Successful long-term outcome of pediatric liver-kidney transplantation: a single-center study.

INTRODUCTION: Liver-kidney transplantation is a rare procedure in children, with just ten to 30 cases performed annually worldwide. The main indications are autosomal recessive polycystic liver-kidney disease and primary hyperoxaluria. This study aimed to report outcomes of liver-kidney transplantation in a cohort of pediatric patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all pediatric liver-kidney transplantations performed in our center between September 2000 and August 2015. Patient data were obtained by reviewing inpatient and outpatient medical records and our transplant database. RESULTS: A total of 14 liver-kidney transplants were performed during the study period, with a median patient age and weight at transplant of 144.4 months (131.0-147.7) and 27.3 kg (12.0-45.1), respectively. The indications for liver-kidney transplants were autosomal recessive polycystic liver-kidney disease (8/14), primary hyperoxaluria -1 (5/14), and idiopathic portal hypertension with end-stage renal disease (1/14). Median time on waiting list was 8.5 months (5.7-17.3). All but two liver-kidney transplants were performed simultaneously. Patients with primary hyperoxaluria-1 tended to present a delayed recovery of renal function compared with patients transplanted for other indications (62.5 vs 6.5 days, respectively, P 0.076). Patients with liver-kidney transplants tended to present a lower risk of acute kidney rejection than patients transplanted with an isolated kidney transplant (7.2% vs 32.7%, respectively; P < 0.07). Patient and graft survival at 1, 3, and 5 years were 100%, 91.7%, 91.7%, and 91.7%, 83.3%, 83.3%, respectively. No other grafts were lost. CONCLUSION: Long-term results of liver-kidney transplants in children are encouraging, being comparable with those obtained in isolated liver transplantation.

Laparoscopic Extravesical Reimplantation in Children with Primary Obstructive Megaureter.

Introduction: Conservative management of primary obstructive megaureter (POM) appears as the best option in patients with adequate ureteral drainage. Nevertheless, surgical intervention is indicated in cases of recurrent urinary tract Infections (UTIs), deterioration of split renal function, and significant obstruction. The gold standard includes: Ureteral reimplantation with or without tapering by open approach. Our objective is to report our results in the treatment of POM by Laparoscopic-Assisted Extracorporeal Ureteral Tapering Repair (EUTR) and Laparoscopic Ureteral Extravesical Reimplantation (LUER) and to evaluate the efficacy and security of this procedure. Materials and Methods: From January 2011 to January 2018 a retrospective study was carried out by reviewing the clinical records of 26 patients diagnosed with POM. All patients underwent laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation following Lich Gregoir technique. In cases of ureteral tapering, an EUTR was performed with Hendren technique. Results: In all patients LUER and EUTR were performed without conversion. No ureteral tapering was necessary in six patients. There were no intraoperative complications. At 3 months in postoperative, 1 patient presented a febrile UTI, and subsequently, a vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grade III was diagnosed by voiding cystourethrogram. In this case, a redo laparoscopic surgery was performed. After long-term follow-up, all patients were asymptomatic without recurrence of POM or VUR. Conclusion: Laparoscopic-assisted EUTR and LUER following Lich Gregoir technique for POM constitutes a safe and effective option, with a success rate similar to that of open procedure. Nevertheless, larger randomized prospective trials and long-term follow-up are required to validate this technique.

Pediatric laparoscopic mitrofanoff procedure- preliminary results of a simplified technique.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic appendicovesicostomy (LA) is a rather new technique and still a challenging procedure even for the most experienced surgeons because it requires advanced laparoscopic experience and surgical skill. The aim of this study is to analyze the short-term results and benefits of laparoscopic LA in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study of children undergoing LA at our institution between January 2018 and October 2021. The procedure was perfomed using a laparoscopic transperitoneal approach. The distal end of the appendix was spatulated and reimplanted in the bladder by a modified Shanfield technique. The proximal end was brought out as the cutaneous umbilical stoma. RESULTS: Over the study period 15 patients underwent LA (14 males,1 female). Mean age at intervention was 8.8 years (SD:3.1). Indication for surgery was pain during CIC in 13 (86.7%) and difficulty for CIC in 2 (13.3%). Eight patients (53.5%) presented end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Median operative time was 217.3 min (r:140-300). Two patients (13.3%) experienced early postoperative complications: ileus (1) and internal hernia over the mesoappendix with subsequent intestinal obstruction. Mean hospital stay was 6.8 days (SD:1.7). Four patients (26.7%) experienced late postoperative stoma related complications: stomal stenosis (1), granuloma (1) and inability to catheterize (2). With a mean follow-up of 21.46 months (SD: 13) all except the patent who lost the conduit are continent and on CIC every 3 h. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that LA by this technique is effective, safe and reproducible, and is associated with good short-term results. The complication rate is similar to the open procedure being intestinal obstruction due to internal hernia probably the most serious.

Pediatric kidney retransplantation focused on surgical outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Despite survival rates after pediatric kidney transplantation (KT) are on the rise it is still likely that most pediatric recipients will require more than one retransplant in their lifetime. The earlier the age at the first KT the higher is the risk of repeat pediatric kidney transplantation (RPKT). OBJECTIVE: The current study aims to analyze the outcomes of repeat pediatric kidney transplantation (RPKT) among pediatric kidney transplant recipients focusing on surgical complications and compare the outcomes of second and subsequent grafts with those of the first kidney graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of RPKT (<18 years) undertaken between January 2000-2020. We analyzed primary etiology of renal disease, time to graft loss (GL), etiology of initial graft failure, history of acute rejection, previous delayed graft function, HLA-mismatches at the initial transplant, surgical complications and outcomes. Additionally, we compared the characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent RPKT (group 1) with those who received a first kidney graft (group 2). RESULTS: Out of 229 kT, 59 patients underwent RPKT (26 females/33 males). At the time of RPKT median age was 11.37 years (SD:5.7). The most frequent primary renal disease was congenital nephrotic syndrome in 11 (18.6%). Fifty-four (91.5%) were on renal replacement therapy at the time of transplant. Fourty-one patients received their second KT (69.5%), 14 (23.7%) the third, 3 (5.1%) the fourth and 1 (1.7%) the fifth. Transplant graft nephrectomy (GN) was performed in 26 patients (44.1%) prior to retransplantation. Fifty-four (91.5%) received a cadaveric graft and 5 (8.5%) a living-related graft. An extraperitoneal approach was achieved in 53 patients (89.8%), whereas in the remaining 6 (10.2%) the graft was placed intraperitoneally. We observed 10 surgical complications (16.9%): 9 major which required reintervention and 1 minor (perirenal hematoma). No vascular complications were observed and none of the surgical complications were involved in graft loss. Graft survival at 1,3 and 5 years was 91%, 84% and 73% respectively. The most frequent cause of GL was chronic graft nephropathy in 15 (25.4%). After a mean follow-up of 9.40 years (SD: 4.7) only 2 patients died (3.4%), both with functioning grafts. DISCUSSION: Pediatric recipients of second and subsequent kidney grafts constitute a remarkable high-risk population but are becoming more frequent at reference pediatric transplant centers. CONCLUSIONS: RPKT is technically challenging but can yield good results. In our series overall the incidence of surgical complications and particularly vascular complications was low.

Laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation (LEUR) of obstructed megaureters: STEP-BY-STEP video of a simplified approach.

INTRODUCTION: In this video we aim to describe step-by-step a simplified surgical technique for the treatment of primary and secondary obstructed megaureters in children by laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation (LEUR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transperitoneal approach is used in all cases. The distal ureter is dissected and transected at the level of the stenosis. Detrusor fibers are divided to expose bladder mucosa and the distal ureter is introduced into the bladder to create a valve-like mechanism (modified-Shanfield technique). RESULTS: Between 2016 and 2020, 9 patients underwent LEUR (5 female, 4 male). Mean age at surgery was 31.6 months (SD:22.74) and indications were infection (2), obstruction (3), increase hydronephrosis (2) and decrease in renal differential function (2). The procedure was completed laparoscopically in all cases with a median operative time of 144 min (r: 120-160). The postoperative MAG-3 renogram revealed a non-obstructive pattern in 8/9 patients and MCUG demonstrated absence of VUR in all 8/9. With a mean follow-up of 2.4 years (SD:1.4) all are asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: LEUR by this new simplified technique is a feasible treatment of megaureters associated with good short and long-term results.

Laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation for correction of primary and secondary megaureters: Preliminary report of a new simplified technique.

PURPOSE: To describe a simplified surgical technique for the treatment of primary and secondary obstructed megaureters in children by laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation (LEUR) and evaluate the short-term outcomes. METHODS: Prospective study of children with primary and secondary megaureters treated at our institution between 2016 and 2018 by LEUR. A transperitoneal approach was used in all cases. The distal ureter was transected at the level of the stenosis. Detrusor muscle fibers were divided to expose bladder mucosa. The distal ureter was introduced into the bladder to create a valve-like mechanism. The ureter was fixed to the bladder mucosa by four stitches. We analyzed indications for surgery, complications and outcomes. Definition of success was relieved of obstruction and absence of VUR. RESULTS: Six patients with a mean age of 28.83 months (SD: 21.4) underwent LEUR. Indications for surgery were: infection [2], obstruction [2], decrease in renal differential function [1] and increase in hydronephrosis [1]. There were no intraoperative complications. Resolution of hydronephrosis, obstruction and VUR was achieved in all cases. Mean follow-up was 13 months (SD: 6.67). CONCLUSION: LEUR for the correction of primary and secondary megaureters by this new technique is safe. The most important advantage is that this technique is simpler and more easily reproducible than conventional LEUR. However, long-term follow-up is required. TYPE OF STUDY: Prospective, observational. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Vascular thrombosis in pediatric kidney transplantation: Graft survival is possible with adequate management.

OBJECTIVE: Vascular thrombosis (VT) in pediatric kidney transplantation (KT) is a dreaded event that leads to graft loss in almost 100% of cases. In recent years, VT has become the most common cause of early graft loss. The aim of this study was to analyze our experience in diagnosis and treatment of VT and the impact of a new management protocol on patient outcome. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 176 consecutive KT performed at our institution by the pediatric urology team between January 2000 and December 2015 and identified patients with VT. A protocol of prevention and early detection of VT was introduced in 2012. RESULTS: Out of 176 KT, nine cases of VT were identified (5.1%). The mean recipient age was 5.1 years (SD 4.9 years) and mean weight was 22.28 kg (SD 15.6 kg). Diagnosis was intraoperative in two cases and within the first 24 h after surgery in the remaining seven. Immediate surgical exploration was performed after diagnosis in all. Of the five episodes that occurred before 2012, all developed complete graft ischemia requiring transplantectomy. However, in the four cases diagnosed after 2012, graft perfusion could be restored in three, and abdominal wall closure with a mesh and delayed sequentially closure under ultrasound guidance was performed. With a follow-up of 30, 25, and 20 months, the three recovered grafts are still functioning normally. CONCLUSIONS: Increased awareness and the application of a protocol for prevention, detection and treatment of VT in pediatric KT can prevent graft loss. Immediate surgical intervention is mandatory after diagnosis. Avoiding compartment syndrome with delayed sequential closure may be useful to improve graft survival.

Hemorrhagic cystitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A challenge for the pediatric urologist.

OBJECTIVE: Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a serious event that can occur after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Treatment goals are primarily to preserve life, and then the functionality of the bladder. There is no standard therapeutic approach for HC. Described treatment options provide low success rates and are related to potential life-threatening side effects. The aim of this study was to describe our experience in treatment of HC following HSCT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients with HC treated at our institution between January 2010 and October 2016. We analyzed demographics, underlying diagnosis, and treatment modalities. RESULTS: We treated 39 patients with HC. Mean age was 9.4 years (SD 4.20) and 64% were males. Acute leukemia was the most common underlying diagnosis in 27 (69%). Mean time from HSCT to HC onset was 55.46 days (SD 112.35). HC grades were: I (3), II (21), III (8), and IV (7). BK-viuria was present in 34 patients (87.2%). Non-invasive treatment was performed in 28 patients (71.8%). The remaining 11 (28.2%) required urological intervention (all high-grade), consisting of bladder irrigation in all of these. Additional treatments consisted of: intravesical cidofovir (4), intravesical sodium hyaluronate (5), cystoscopy and clot evacuation (4), selective angioembolization (2), percutaneous nephrostomy (1), and open extraction of bladder clots and cutaneous cystotomy (1). Overall, eight patients (20.5%) died as a result of the malignancy (3 in the urological intervention group), and of these four had active HC at death. Mean follow-up was 36.2 months (SD 24.9). CONCLUSION: HC is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment should be individualized and designed to prioritize survival. However, bladder function should be preserved for the future.

Laparoscopic-Assisted Extravesical Ureteral Reimplantation and Extracorporeal Ureteral Tapering Repair for Primary Obstructive Megaureter in Children.

BACKGROUND: Open surgery is a preferred treatment for primary obstructive megaureter (POM) in cases where the conservative treatment fails, with reported success rates of 90%-96%. OBJECTIVE: To describe our initial experience in the treatment of POM by laparoscopic-assisted extracorporeal ureteral tapering repair (EUTR) and laparoscopic ureteral extravesical reimplantation (LUER) by following Lich Gregoir technique as an alternative to open surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 7 patients with POM underwent laparoscopic-assisted extracorporeal ureteral tapering repair and ureteral extravesical reimplantation by following Lich Gregoir technique between 2011 and 2014. Postoperative follow-up included the following: Renal and bladder ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) renogram were done at 6 months. Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS software package (version 15.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL), and P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Paired tests and Wilcoxon test were performed to compare pre- and post-measures. RESULTS: LUER and EUTR were completed successfully in all patients without conversion. A postoperative MAG3 renogram showed nonobstructive pattern in all patients. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences before and after surgery in the average time of elimination on the MAG3 renogram (T½ 59.10 minutes versus 13.57 minutes, P < .0001). After medium-term follow-up, the overall POM resolution was 100%. One case of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was found during VCUG control. A total of 7 patients were asymptomatic without recurrence of POM. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic-assisted extracorporeal ureteral tapering repair and ureteral extravesical reimplantation by following Lich Gregoir technique for POM constitutes a safe and good option when the first line of treatment fails, with a success rate similar to the open procedure. Nevertheless, larger randomized prospective trials and long-term follow-up are required to validate this technique.

Treatment of Post-transplant Lymphocele in Children.

OBJECTIVE: To review our single-center experience in managing posttransplant lymphoceles in pediatric kidney recipients. Lymphoceles are well-known complications after pediatric kidney transplantation (KT). However, there is no standard treatment for lymphoceles, and the literature lacks consensus on which is the most appropriate approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed our retrospective institutional database for recipients of pediatric KT performed between January 2000 and December 2015 who developed lymphoceles. RESULTS: Out of the 176 patients who underwent KT, lymphoceles occurred in 9 (5.1%) patients. The mean age of recipients in this group was 12.8 years (standard deviation [SD] 4.8) (r: 1-17) and the mean body weight was 43.1 kg (SD 18.8) (r: 9.5-69). Mean lymphocele onset was 32.2 days (SD 23.4) (r: 11-85) post transplantation. Six patients presented with increased serum creatinine from the baseline, whereas 3 patients remained asymptomatic. Ultrasound was the primary diagnostic procedure in all patients. Lymphoceles resolved spontaneously in asymptomatic patients (n = 3), and thus these patients were not further treated. All symptomatic patients (n = 6) were treated: 2 underwent percutaneous catheter drainage and 4 underwent transcatheter sclerotherapy (TS). The main sclerosing agent used was povidone-iodine. In 3 patients, TS with povidone-iodine failed, and they underwent additional procedures: 2 underwent TS with polidocanol and 1 underwent open drainage. There was no graft loss in any of the patients, and no recurrence was documented during a follow-up period of mean 30.3 months (SD 15.6) (r: 7-57). CONCLUSION: There is no gold-standard treatment for lymphoceles in children, and reports in the literature on the topic are scarce. Percutaneous catheter drainage with or without TS is safe and effective, although it can lengthen hospitalization and increase morbidity.

Kidney transplantation in children weighing 15 kg or less is challenging but associated with good outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric kidney transplantation (KT) in small children is assumed to be related to potential surgical complications that may cause severe morbidity and graft loss. The aim of our study was to analyze the outcome of KT recipients weighing ≤15 kg, focusing on surgical complications, associated morbidity and mortality, as well as allograft loss. METHODS: We reviewed our retrospective institutional database for recipients of KT between January 2000 and December 2014 with body weight ≤15 kg. RESULTS: Forty-four children weighing ≤15 kg, out of a total of 164 children (26.8%), received a deceased donor KT at our center during the study period. Mean weight was 10.10 ± 2.9 kg (3-15 kg), and weight was ≤10 kg in 23 patients (52.3%). The allograft was implanted intraperitoneally in two cases (4.5%) and extraperitoneally in the remaining 42 (95.5%). Two patients received a simultaneous double liver-kidney transplant. Postoperative complications appeared in 10 patients (22.7%) and eight required reintervention. Five allografts (11.4%) were lost secondary to surgical complications. No statistically significant differences in surgical complications were observed when compared with patients weighing >15 kg. Actuarial graft survival was 81% and 73% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. No significant differences in graft survival were observed compared with patients >15 kg. Mean follow-up was 84.95 ± 50 months (1-190 months). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that KT in children weighing ≤15 kg is challenging but not associated with increased risk of surgical complications or early graft loss.

Evaluation of the Initial Treatment of Ureteroceles.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of the initial therapeutic approach to ureteroceles at our institution and the need for further interventions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of all pediatric cases of ureterocele diagnosed at our center between January 2000 and December 2011. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were analyzed. Initial diagnoses were ureterohydronephrosis in 34 (33 prenatal), febrile urinary tract infection in 5, and prolapsed ureterocele in 3. Expectant management was decided upon in 6 patients (14%). Of these, 1 required surgery. The remaining 37 (86%) initially underwent surgery: transurethral puncture (18), heminephrectomy (14), nephrectomy (3), and reimplantation (2). Twelve (66.6%) of the 18 patients who underwent primary puncture progressed well and required no further intervention. New-onset vesicoureteral reflux to the upper pole appeared after puncture in 3 patients, but none required treatment. Only 6 patients (33.3%) underwent a second procedure. Mean follow-up was 8.5 years (standard deviation: 3.08). CONCLUSION: Early endoscopic puncture is useful for decompression and often the definitive treatment. Although new-onset vesicoureteral reflux into the punctured system is the most common complication, it often resolves spontaneously. Early heminephrectomy in patients with nonfunctioning upper moieties yields excellent results but may not be necessary. Some patients may not need transurethral puncture or any surgical intervention at all.

Failed pyeloplasty in children: Is robot-assisted laparoscopic reoperative repair feasible?

OBJECTIVE: In this study we aim to demonstrate that robot-assisted laparoscopic (RAL) reoperative repair is safe and effective and even less technically demanding than open repair for recurrent ureteropelvic-junction obstruction (UPJO). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study was conducted of all cases of failed open pyeloplasties who underwent RAL reoperative repair at our institution between January 2010 and December 2013. The general surgical procedure was the same we previously described for robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Success was defined as: improvement in the degree of hydronephrosis at ultrasound, improvement of diuretic washout time at postoperative diuretic renogram (<15 min), improvement or at least stable differential renal function and absence of symptoms. These radiographic and symptomatic criteria of success were considered the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included complications and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2013 a total of 153 patients underwent open Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty. Of these 9 (6%) had recurrent UPJO. Four patients underwent open redo pyeloplasty. As a result, our study population comprised 5 children who underwent reoperative RALP repair. Patient characteristics and outcomes are summarized in the table below. Our success rate was 100%. DISCUSSION: Due to the low failure rate of open dismembered pyeloplasty there is no consensus on the best surgical approach for recurrent obstruction. While endoscopic approaches have been favored in adults, children have shown better success rates with repeat pyeloplasty. Laparoscopic salvage pyeloplasty for failed open procedures has become more popular and has been shown to result in excellent outcomes while providing the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. To date, the literature regarding the use of RALP for failed open procedures in the pediatric population is scarce. Only 2 pediatric series of robotic reoperative pyeloplasty have been reported by Helmal et al. (9 patients) and Lindgren et al. (16 patients) with a success rate of 100 and 88%, respectively. Although this is one of the first published studies about robot-assisted laparoscopic reoperative repair for failed open pyeloplasty in pediatric patients, we acknowledge the limitations of our study due to the small number of patients, its retrospective nature and limited follow-up time. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of failed open pyeloplasty is as low as 5% and management remains controversial. As reported by other authors, we believe that crossing vessels play a particularly important role in secondary obstruction and adversely impact the outcome. Redo pyeloplasty, open or minimally invasive, is associated with high success rates (80-100%) and therefore considered the treatment of choice by the majority of authors nowadays. Additionally, RALP for secondary procedures has demonstrated to be safe and even less technically demanding when compared to the open approach, providing the advantages of minimally invasive surgery.

Results of a new technique in the treatment of severe esophageal stenosis in children: poliflex stents.

OBJECTIVES: The authors present their experience in treating cases of severe esophageal stenosis resistant to conventional dilatation through the placement of silicone stents, describe a precise placement technique, and establish a standard protocol for the use of these devices. METHODS: The authors detail the placement procedure and follow-up in a series of 10 patients (5 male, 5 female) between 1 and 23 years, in whom the technique was used. Nine patients had severe esophageal scarring caused by alkaline agents, and another had severe stenosis resulting from esophageal atresia; all were included in the dilatation program from the age of 6 months to 19 years. The method employs a self-expanding biocompatible stent that is placed using a special applicator over the stenotic area after performing a dilatation. This is maintained long enough to guarantee esophageal scarring without stenosis, permitting oral feeding of the patient. In general, the children experienced nausea and some vomiting during periods lasting from 12 to 48 hours; these episodes were more common when the lesion was higher and longer. Treatment with midazolam and ondansetron relieved the symptoms. All patients received omeprazole while the stent was in place. RESULTS: Five patients received one stent, four others required two, and another needed three because of restenosis. In the five patients who required stent replacement, a low dose of steroids (0.3 mg/kg/24 h) was administered 2 weeks before and also during the placement time. Currently, five patients are completely cured, with follow-up ranging from 4 to 19 months. Three patients now require stent replacement, and two others are under observation after having the stent removed. Long-term tolerance to the stent has been excellent in all cases. The time the stent was in place varied from 20 to 133 days. CONCLUSIONS: The siliconated polypropylene stents (Poliflex/Rüsch) appear to be a promising new tool in the conservative treatment of esophageal stenosis. The stents permit normal feeding during application, substantially reduce treatment time, and avoid repeated anesthesia sessions for dilatations.

Liver transplantation in infants weighing under 7 kilograms: management and outcome of PICU.

Liver transplantation (LT) is an established treatment for children with acute and chronic liver failure. Some reports suggest that infants under the age of 1 yr and children weighing under 13 kg are high-risk groups associated with less satisfactory results. This report describes our experience during the pediatric intensive care unit stay of 16 infants weighing <7 kg who received LT. We reviewed the records of 16 infants with median age 7.4 months and median weight 5.8 kg, who received 18 liver allografts, nine whole and nine reduced. We also reviewed the use of adrenergic agonist agents, anti-infectious agents, antihypertensive agents, diuretics, immunosuppression protocol, sedation-analgesia agents, others agents (prostaglandin E(1), heparin and dipyridamole), diagnosis and management of rejection episodes, follow-up examination, nutrition and outcome. Mean peri-operative blood transfusions were 204 mL/kg, 188 mL/kg of plasma and 36 mL/kg of platelets; mean operative time was 5 h. Primary abdominal wound closure was possible in nine patients. Median initial intensive care unit stay was 18 days. Reasons for an initial stay of more than 18 days were retransplantation (1), gastrointestinal bleeding (2), paralytic ileus and atelectasis (2), septic shock (2), diaphragmatic paralysis, renal impairment and acute respiratory distress syndrome (2). Mean requirement for artificial ventilation was 168 h. Mean use of dobutamine, prostaglandin E(1) and dopamine was 3.3, 7.5 and 8.8 days, respectively. Parenteral nutrition was started at a mean of 48 h and oral food intake was started at a mean of 72 h. The most frequent complications were infection, atelectasis, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute renal failure and hepatic artery thrombosis. Four children required six re-explorations and two received retransplantation. Mean overall survival rate was 82% and graft survival was 72%. Weight alone (under 7 kg) should not be considered as a contraindication for LT. The survival rate of children post-LT is excellent regardless of graft type.

Tratamiento conservador de las estenosis cáusticas del esófago / Conservative treatment of esophagus caustic stenosis

Los autores presentan su experiencia en los útlimos 22 años del tratamiento conservador de 1296 casos de ingestas de caústicos en niños. Hacen dos grupos de estudio, uno de 1974 a 1989 y el otro comprendiendo el período de 1990 a 1996, comparando los diferentes enfoques terapéuticos empleados en cada grupo. El tratamiento se basó fundamentalmente en dilataciones anterogradas con bujías de mercurio, bujías de Savary-Guilliard, o dilataciones retrógadas guiadas con hilo exteriorizado por gastrostomía. También emplearon dilataciones neumáticas o tutores de silicona en los últimos casos. En el segundo grupo se empleó fundamentalmente la fibroesofagoscopía precoz como valoración de las lesiones esofágicas y como ayuda...

Cuerpo extraño en esófago: presentación de un caso / Strange body in esophagus: presentation of a case

Presenta el caso de un paciente de 4 años de edad que acudió a nuestro centro por un cuadro clínico de "bronquitis de repetición" y rechazo de los alimentos sólidos de 1 mes de evolución tras sufrir un episodio de atragantamiento mientras comía. Se discuten las peculiaridades clínicas que pueden presentarse en niños pequeños, el alto índice de sospecha necesario para su diagnóstico y la exploración radiológica idónea en estos casos.