Healthier Food Purchase and Its Determinants in an Urban Resettlement Colony of Delhi.

Dietary risk, one of the major risk factors for the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, is influenced by household food choices and purchases. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 250 randomly selected households of an urban resettlement colony in Delhi to estimate the proportion of households purchasing different healthier food options during the last purchasing occasion and to identify its key determinants. Purchase of healthier options in staple items like wheat flour with fiber (100%), plant-based oils (97.9%), unpolished pulses (96.2%), and toned milk (94.5%) was high. Affordability and health considerations in food purchases were identified as key determinants.

Test concordance and diagnostic accuracy of three serological assays for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody: result from a population-based sero-epidemiological study in Delhi.

BACKGROUND: Several methodological tests are available to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Tests are mostly used in the aid of diagnosis or for serological assessment. No tests are fully confirmatory and have variable level of diagnostic ability. We aimed at assessing agreement with three serological tests: quantitative anti receptor binding domain ELISA (Q-RBD), qualitative ELISA (WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab) and qualitative chemiluminescence assay (CLIA). METHODS: This study was a part of a large population based sero-epidemiological cohort study. Participants aged 1 year or older were included from 25 randomly selected clusters each in Delhi urban (urban resettlement colony of South Delhi district) and Delhi rural (villages in Faridabad district, Haryana). Three type of tests were applied to all the baseline blood samples. Result of the three tests were evaluated by estimating the total agreement and kappa value. RESULTS: Total 3491 blood samples collected from March to September, 2021, out of which 1700 (48.7%) from urban and 1791 (51.3%) from rural. Overall 44.1% of participants were male. The proportion of sero-positivity were 78.1%, 75.2% and 31.8% by Wantai, QRBD and CLIA tests respectively. The total agreement between Wantai and QRBD was 94.5%, 53.1% between Wantai and CLIA, and 56.8% between QRBD and CLIA. The kappa value between these three tests were 0.84 (95% CI 0.80-0.87), 0.22 (95% CI 0.19-0.24) and 0.26 (95% CI 0.23-0.28). CONCLUSIONS: There was strong concordance between Wantai and QRBD test. Agreement between CLIA with other two tests was low. Wantai and QRBD tests measuring the antibody to same S protein can be used with high agreement based on the relevant scenario.

COVID-19 infection in patients with haematological disease - A tertiary centre experience from north India.

This retrospective study was aimed to understand the clinical, laboratory, radiological parameters and the outcome of COVID-19 patients with underlying haematological disease. All patients with known haematological disease admitted with COVID-19-positive status from April to August 2020 in the COVID-19 facility of a tertiary care centre in north India, were included. Their medical records were analyzed for outcome and mortality risk factors. Fifty four patients, 37 males, were included in the study. Of these, 36 patients had haematological malignancy and 18 had benign disorder. Fever (95.5%), cough (59.2%) and dyspnoea (31.4%) were the most common symptoms. Nine patients had severe disease at diagnosis, mostly malignant disorders. Overall mortality rate was 37.0 per cent, with high mortality seen in patients with aplastic anaemia (50.0%), acute myeloid (46.7%) and lymphoblastic leukaemia (40.0%). On univariate analysis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status >2 [odd ratio (OR) 11.6], COVID-19 severity (OR 8.2), dyspnoea (OR 5.7) and blood product transfusion (OR 6.4) were the predictors of mortality. However, the presence of moderate or severe COVID-19 (OR 16.6, confidence interval 3.8-72.8) was found significant on multivariate analysis. The results showed that patients with haematological malignancies and aplastic anaemia might be at increased risk of getting severe COVID-19 infection and mortality as compared to the general population.

Efficacy of transcutaneous bilirubinometry as compared to serum bilirubin in preterm newborn during phototherapy.

Transcutaneous measurement of bilirubin is being used for neonatal jaundice. Its utility during phototherapy in preterm babies is not established. The objective of our study was to assess the efficacy of transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measurement in comparison to total serum bilirubin in preterm newborns at admission and during phototherapy at the covered skin area (glabella). It was a prospective observational study and conducted at the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital from January 2017 to January 2019. One hundred eligible preterm neonates were enrolled. Babies who were very sick, with poor peripheral circulation, edematous, having conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, with major congenital malformations, already received phototherapy or exchange transfusion were excluded. Paired total serum bilirubin and transcutaneous bilirubin were measured at admission and 6 h and 24 h during phototherapy. TcB was measured from the area (glabella) covered by an eye protector during phototherapy. The sample for TsB was taken within 10 min of TcB measurement. The mean differences between TsB and TcB values at admission and 6 h and 24 h of phototherapy were - 0.005 (0.353) mg/dl, - 0.350 (0.611) mg/dl, and - 0.592 (0.353) mg/dl, respectively. At admission or before starting of phototherapy, the difference (TsB-TcB) was statistically not significant (p = .125), while the difference in these values was statistically significant at 6 h and 24 h of phototherapy.Conclusion: TcB measurements from the covered skin area in jaundiced preterm infants during phototherapy were not correlated with TsB and cannot be used as an alternate of serum bilirubin testing. What is known • HPLC bilirubin measurement is a gold standard test for bilirubin measurement but impractical for day to day use. Serum total bilirubin is used for clinical testing.. • There is evidence for use of transcutaneous bilirubinometry for assessment of bilirubin in term newborn. What is new • TcB measurements from a covered skin area in jaundiced preterm newborns under phototherapy were not correlated significantly at 6 h and 24 h of phototherapy, but correlated before phototherapy. • TcB cannot be used as an alternate of serum bilirubin testing in preterm infants during phototherapy.

Prevalence of depression among the elderly (60 years and above) population in India, 1997-2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is lack of information on the magnitude of depression among elderly population in India. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression among elderly population in India. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, IndMed, and Google Scholar were searched to identify articles reported community-based prevalence of depression among elderly population using screening tools. This study included the articles published during the years 1997 to 2016. Studies conducted in the special population groups, hospitals, reported only a subcategory of depression, and not specified the screening tool were excluded. Data were extracted from published reports and any missing information was requested from authors. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed. The publication bias was evaluated by using Egger's test and visual inspection of the symmetry in funnel plots. RESULTS: Fifty-one studies from 16 States of India were included as 56 datasets, which estimated the prevalence of depression among Indian elderly population as 34.4% (95% CI: 29.3-39.7). In sub-group analysis, the pooled prevalence was higher among females, rural populations, and in the eastern part of the country. Studies using non-probability sampling, and GDS and CES-D screening tool showed higher prevalence. Exclusion of the studies with sample size less than 100 and low-quality studies (score < 5/8) had no effect on the estimate of the prevalence. The studies that excluded dementia before assessment of depression had lower prevalence. CONCLUSION: About one third elderly population of India suffered from depression with female preponderance. The estimates varied with type of study tool, geographic region, sampling methods, and presence of dementia. The pooled estimate should be interpreted with caution as the studies included in this review had varied methodological approach and screening tools.

A bibliometric analysis of the published road traffic injuries research in India, post-1990.

BACKGROUND: Globally, road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among those aged 15-29 years. However, road traffic injury research has not received adequate attention from the scientific community in low- and middle-income countries, including India. The present study aims to provide a bibliometric overview of research assessing road traffic injuries in India. METHODS: We used Scopus to extract relevant research in road traffic injuries published from 1991 to 2017. This study presented the key bibliometric indicators such as trends of annual publications and citations, top 10 authors, journals, institutions and highly cited articles, citation analysis of articles, co-occurrence of keywords, etc. Analysis was performed using Scopus, Microsoft Excel, and VOS-viewer. RESULTS: A total of 242 articles were retrieved with an h-index of 18, excluding self-citations. A steadfast growth of publications was documented in last decade, especially after the year 2010. The h-index of the top 10 authors, institutions, journals and highly cited articles did not surpass single digits. A network visualisation map showed that 'traffic accident', 'male', 'adolescent' and 'child' were the most commonly encountered key terms. The prominent authors were Gururaj G, Dandona R, and Hyder AA, whereas the top journals were the Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medico Legal Update, and the International Journal of Applied Engineering Research and top institutions were the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, and the Administrative Staff College of India. CONCLUSION: In India, road traffic injuries research is inadequate in quantity and quality, warranting greater attention from researchers and policy planners to address the burden of road traffic injuries.

Effect of directly observed oral iron supplementation during pregnancy on iron status in a rural population in Haryana: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: In India, more than half of the pregnant women suffer from anemia. Low compliance to iron supplementation is one of the important reasons. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study is to estimate the reduction in the prevalence of anemia, improvement in iron status, and to compare the compliance to oral iron supplementation during pregnancy between directly observed iron-folic acid (IFA) supplementation group and control group. METHODS: This was a community-based open labeled parallel block-randomized controlled trial including 400 pregnant women in a rural setting of north India. In the intervention group, the first dose of IFA every week was supervised by ASHA and women were instructed to take the remaining tablets during the week as per the prescription. In control group, IFA tablets were supplemented without direct supervision. RESULTS: After 100 days of IFA supplementation, the reduction in anemia in the intervention group was 6% higher as compared to control group (P = 0.219). The increase in the mean hemoglobin level over and above control group was 0.52 g/dl in intervention group (P < 0.001). However, the mean increase in serum ferritin level in the intervention group was similar to the control group. The mean percentage compliance in the intervention group was almost 9% higher than that of control group (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Directly supervised oral iron (IFA) supplementation improves compliance to oral iron (IFA) supplementation and also improves hemoglobin status among pregnant women. However, the mean increase in serum ferritin and reduction in the prevalence of anemia in the intervention group were not higher than the control group.

Directly observed iron supplementation for control of iron deficiency anemia.

Anemia is major public health problem affecting 1.6 billion people worldwide. The poor compliance of iron supplementation remains main contributor for high prevalence of anemia. The current paper reviewed the effectiveness of direct observation of oral iron supplementation on anemia. A systematic search was performed through electronic databases and local libraries. Search strategies used subject headings and key words "directly observed" and "iron supplementation." Searches were sought through April 2014. A total of 14 articles were included in the study. Findings were presented in three categories. First, all of those reported an improvement in compliance of iron supplementation. Second, reduction in the prevalence of anemia was reported by all and third, all except one reported increased blood hemoglobin level. Directly observed an iron supplementation is an effective approach for prevention and management of anemia in vulnerable groups. However, larger trials are needed before concluding that scaling up directly observed iron supplementation through community health volunteers would be beneficial.

Prevalence and Predictors of Unmet Needs among the Elderly Residents of the Rural Field Practice Area of a Tertiary Care Centre from Northern India.

BACKGROUND: Surrogate markers simple enough to be used by primary care workers have not been closely investigated by the community experts in rural Uttar Pradesh. We assessed the physical disabilities in activities of daily living (ADL) and unmet need in physical disabilities among rural elderly. Predictors of unmet needs in physical disabilities among the elderly were also identified. METHODS: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly residents of the rural field practice area of a tertiary care centre in rural Uttar Pradesh. Three hundred and thirty five (335) participants aged 60 years and above from 9 villages were selected using the Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling technique. Study tools were the proforma regarding socio-demographic details, socio-economic status and Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of unmet needs. RESULTS: 185 (55.2%) had physical disability in one or more activity limitation. Gender wise elderly females had more physical disability in one or more ADL categories than elderly males (66.8% vs. 42.0%). Almost one third (32.5%) of subjects had unmet need for one or more physical disabilities. the predictors of unmet needs that were identified in the study were female gender (P = 0.046), elderly aged 70 years and above (P = 0.032), those living alone (P = 0.035), low monthly family income (P = 0.044), financially fully dependent elderly (P = 0.0002), and those having 3 or more physical disabilities (P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study highlight that large number of needs of the disabled are still unmet. Greater, targeted efforts are needed to identify at-risk elderly people living in the community. These predictors would act as surrogate markers and can be easily used by primary care workers to plan and provide services to the elderly people in rural communities.

Decadal transition of adult mortality pattern at Ballabgarh HDSS: evidence from verbal autopsy data.

BACKGROUND: Mortality levels and patterns are significant indicators of population health, and are of importance to prioritize the goals of health systems and efficient resource allocation. We ascertained the decadal transition of mortality pattern in adult population aged 15 years and above during the years 2002-2011. METHODS: All adult deaths aged 15 years and above during the years 2002 to 2011 were included in the study. Cause of death was ascertained by verbal autopsy tool for adults which is a validated questionnaire developed at Ballabgarh Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS). Cause and age specific mortality, and mean age at death was determined for individual years. RESULTS: A total of 4,276 deaths (≥15 years) occurred in the Ballabgarh HDSS during the years 2002 to 2011. Of these, 96.8 % deaths were investigated using verbal autopsy tool. Of total deaths investigated, 60.6 % were males. Cardiovascular diseases (19.6 %) were the leading cause of death, followed by respiratory diseases (16.5 %). In the age group of 15-59 years, the most common cause of mortality was external causes of mortality (28.9 %). Most common cause of death was senility (20.8 %) in females, whereas cardiovascular diseases were commonest cause (19.6 %) in males. Road traffic injuries contributed 6.7 % deaths in males compared to 1.5 % in females. Over the years, the proportions of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases had increased (12.6 % to 18.8 %). Mortality proportions had decreased for infectious diseases (12.1 % to 9.5 %) and respiratory diseases (24.7 % to 10.9 %). Mortality due to neoplasms remained nearly stagnant (6.6 % to 6.4 %). Mean age at death due to cardiovascular diseases and neoplasm had increased from 57 years (95 % CI: 52.2-62.9) to 62 years (95 % CI: 59.2-65.4) and 58 years (95 % CI: 53.1-63.2) to 62 years (95 % CI: 57.0-66.7), respectively, during the decade. Mean age at death had decreased for road traffic injuries and infectious diseases from 41 years (95 % CI: 31.7-50.8) to 39 years (95 % CI: 34-43.4) and 53 years (95 % CI: 48.3-58.6) to 50 years (95 % CI: 44.1-55.8), respectively over the years. CONCLUSION: Mortality surveillance using verbal autopsy tool revealed a transition in cause specific deaths from respiratory diseases to cardiovascular diseases over the decade. The apparent epidemiological transition in the community demands reorientation of healthcare priorities.

The Factors Associated With COVID-19 Infection Among Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Care Institution in North India: A Case-Control Study.

Background and objective Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a higher risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) since they regularly come into direct contact with infected patients and their surroundings. In light of this, it is critical to study the potential risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs to help determine its transmission patterns and prevent infections among HCWs, as well as healthcare-associated COVID-19. Methods We conducted a case-control study at a tertiary healthcare center from December 2020 to August 2021. HCWs who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, by RT-PCR were included as cases and those who tested negative for RT-PCR and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were recruited as controls. We interviewed 316 HCWs (187 cases and 129 controls) by using the WHO questionnaire titled "Protocol for assessment of potential risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 among health workers in a health care setting" to assess infection prevention and control (IPC) knowledge and practices, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The odds ratio (OR) for factors associated with infection was determined by multivariable logistic regression. Results The majority (87.2%) of the cases were symptomatic. Adherence to IPC measures was higher among controls as compared to cases. A significantly higher number of controls used PPE compared to cases. The proportions of HCWs involved in cleaning, patient transport, reception, and catering were higher among cases (37.9%) compared to controls (19.1%). In multivariable analysis, undergoing training on care for COVID-19 patients was associated with a lower risk of infection (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.24-0.69). Conclusions Adherence to IPC and use of PPE were significantly higher among controls as compared to cases. Receiving training in COVID-19 patient care and compliance with IPC measures were associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 infection among HCWs in this study.

Prevalence and determinants of anemia due to micronutrient deficiencies among children aged 12-59 months in India-Evidence from Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey, 2016-18.

The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anemia, and anemia with micronutrient deficiencies (iron/ vitamin B12/ folic acid) and their determinants among children aged 12-59 months in India. Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (2016-2018) is Asia's largest nutrition survey conducted among 0-19 years aged children in India. We used generalised linear model (modified Poisson) with adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) to assess the socio-economic and biochemical factors associated with anemia and anemia with micronutrient deficiencies amongst children aged 12 to 59 months. Out of the total of 11,237 children included in the study, 40.5% (95%CI:38·6-42·6) were anemic, 30.0% (95%CI:27·8-32·4) had anemia with micronutrient deficiencies and 60.9% (95%CI:58·2-63·5) had micronutrient deficiencies with or without anemia. Younger age (aPR(95%CI) for one year old: 1.9(1.5-2.4), two year old: 1.8(1.5-2.2), three year old: 1.4(1.2-1.7) compared to four year old children) and lower educational status of the mother (mothers without formal schooling aPR(95%CI):1.4(1.1-1.8); 1-9 standards: 1.4(1.2-1.7)) vs mother educated with high school and above, consumption of less than 100 iron-folic acid tablets during pregnancy (aPR(95%CI):1.3(1.0-1.7) vs consumption of ≥ 180 tablets, any self-reported illness among children within two weeks preceding the interview (aPR(95%CI):1.2(1.1-1.4) vs no-illnesses, iron deficiency (aPR(95%CI):2.2(2.0-2.6)) and zinc deficiency (aPR(95%CI):1.3(1.1-1.4)) were associated with anemia in children. Among anemic, the children from scheduled tribe (aPR(95%CI):1.4(1.1-1.8)) vs other caste categories, and those following unsafe child faeces disposal practices (aPR(95%CI):1.2(1.0-1.4)) vs those who follow safe faeces disposal practices had higher chance of having micronutrient deficiency. One third of children aged 12-59 months had anemia with micronutrient deficiency (iron/ folic acid/ vitamin B12). More than half of children had micronutrient deficiencies irrespective of anemia. Micronutrient deficiencies, antenatal IFA intake, safe hygiene practices need to be strengthened to leave no stone unturned in control of anemia among under-five children in India.

Construction and validation of a covariate-based model for district-level estimation of excess deaths due to COVID-19 in India.

Background: Different statistical approaches for estimating excess deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have led to varying estimates. In this study, we developed and validated a covariate-based model (CBM) with imputation for prediction of district-level excess deaths in India. Methods: We used data extracted from deaths registered under the Civil Registration System for 2015-19 for 684 of 713 districts in India to estimate expected deaths for 2020 through a negative binomial regression model (NBRM) and to calculate excess observed deaths. Specifically, we used 15 covariates across four domains (state, health system, population, COVID-19) in a zero inflated NBRM to identify covariates significantly (P < 0.05) associated with excess deaths estimate in 460 districts. We then validated this CBM in 140 districts by comparing predicted and estimated excess. For 84 districts with missing covariates, we validated the imputation with CBM by comparing estimated with predicted excess deaths. We imputed covariate data to predict excess deaths for 29 districts which did not have data on deaths. Results: The share of elderly and urban population, the under-five mortality rate, prevalence of diabetes, and bed availability were significantly associated with estimated excess deaths and were used for CBM. The mean of the CBM-predicted excess deaths per district (x̄ = 989, standard deviation (SD) = 1588) was not significantly different from the estimated one (x̄ = 1448, SD = 3062) (P = 0.25). The estimated excess deaths (n = 67 540; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 35 431, 99 648) were similar to the predicted excess death (n = 64 570; 95% CI = 54 140, 75 000) by CBM with imputation. The total national estimate of excess deaths for all 713 districts was 794 989 (95% CI = 664 895, 925 082). Conclusions: A CBM with imputation can be used to predict excess deaths in an appropriate context.

Long-Term Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing and Anti-Receptor Binding Domain Antibodies among Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in Delhi National Capital Region, India: A Prospective, One-Year Follow-Up Study.

Background: This study was conducted with the objective of measuring the neutralizing and anti-receptor binding domain antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 among laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and exploring its long-term kinetics over a period of 1 year. Methods: One hundred laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were recruited. Serum samples of the participants were collected within three months from the date of the positive COVID-19 report. The participants were prospectively followed up every three months for symptoms and the collection of blood samples for three additional rounds. The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies), anti-receptor binding domain antibodies (anti-RBD), and neutralizing antibodies were measured. Findings: Median plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) titers showed a rising trend in the first three rounds of follow-up. The quantitative anti-receptor binding domain ELISA (QRBD) values showed a declining trend in the initial three rounds. However, both the PRNT titers and QRBD values showed significantly higher values for the fourth round of follow-up. Total antibody (WANTAI) levels showed an increasing trend in the initial three rounds (statistically significant). Interpretation: Neutralizing antibodies showed an increasing trend. The anti-receptor binding domain antibodies showed a decreasing trend. Neutralizing antibodies and anti-RBD antibodies persisted in the majority.

Monitoring of Non-communicable Diseases in a Primary Healthcare Setting in India: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

Background The majority of patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) seek care in a primary healthcare setting. There is a lack of effective monitoring of patients with NCD, which leads to poor disease control and an increase in morbidity and mortality. We wanted to explore the feasibility of maintaining patient health record and utilising it for disease monitoring in a primary healthcare setting. Therefore, we aimed to increase the availability of patient health records from 0% to 100% using the principles of quality improvement (QI) among patients with hypertension and/or diabetes within six weeks and to use these records for assessing the disease control status of patients through cohort monitoring approach. Methods This QI initiative was conducted at an urban health centre (UHC) located at Dakshinpuri, New Delhi. We specifically focused on two major NCDs: diabetes and hypertension. We formed a QI team and identified the gaps using fishbone analysis and a process flow diagram. We used the model for improvement and the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) framework. We conducted repeated rapid PDSA cycles for the designed intervention and monitored the change every week using a run chart. The data from the patient health record were entered into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, WA) using Google Forms (Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA) and Epicollect5 (Oxford Big Data Institute, Oxford, England). We used the cohort monitoring approach of the India Hypertension Control Initiative to assess the quarterly control rate for hypertension and diabetes at the UHC. Results The root cause analysis revealed that the lack of a policy for keeping patient records and the lack of perceived need in the past were the primary reasons behind the absence of NCD health records. In brainstorming sessions with the QI team, we designed a paper-based patient health record system involving unique identity (ID) generation, an index register, an NCD record file and an NCD passbook (Dhirghayu card) for each patient. We reorientated the process of patient flow and devised a mechanism for record-keeping at the UHC. This initiative increased the availability of patient health records from 0% to 100% in the initial three weeks. The system of maintaining patient health records was well received by the patients and was better utilised by treating physicians for NCD management. After the intervention, we were able to use the data from the NCD file to assess the quarterly control rates of the patients with hypertension and/or diabetes. Conclusion Our study showed that patients' health records can be generated and maintained in a primary healthcare setting by using the principles of quality improvement. These records can be utilised for the disease monitoring of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes, which can lead to better disease control. The sustainability of this initiative and the performance of the health facility can be assessed in future studies using annual control rates.

Correction: Monitoring of Non-communicable Diseases in a Primary Healthcare Setting in India: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38132.].

Pattern of Road Traffic Injuries and Their Pre-hospitalization Factors Reported at a Public Tertiary Healthcare Facility and Rural Private Healthcare Facility in Rajasthan, India.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to report the pattern of road traffic injuries (RTIs) and pre-hospitalization factors of road traffic injuries among the accident victims reported at an urban and a rural healthcare facility in the Jaipur district, Rajasthan. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary-level, urban public healthcare facility in Jaipur city and a secondary-level, rural private facility in nearby Chomu town. The study participants were all those who encountered road traffic injury and visited any of these healthcare facilities to seek care. The study tool included information on demographics, type of road user, vehicles, accidents, roads, environment, and other pre-hospitalization factors. Data collectors were nurses trained to collect data using the tablet-based application. Data were analyzed using proportions/percentages. Bivariate analysis was done to assess the significance of differences between categories of factors and between rural and urban facilities. RESULTS: Among 4,642 cases, 93.8% were enrolled in the urban facility, and the remaining were enrolled in the rural facility. Predominantly, males (83.9%) and young adults 18-34 years (58.9%) were reported in both study facilities. Among the accident victims reported at the urban facility, major groups were educated up to the primary level (25.1%) or graduate level (21.9%). About 60% of them were drivers. Most of these injuries occurred on urban roads (50.2%) or two-lane roads (42%). About three-fourths of the injured were using two-wheeler geared vehicles, and 46.7% were overtaking or turning the vehicle when the accident happened. The majority of cases (61.6%) did not require hospitalization. Among the rural facility participants, 27.2% were graduates, and 24.7% were below primary education. Most of these injuries happened on the national highway (35.8%) or rural roads (33.3%). Most of them used two-wheeler geared (80.1%) at the time of the accident. Most were injured while doing normal straight driving (80.5%). Most participants (80.1%) in the rural facility did not follow the traffic rules, and 43.9% required hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Young males were the most affected age group by road traffic injuries. Differential patterns of road traffic injuries and pre-hospital factors were observed in urban and rural areas.

Readiness and Motivation of ASHAs towards Their Participation in Non-Communicable Disease Control Programmein North India:A Cross Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activist)role is evolving beyond maternal and child health workers. They are engaged in NCD (Non-communicable Diseases)control activities. This study investigated their preparedness for this new task.The aim of the study was to assess the preparedness (knowledge, attitude, practices & patient navigation) of ASHAs in delivering community-based NCD prevention and control services under NPCDCS (National Programme for Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke)program. And the study also assessed the challenges faced by ASHAs in fulfilling their roles and responsibilities towards common NCDs. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cross sectional descriptive conducted in Delhi. METHOD: Total 464 ASHAs randomly selected from 54 Primary Health Centres from 3 districts of Delhi. A self-administered, pre-tested, validated and piloted semi structured questionnaire was filled by enrolled ASHAs. It assessed their knowledge, attitude and practices related to NCD screening. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: descriptive statistics, chi square test and logistic regression analysis were used. RESULTS: Two-third ASHAs had moderate to good knowledge about NCDs. They had positive inclination towards NCD screening and risk mitigation. Their practices for hypertension and diabetes screening were adequate but common cancer screening practices were inadequate. Challenges encountered in performing these tasks were lack of appropriate referral linkages, minimal supportive supervision and no ear marked incentives. CONCLUSIONS: ASHAs showed willingness to work for NCD control provided they have optimum training, supportive supervision from their superiors, and screening facilities in functional state and appropriate incentives for the new tasks.

Household transmission investigation for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a rural and urban population of north India.

BACKGROUND: Transmissibility within closed settings, such as households, can provide a strategic way to characterize the virus transmission patterns because the denominator can be well defined. We aimed to characterize the household transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) and its associated risk factors. METHODS: This prospective case-ascertained study was conducted among the household contacts of laboratory-confirmed SARS CoV-2 cases residing in Ballabgarh, Haryana. We enrolled 148 index cases and their 645 household contacts between December 16, 2020 and June 24, 2021. We defined household contact as any person who had resided in the same household as a confirmed COVID-19 case. Baseline data collection and sample collection for real time- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and IgM/IgG against SARS CoV-2 were done on day 1 visit, and followed for a period of 28 days. RT-PCR was repeated on day 14 or whenever the contact is symptomatic and blood sample for serology was repeated on day 28. We estimated household secondary infection rate (SIR) and other epidemiological indicators-median incubation period and serial interval. We employed binomial logistic regression to quantify risk factors associated with infection. RESULTS: The household SIR was 30.5% (95% CI: 27.1-34.1%). The secondary clinical attack rate was 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2-11.8). The risk factors that showed higher susceptibility to infection were household contacts who were the primary care giver of the case, whose index cases were symptomatic, those with underlying medical conditions, those living in overcrowded households, who were sharing toilet with the index cases and also who were not wearing a mask when coming in contact with the case. The median (IQR) incubation period was 4 days (4, 5), mean (SD) serial interval 6.4 (±2.2) days, and median (IQR) serial interval 5 days (5, 7). CONCLUSION: Households favour secondary transmission of SARS CoV- 2, hence, index cases are recommended to self-isolate and wear masks; and household contacts to follow strict COVID infection control measures within households when a family member is infected.