis, receipt of surgical care, treatment at a high-volume hospital), and quality of care (receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy, adequacy of lymph node resection) between patients who identified as Latino and as non-Latino White. RESULTS: 75,543 patients met inclusion criteria, including 16,071 patients who identified as Latino (21.3%). Latino patients were significantly less likely to undergo definitive surgical resection (marginal difference [MD] -0.72 percentage points, 95% CI -1.19,-0.26), have an operation in a timely fashion (MD -3.24 percentage points, 95% CI -4.16,-2.32), or have an adequate lymphadenectomy (MD -2.85 percentage points, 95% CI -3.59,-2.12) even after adjustment for clinical and sociodemographic factors. Latino patients treated at high-volume hospitals were significantly less likely to die and more likely to meet access and quality metrics. CONCLUSIONS: Latino colon cancer patients experienced delays, segregation, and lower receipt of recommended care. Hospital-level colectomy volume appears to be strongly associated with access, quality, and survival--especially for patients who identify as Latino--suggesting that directing at-risk cancer patients to high-volume hospitals may improve health equity.

What's Behind it all: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Retrogastric Pancreatic Necrosis Management.

OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of laparoscopic transgastric necrosectomy (LTN) and direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN) in the management of retrogastric walled-off necrosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Surgical and endoscopic transgastric approaches are used to manage retrogastric pancreatic necrosis. Studies comparing these treatment modalities are lacking but would influence contemporary practice patterns. METHODS: LTN or DEN treated patients at Stanford University Hospital between 2011 and 2023 were identified. Cohort data included demographics, core pancreatitis care benchmarks, and clinical outcomes (total debridement time, new-onset endocrine and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) as well as re-intervention, 30-day readmission, complication, and mortality rates. Long-term follow-up was also compared between intervention arms. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the interaction between admission APACHE-II score and intervention on length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: 106 patients (62% LTN, 38% DEN) were identified. Demographic and core pancreatitis benchmark data were similar between cohorts. 30-day readmission, complication, and mortality rates for surgical and endoscopic approaches were also similar: 23% vs. 25% (P = 0.98), 42% vs. 40% (P = 0.97), and 3% vs. 3% (P > 0.99). Median LTN total debridement time (minutes) was 131 vs. 134 for DEN, however, complete debridement was achieved with only 1 LTN compared to 3 DENs (P<0.01). While not statistically significant, LOS and unplanned intervention rates were less for LTN (8 vs. 10 days, P = 0.41 and 6% vs. 15%, P = 0.24). Multivariable analysis revealed a significant interaction between APACHE-II scores and LOS for LTN compared to DEN, which translated into a length of stay reduction for higher APACHE-II scoring patients (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: LTN is a safe and efficient treatment modality for walled-off necrosis, and compared to DEN, can reduce the LOS in high APACHE-II score patients. While additional comparative research between the two intervention types is needed, this study supports a role for a surgical approach in the management of retrogastric pancreatic necrosis.

Hospital Presumptive Eligibility Emergency Medicaid Programs: An Opportunity for Continuous Insurance Coverage?

BACKGROUND: Lack of health insurance is a public health crisis, leading to foregone care and financial strain. Hospital Presumptive Eligibility (HPE) is a hospital-based emergency Medicaid program that provides temporary (up to 60 d) coverage, with the goal that hospitals will assist patients in applying for ongoing Medicaid coverage. It is unclear whether HPE is associated with successful longer-term Medicaid enrollment. OBJECTIVE: To characterize Medicaid enrollment 6 months after initiation of HPE and determine sociodemographic, clinical, and geographic factors associated with Medicaid enrollment. DESIGN: This was a cohort study of all HPE approved inpatients in California, using claims data from the California Department of Healthcare Services. SETTING: The study was conducted across all HPE-participating hospitals within California between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2017. PARTICIPANTS: We studied California adult hospitalized inpatients, who were uninsured at the time of hospitalization and approved for HPE emergency Medicaid. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we compared HPE-approved patients who enrolled in Medicaid by 6 months versus those who did not. EXPOSURES: HPE emergency Medicaid approval at the time of hospitalization. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was full-scope Medicaid enrollment by 6 months after the hospital's presumptive eligibility approval. RESULTS: Among 71,335 inpatient HPE recipients, a total of 45,817 (64.2%) enrolled in Medicaid by 6 months. There was variability in Medicaid enrollment across counties in California (33%-100%). In adjusted analyses, Spanish-preferred-language patients were less likely to enroll in Medicaid (aOR 0.77, P <0.001). Surgical intervention (aOR 1.10, P <0.001) and discharge to another inpatient facility or a long-term care facility increased the odds of Medicaid enrollment (vs. routine discharge home: aOR 2.24 and aOR 1.96, P <0.001). CONCLUSION: California patients who enroll in HPE often enroll in Medicaid coverage by 6 months, particularly among patients requiring surgical intervention, repeated health care visits, and ongoing access to care. Future opportunities include prospective evaluation of HPE recipients to understand the impact that Medicaid enrollment has on health care utilization and financial solvency.

Increased Risk of Complications Associated With Concurrent Parathyroidectomy in Patients Undergoing Total Thyroidectomy.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to investigate the association of concurrent parathyroidectomy (PTX) with risks of total thyroidectomy (TTX) through analysis of Collaborative Endocrine Surgery Quality Improvement Program data. TTXis a common operation with complications including recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, neck hematoma, and hypoparathyroidism. A subset of patients undergoing thyroidectomy undergoes planned concurrent PTX for treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. There are limited data on the risk profile of TTX with concurrent PTX (TTX + PTX). METHODS: We queried the Collaborative Endocrine Surgery Quality Improvement Program database for patients who underwent TTX or TTX + PTX from January 2014 through April 2020. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to predict hypoparathyroidism, vocal cord dysfunction, neck hematoma, and postoperative emergency department visit. Covariates included patient demographics, patient body mass index, indication for surgery, central neck dissection, anticoagulation use, and surgeon volume. RESULTS: Thirteen thousand six hundred forty seven patients underwent TTX and 654 patients underwent TTX + PTX. Unadjusted rates of hypoparathyroidism were higher in TTX + PTX patients at 30 d (9.6% versus 7.4%, P = 0.04) and 6 mo (7.9% versus 3.1%, P < 0.001). On multivariable regression, TTX + PTX was associated with an increased risk of hypoparathyroidism at 30 d (odds ratio [OR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.57-2.79) and 6 mo (OR 4.63, 95% CI 3.06-7.00) and an increased risk of postoperative emergency department visit (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.20-2.31). TTX + PTX was not associated with recurrent laryngeal nerve injury or neck hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent PTX in patients undergoing TTX is associated with increased risk of immediate and long-term hypoparathyroidism, which should be considered in informed consent discussions and operative decision-making.

Despite Increasing Costs, Perfusion Machines Expand the Donor Pool of Livers and Could Save Lives.

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation is a highly successful treatment for liver failure and disease. However, demand continues to outstrip our ability to provide transplantation as a treatment. Many livers initially considered for transplantation are not used because of concerns about their viability or logistical issues. Recent clinical trials have shown discarded livers may be viable if they undergo machine perfusion, which allows a more objective assessment of liver quality. METHODS: Using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients dataset, we examined discarded and unretrieved organs to determine their eligibility for perfusion. We then used a Markov decision-analytic model to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of two competing transplant strategies: Static Cold Storage (SCS) alone versus Static Cold Storage and Normothermic Machine Perfusion (NMP) of discarded organs. RESULTS: The average predicted successful transplants after perfusion was 385, representing a 5.8% increase in the annual yield of liver transplants. Our cost-effectiveness analysis found that the SCS strategy generated 4.64 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and cost $479,226. The combined SCS + NMP strategy generated 4.72 QALYs and cost $481,885. The combined SCS + NMP strategy had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $33,575 per additional QALY over the 10-year study horizon. CONCLUSIONS: Machine perfusion of livers currently not considered viable for transplant could increase the number of transplantable grafts by approximately 5% per year and is cost-effective compared to Static Cold Storage alone.

Evaluating Emergency Medicaid Program Policy Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma patients are twice as likely to be uninsured as the general population, which can lead to limited access to postinjury resources and higher mortality. The Hospital Presumptive Eligibility (HPE) program offers emergency Medicaid for eligible patients at presentation. The HPE program underwent several changes during the COVID-19 pandemic; we quantify the program's success during this time and seek to understand features associated with HPE approval. METHODS: A mixed methods study at a Level I trauma center using explanatory sequential design, including: 1) a retrospective cohort analysis (2015-2021) comparing HPE approval before and after COVID-19 policy changes; and 2) semistructured interviews with key stakeholders. RESULTS: 589 patients listed as self-pay or Medicaid presented after March 16, 2020, when COVID-19 policies were first implemented. Of these, 409 (69%) patients were already enrolled in Medicaid at hospitalization. Among those uninsured at arrival, 160 (89%) were screened and 98 (61%) were approved for HPE. This marks a significant improvement in the prepandemic HPE approval rate (48%). In adjusted logistic regression analyses, the COVID-19 period was associated with an increased likelihood of HPE approval (versus prepandemic: aOR, 1.64; P = 0.005). Qualitative interviews suggest that mechanisms include state-based expansion in HPE eligibility and improvements in remote approval such as telephone/video conferencing. CONCLUSIONS: The HPE program experienced an overall increased approval rate and adapted to policy changes during the pandemic, enabling more patients' access to health insurance. Ensuring that these beneficial changes remain a part of our health policy is an important aspect of improving access to health insurance for our patients.

Financial Burden of Traumatic Injury Amongst the Privately Insured.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the overall financial burden associated with traumatic injury amongst patients with private insurance and assess the effect of high deductible plans on out-of-pocket costs (OOPCs). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Traumatic injury can be a source of unexpected financial burden for households. However, the effect of increasing participation in higher cost-sharing private health insurance plans remains unknown. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort observational study, using the Clinformatics Data Mart Database, a nationwide single-payer administrative claims database to identify US adults who required emergency department services or hospital admission for single traumatic injury from 2008 to 2018. A 2-part model using a logistic regression and a generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log link was used to evaluate 12-month OOPCs after traumatic injury. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the likelihood of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) after injury. RESULTS: Of 426,945 included patients, 53% were male, 71% were white, and median age was 42 years. Patients faced monthly OOPC of $660 at the time of their injury. High deductible plan enrollment was associated with an increase of $1703 in 12-month OOPC after trauma, compared to those covered by traditional health plans. In addition to high deductible health plan enrollment, worsening injury severity and longer hospital stays were also associated with increased 12-month OOPC after trauma. Non-white minorities paid less 12-month OOPC after trauma compared to non-Hispanic white patients, but also used fewer services. Overall, the incidence of CHE was 5%; however high-deductible health plan enrollees faced a 13% chance of CHE. CONCLUSIONS: Privately insured trauma patients face substantial OOPCs at the time of their injuries. High-deductible health plans are associated with increased financial vulnerability after trauma.

Rectal Prolapse: Age-Related Differences in Clinical Presentation and What Bothers Women Most.

BACKGROUND: Rectal prolapse has a diverse symptom profile that affects patients of all ages. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify bothersome symptoms and clinical presentation that motivated patients who have rectal prolapse to seek care, characterize differences in symptom severity with age, and determine factors associated with bothersome symptoms. DESIGN: This study is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained registry. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at a tertiary referral academic center. PATIENTS: Included were 129 consecutive women with full-thickness rectal prolapse. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcomes measured were primary bothersome symptoms, 5-item Cleveland Clinic/Wexner Fecal Incontinence questionnaire, and the 5-item Obstructed Defecation Syndrome questionnaire. Patients were categorized by age <65 vs age ≥65 years. RESULTS: Cleveland Clinic/Wexner Fecal Incontinence score >9 was more common in older patients (87% vs 60%, p = 0.002). Obstructed Defecation Syndrome score >8 was more common in younger patients (57% vs 28%, p < 0.001). Older patients were more likely than younger patients to report bothersome symptoms of pain (38% vs 19%, p = 0.021) and bleeding (12% vs 2%, p = 0.046). Mucus discharge was reported by most patients (older, 72% vs younger, 66%, p = 0.54) but was bothersome for only 18%, regardless of age. Older patients had more severe prolapse expression than younger patients (at rest, 33% vs 11%; during activity, 26% vs 19%; only with defecation, 40% vs 64%, p = 0.006). Older patients were more likely to seek care within 6 months of prolapse onset (29% vs 11%, p = 0.056). On multivariable regression, increasing age, narcotic use, and nonprotracting prolapse at rest were associated with reporting pain as a primary concern. LIMITATIONS: This was a single-center study with a small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: Rectal prolapse-related bothersome symptoms and health care utilization differ by age. Although rectal pain is often not commonly associated with prolapse, it bothers many women and motivates older women to undergo evaluation. Patient-reported functional questionnaires may not reflect patients' primary concerns regarding specific symptoms and could benefit from supplementation with questionnaires to elicit individualized symptom priorities. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B492. PROLAPSO DE RECTO: INFLUENCIA DE LA EDAD EN DIFERENCIAS VINCULADAS CON LA PRESENTACIÓN CLÍNICA Y LOS SÍNTOMAS MAS DESAGRADABLES: El prolapso de recto tiene una gran variedad de síntomas que afectan a pacientes con edades diferentes.Identificar los síntomas mas molestos y la presentación clínica que motivaron a los pacientes con un prolapso de recto a consultar por atención médica, caracterizar las diferencias de gravedad de los síntomas con relación a la edad y determinar los factores asociados con los síntomas mas molestos.Análisis retrospectivo de un registro prospectivo.Centro académico de referencia terciaria.Consecutivamente 129 mujeres que presentaban un prolapso rectal completo.Síntomas y molestias primarias, cuestionario de incontinencia fecal de la Cleveland Clinic / Wexner de 5 ítems, cuestionario de síndrome de defecación obstruida de 5 ítems. Los pacientes fueron categorizados en < 65 años versus ≥ 65 años.El puntaje de incontinencia fecal de la Cleveland Clinic / Wexner > 9 fue más común en pacientes mayores (87% vs 60%, p = 0.002). La puntuación del síndrome de defecación obstructiva > 8 fue más común en pacientes más jóvenes (57% vs 28%, p <0,001). Los pacientes mayores fueron más propensos que los pacientes jóvenes a informar síntomas y molestias de dolor (38% vs 19%, p = 0.021) y sangrado (12% vs 2%, p = 0.046). La mayoría de los pacientes informaron secresión de moco (mayores, 72% frente a más jóvenes, 66%, p = 0,54), pero sólo el 18% tuvo molestias, independientemente de la edad. Los pacientes mayores tenían una exteriorización de prolapso más grave que los pacientes jóvenes (en reposo, 33% frente a 11%; durante la actividad, 26% frente a 19%; solo con defecación, 40% frente a 64%, p = 0,006). Los pacientes mayores tenían más probabilidades de buscar atención médica dentro de los 6 meses posteriores al inicio del prolapso (29% frente a 11%, p = 0.056). Tras la regresión multivariable, el aumento de la edad, el uso de narcóticos y el prolapso no prolongado en reposo se asociaron con la notificación de dolor como queja principal.Centro único; tamaño de muestra pequeño.Los síntomas y molestias relacionadas con el prolapso rectal y la solicitud de atención médica difieren según la edad. Aunque el dolor rectal a menudo no se asocia comúnmente con el prolapso, incomoda a muchas pacientes y motiva a las mujeres mayores a someterse a un examen médico. Los cuestionarios funcionales con las respuestas de las pacientes pueden no reflejar las preocupaciones principales de éstos con respecto a los síntomas específicos y podrían requerir cuestionarios complementarios para así obtener prioridades individualizadas con relación a los síntomas identificados. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B492. (Traducción-Dr. Xavier Delgadillo).

Association of Parathyroidectomy With 5-Year Clinically Significant Kidney Stone Events in Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are at increased risk of kidney stones. Guidelines recommend parathyroidectomy in patients with PHPT with a history of stone disease. This study aimed to compare the 5-year incidence of clinically significant kidney stone events in patients with PHPT treated with parathyroidectomy versus nonoperative management. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal cohort study of patients with PHPT in a national commercial insurance claims database (2006-2019). Propensity score inverse probability weighting-adjusted multivariable regression models were calculated. RESULTS: We identified 7623 patients aged ≥35 years old with continuous enrollment >1 year before and >5 years after PHPT diagnosis. A total of 2933 patients (38.5%) were treated with parathyroidectomy. The cohort had a mean age of 66.5 years, 5953 (78.1%) were female, and 5520 (72.4%) were White. Over 5 years, the unadjusted incidence of ≥1 kidney stone event was higher in patients who were managed with parathyroidectomy compared with those who were managed nonoperatively overall (5.4% vs 4.1%, respectively) and among those with a history of kidney stones at PHPT diagnosis (17.9% vs 16.4%, respectively). On multivariable analysis, parathyroidectomy was associated with no statistically significant difference in the odds of a 5-year kidney stone event among patients with a history of kidney stones (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.71-1.50) or those without a history of kidney stones (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.84-1.60). CONCLUSION: Based on this claim analysis, there was no difference in the odds of 5-year kidney stone events in patients with PHPT who were treated with parathyroidectomy versus nonoperative management. Time horizon for benefit should be considered when making treatment decisions for PHPT based on the risk of kidney stone events.

Situating Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: A Focus on Disease Severity.

OBJECTIVES: Artificial intelligence (AI) has numerous applications in surgical quality assurance. We assessed AI accuracy in evaluating the critical view of safety (CVS) and intraoperative events during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We hypothesized that AI accuracy and intraoperative events are associated with disease severity. METHODS: One thousand fifty-one laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos were annotated by AI for disease severity (Parkland Scale), CVS achievement (Strasberg Criteria), and intraoperative events. Surgeons performed focused video review on procedures with ≥1 intraoperative events (n = 335). AI versus surgeon annotation of CVS components and intraoperative events were compared. For all cases (n = 1051), intraoperative-event association with CVS achievement and severity was examined using ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: Using AI annotation, surgeons reviewed 50 videos/hr. CVS was achieved in ≤10% of cases. Hepatocystic triangle and cystic plate visualization was achieved more often in low-severity cases (P < 0.03). AI-surgeon agreement for all CVS components exceeded 75%, with higher agreement in high-severity cases (P < 0.03). Surgeons agreed with 99% of AI-annotated intraoperative events. AI-annotated intraoperative events were associated with both disease severity and number of CVS components not achieved. Intraoperative events occurred more frequently in high-severity versus low-severity cases (0.98 vs 0.40 events/case, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AI annotation allows for efficient video review and is a promising quality assurance tool. Disease severity may limit its use and surgeon oversight is still required, especially in complex cases. Continued refinement may improve AI applicability and allow for automated assessment.

Are parental self-efficacy and family flexibility mediators of treatment for anorexia nervosa?

OBJECTIVE: Family-based treatment (FBT) for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN) promotes faster weight restoration when compared to other treatments. However, the mechanisms through which this occurs are not clarified. This study explored the trajectories of parental self-efficacy and perceived family flexibility during FBT and systemic family therapy (SyFT). We also explored whether parental self-efficacy mediates the effects of treatment on weight gain early in treatment. METHOD: 158 adolescents (12-18 years old; 89% girls) and their parents were randomized to FBT or SyFT. Parental self-efficacy as well as adolescents' and parental perceptions of the family's flexibility were collected at baseline and at sessions 2, 4, 6, and 8. RESULTS: Over time, only parents in FBT reported significantly greater self-efficacy. The change in maternal self-efficacy over the first 8 weeks of treatment was a significant mediator of session 10 weight gain. There were no significant group differences in perceived flexibility by session 8. DISCUSSION: Both parents in FBT and mothers in SyFT understand early the need to change their family's rules and roles. However, the specific strategies of FBT appear to mediate early weight gain in AN.

A qualitative analysis of male eating disorder symptoms.

Insights into how males experience eating disorder symptoms early in the course of illness are important to improve detection efforts and may also provide valuable information for treatment. In this qualitative study, 10 adolescent males and 10 matched female patients completed standardized questionnaires and were interviewed. Results indicated that although there were many similarities between the genders, females were more likely to describe the involvement of family systems and males were more likely to describe involvement in sports as being catalysts for their disorders. Males in this study were more positive about being in treatment.

The interactions of mothers with eating disorders with their toddlers: identifying broader risk factors.

The connection between maternal eating disorders and feeding and eating problems among their children has been substantially demonstrated. This pilot study focused on the interactions between mothers with eating disorders and their toddlers in non-feeding situations. Twenty-eight dyads of mothers with prenatal eating disorders and their toddlers were compared to a case-matched control group with no eating disorder. Maternal current eating and co-occurring psychopathology, children's symptoms and mother-child interactions were measured. Mothers with eating disorders were less sensitive to their children, tried to control their children's behaviors more, and were less happy during mother-child interactions. The children in the maternal eating disorder group were rated as less responsive to their mothers and their mothers also reported more behavioral problems than those in the control group. Findings imply that maternal eating disorders may be linked with a wide range of adverse maternal and child behaviors beyond those associated with eating.

An exploratory examination of patient and parental self-efficacy as predictors of weight gain in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether increases in adolescent or parental self-efficacy predicted subsequent weight gain in two different therapies for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD: Participants were 121 adolescents with AN (M = 14.4 years, SD = 1.6), from a two-site randomized clinical trial for family-based treatment (FBT) and individual adolescent focused therapy (AFT). Both adolescent and parental self-efficacy were assessed at baseline and sessions 2, 4, 6, and 8. Adolescent self-efficacy was assessed using a generic measure of self-efficacy, while parental self-efficacy was assessed using a measure specific to the recovery of an eating disorder. Weight was assessed at baseline, sessions 1 through 8, and end of treatment. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the relation between patient and parent self-efficacy and subsequent weight gain, controlling for weight at the previous time point. RESULTS: For families who received FBT, greater within-treatment increases in parental self-efficacy predicted greater subsequent adolescent weight gain compared to those who received FBT with lesser change in parental self-efficacy and those who received AFT. Interestingly, adolescent self-efficacy did not significantly predict subsequent weight gain. DISCUSSION: Greater increases in parental self-efficacy predicted significantly greater subsequent weight gain for adolescents who received FBT, but the same was not true for adolescents who received AFT. Neither overall level nor change in adolescent self-efficacy significantly predicted subsequent weight gain in either treatment group. These findings emphasize the importance of increasing parental self-efficacy in FBT in order to impact adolescent weight outcomes.

Development and evaluation of a treatment fidelity instrument for family-based treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: This study provides data on the psychometric properties of a newly developed measure of treatment fidelity in Family-Based Treatment (FBT) for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). The Family Therapy Fidelity and Adherence Check (FBT-FACT) was created to evaluate therapist adherence and competency on the core interventions in FBT. METHOD: Participants were 45 adolescents and their families sampled from three randomized clinical trials evaluating treatment for AN. Trained fidelity raters evaluated 19 therapists across 90 early session recordings using the FBT-FACT. They also rated an additional 15 session 1 recordings of an alternate form of family therapy-Systemic Family Therapy for the purpose of evaluating discriminant validity of the FBT-FACT. The process of development and the psychometric properties of the FBT-FACT are presented. RESULTS: Overall fidelity ratings for each session demonstrated moderate to strong inter-rater agreement. Internal consistency of the measure was strong for sessions 1 and 2 and poor for session 3. Principal components analysis suggests sessions 1 and 2 are distinct interventions. DISCUSSION: The FBT-FACT demonstrates good reliability and validity as a measure of treatment fidelity in the early phase of FBT.

Racial and ethnic disparities in access to total neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Total neoadjuvant therapy has revolutionized the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer and quickly become the new standard of care. Whether patients from all racial and ethnic groups have had equal access to these potential benefits, however, remains unknown. METHODS: We identified all adults diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer in California who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation from 2010 to 2020 using the California Cancer Registry. We used logistic regression to estimate the predicted probability of receiving total neoadjuvant therapy as opposed to traditional chemoradiotherapy for each racial and ethnic group and used a time-race interaction to evaluate trends in access to total neoadjuvant therapy over time. We also compared survival by racial and ethnic group and total neoadjuvant therapy status using Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: In total, 6,856 patients met inclusion criteria. Overall, 36.6% of patients received total neoadjuvant therapy in 2010 compared with 66.3% in 2020. Latino patients were significantly less likely than non-Latino White patients to undergo total neoadjuvant therapy ; however, there was no difference in the rate of growth in total neoadjuvant therapy over time between racial and ethnic groups. Non-Latino Black patients appeared to have lower risk-adjusted survival compared with non-Latino White patients, although not among patients who underwent total neoadjuvant therapy . CONCLUSION: Access to total neoadjuvant therapy has increased significantly over time in California with no apparent difference in the rate of growth between racial and ethnic groups. We found no evidence of racial or ethnic disparities in survival among patients treated with total neoadjuvant therapy, suggesting that increasing access to high-quality cancer care may also improve health equity.

Do hospital-based emergency Medicaid programs benefit trauma centers? A mixed-methods analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Hospital Presumptive Eligibility (HPE) is a temporary Medicaid insurance at hospitalization, which can offset patient costs of care, increase access to postdischarge resources, and provide a path to sustain coverage through Medicaid. Less is known about the implications of HPE programs on trauma centers (TCs). We aimed to describe the association with HPE and hospital Medicaid reimbursement and characterize incentives for HPE participation among hospitals and TCs. We hypothesized that there would be financial, operational, and mission-based incentives. METHODS: We performed a convergent mixed methods study of HPE hospitals in California (including all verified TCs). We analyzed Annual Financial Disclosure Reports from California's Department of Health Care Access and Information (2005-2021). Our primary outcome was Medicaid net revenue. We also conducted thematic analysis of semistructured interviews with hospital stakeholders to understand incentives for HPE participation (n = 8). RESULTS: Among 367 California hospitals analyzed, 285 (77.7%) participate in HPE, 77 (21%) of which are TCs. As of early 2015, 100% of TCs had elected to enroll in HPE. There is a significant positive association between HPE participation and net Medicaid revenue. The highest Medicaid revenues are in HPE level I and level II TCs. Controlling for changes associated with the Affordable Care Act, HPE enrollment is associated with increased net patient Medicaid revenue ( b = 6.74, p < 0.001) and decreased uncompensated care costs ( b = -2.22, p < 0.05). Stakeholder interviewees' explanatory incentives for HPE participation included reduction of hospital bad debt, improved patient satisfaction, and community benefit in access to care. CONCLUSION: Hospital Presumptive Eligibility programs not only are a promising pathway for long-term insurance coverage for trauma patients but also play a role in TC viability. Future interventions will target streamlining the HPE Medicaid enrollment process to reduce resource burden on participating hospitals and ensure ongoing patient engagement in the program. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Economic And Value Based Evaluations; Level II.

Why may patients with spinal cord injury be overlooked for obesity screening in the Veterans Health Administration? Qualitative research of the perspectives of patients and healthcare providers.

PURPOSE: We sought to describe factors influencing reduced rates of obesity screening for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States Veterans Health Administration (VA) and to foster potential solutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with healthcare providers and patients with SCI who were recruited nationally from diverse VAs. We performed rapid qualitative analysis using content analysis of interview data. RESULTS: There were 36 providers and 37 patients. We identified provider, patient, and system level barriers to obesity screening for individuals with SCI. Overarching barriers involved provider and patient perceptions that obesity screening is a low priority compared to other health conditions, and body mass index is of low utility. Other obesity screening barriers were related to measuring weight (i.e., insufficient equipment, unknown wheelchair weight, staffing shortages, measurement errors, reduced access to annual screening, insufficient time, patient preference not to be weighed) and measuring height (i.e., insufficient guidance and equipment to this population, measurement errors). CONCLUSIONS: Barriers to obesity screenings exist for patients with SCI receiving care in VA. Healthcare provider and patient interviews suggest possible solutions, including standardizing height and weight measurement processes, ensuring equipment availability in clinics, clarifying guidelines, and offering support to providers and patients.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONIndividuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have higher rates of obesity, but are often overlooked for annual obesity screening, even in clinic settings designed to care for individuals with SCI.Results may help tailor guidelines/education for healthcare and rehabilitation providers offering them guidance for improving obesity screening for individuals with SCI by standardizing weight and height measurement and documentation. To facilitate this, findings highlight the need for resources, such as ensuring clinics have necessary equipment, and increasing patient access to support and equipment.Improving the provision of obesity screening for individuals with SCI is necessary to improve health outcomes and patient satisfaction with care.

Parathyroidectomy and the Development of New Depression Among Adults With Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Importance: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Although parathyroidectomy has been associated with improvement of preexisting depression among adults with PHPT, the effect of parathyroidectomy on the development of new depression is unknown. Objective: To determine the effect of early parathyroidectomy on the incidence of new depression among adults with PHPT compared with nonoperative management. Design, Setting, and Participants: Analyzed data included observational national Veterans Affairs data from adults with a new diagnosis of PHPT from 2000 through 2019 using target trial emulation with cloning, a biostatistical method that uses observational data to emulate a randomized clinical trial. New depression rates were compared between those treated with early parathyroidectomy vs nonoperative management using an extended Cox model with time-varying inverse probability censoring weighting, adjusted for patient demographics, comorbidities, and depression risk factors. Eligible adults with a new biochemical diagnosis of PHPT, excluding those with past depression diagnoses, residing in an assisted living/nursing facility, or with Charlson Comorbidity Index score higher than 4 were included. These data were analyzed January 4, 2023, through June 15, 2023. Exposure: Early parathyroidectomy (within 1 year of PHPT diagnosis) vs nonoperative management. Main Outcome: New depression, including among subgroups according to patient age (65 years or older; younger than 65 years) and baseline serum calcium (11.3 mg/dL or higher; less than 11.3 mg/dL). Results: The study team identified 40 231 adults with PHPT and no history of depression of whom 35896 were male (89%) and the mean (SD) age was 67 (11.3) years. A total of 3294 patients underwent early parathyroidectomy (8.2%). The weighted cumulative incidence of depression was 11% at 5 years and 18% at 10 years among patients who underwent parathyroidectomy, compared with 9% and 18%, respectively, among nonoperative patients. Those treated with early parathyroidectomy experienced no difference in the adjusted rate of new depression compared with nonoperative management (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.94-1.17). There was also no estimated effect of early parathyroidectomy on new depression in subgroup analyses based on patient age or serum calcium. Conclusions: In this study, there was no difference in the incidence of new depression among adults with PHPT treated with early parathyroidectomy vs nonoperative management, which is relevant to preoperative discussions about the benefits and risks of operative treatment.

Nutrition and eating beliefs and behaviors among individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders: Healthy or misconceived?

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: Nutrition knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors have important implications for managing and preventing chronic and injury-related secondary conditions in persons with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D). Yet, the unique dietary and nutritional needs and recommendations specific to individuals with SCI/D and their eating beliefs and behaviors have been understudied. Aim is to describe nutrition and eating beliefs and behaviors from the perspectives of individuals with SCI/D. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN: Descriptive qualitative design using in-depth semistructured interviews with a national sample of veterans with SCI/D (n = 33). Audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants were male (61%), aged 29-84 years, and 55% had tetraplegia. Five key themes were identified: extreme fasting/caloric restriction, perceived healthy eating behaviors, perceived unhealthy eating behaviors, modified eating behaviors due to SCI/D-related symptoms, and food/preparation choices based on abilities/independence and access. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Nutrition among veterans with SCI/D may be impacted by many factors, such as nutrition knowledge and beliefs/behaviors about "healthy" and "unhealthy" nutrition, fasting, caloric restriction, imbalanced intake of macro- and micronutrients, overconsumption relative to energy needs, injury-related secondary complications, postinjury body composition and function changes, impairments related to satiety and hunger signals, and difficulty in obtaining and preparing food. Study findings provide many areas that would benefit from intervention. Findings can be used to inform ideal nutrition and healthy eating beliefs and behaviors which are important because nutritional inadequacies can lead to diet-related diseases, may exacerbate SCI secondary conditions, and lead to poor overall health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).