Imaging-based prostate cancer screening among BRCA mutation carriers-results from the first round of screening.

BACKGROUND: Male-carriers of BRCA1/2 gene mutations have an increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa) with a more aggressive phenotype. Current screening-guidelines suggest the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) only among BRCA2 carriers. Female carriers have extensive guidelines that include imaging. Our objective was to test the prevalence of PCa among BRCA carriers and examine screening strategies, using PSA and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We recruited men aged 40-70 years with BRCA1/2 germline mutations and no prior history of prostate biopsy. All men underwent an initial round of screening which included PSA, and prostate mpMRI. PSA was considered elevated using an age-stratified threshold of ≥1 ng/ml for 40-50 years of age, ≥2 ng/ml for 50-60 years of age, and 2.5 ng/ml for 60-70 years of age. Men with elevated PSA and/or suspicious lesion on mpMRI were offered a prostate biopsy. PSA levels, MRI findings, PCa incidence, and tumor characteristics were evaluated. Decision curve analysis was used to compare screening strategies. RESULTS: We recruited 188 men (108 BRCA1, 80 BRCA2), mean age 54 years (9.8). One hundred and ten (57%) had either elevated age-stratified PSA (75; 40%), a suspicious MRI lesion (67; 36%), or both (32; 17%). Of these, 92 (85%) agreed to perform a prostate biopsy. Sixteen (8.5%) were diagnosed with PCa; 44% of the tumors were classified as intermediate- or high-risk disease. mpMRI-based screening missed only one of the cancers (6%), while age-stratified PSA would have missed five (31%). Decision curve analysis showed that mpMRI screening, regardless of PSA, had the highest net benefit for PCa diagnosis, especially among men younger than 55 years of age. We found no difference in the risk of PCa between BRCA1 and BRCA2 (8.3% versus 8.7%, P = 0.91). Ninety percent had a Jewish founder mutation, thus the results cannot be generalized to all ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: PCa is prevalent among BRCA carriers. Age may affect screening strategy for PCa in this population. Young carriers could benefit from initial MRI screening. BRCA carriers aged older than 55 years should use PSA and be referred to mpMRI if elevated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov ID: NCT02053805.

Ureteric stent versus percutaneous nephrostomy for acute ureteral obstruction - clinical outcome and quality of life: a bi-center prospective study.

BACKGROUND: To compare quality of life (QoL) indices between ureteral stent (DJS) and nephrostomy tube (PCN) inserted in the setting of acute ureteral obstruction. METHODS: Prospective bi-centered study. Over the span of 2 years, 45 DJS and 30 PCN patients were recruited. Quality of life was assessed by 2 questionnaires, EuroQol EQ-5D and 'Tube symptoms' questionnaire, at 2 time points (at discharge after drainage and before definitive treatment). RESULTS: Patients' demographics and pre-drainage data were similar. There were no clinically significant differences in patient's recovery between the groups, including post procedural pain, defeverence, returning to baseline renal function, and septic shock complications. More DJS patients presented to the emergency room with complaints related to their procedure compared to PCN patients. At first, DJS patients complained more of urinary discomfort while PCN patients had worse symptoms relating to mobility and personal hygiene, with both groups achieving similar overall QoL score. At second time point, PCN patients' symptoms ameliorated while symptoms in the DJS group remained similar, translating to higher overall QoL score in the PCN group. CONCLUSIONS: The two techniques had a distinct and significantly different impact on quality of life. Over time, PCN patients' symptoms relieve and their QoL improve, while DJS patients' symptoms persist. Specific tube related symptoms, and their dynamics over time, should be a major determinant in choosing the appropriate drainage method, especially when definitive treatment is not imminent.

Recurrence, progression and cancer-specific mortality according to stage at re-TUR in T1G3 bladder cancer patients treated with BCG: not as bad as previously thought.

PURPOSE: The goals of transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TUR) are to completely resect the lesions and to make a correct diagnosis to adequately stage and treat the patient. Persistent disease after TUR is not uncommon and is why re-TUR is recommended in T1G3 patients. When there is T1 tumor in the re-TUR specimen, very high risks of progression (82%) have been reported. We analyze the risks of recurrence, progression to muscle-invasive disease and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) according to tumor stage at re-TUR in T1G3 patients treated with BCG. METHODS: In our retrospective cohort of 2451 T1G3 patients, 934 patients (38.1%) underwent re-TUR. 667 patients had residual disease (71.4%): Ta in 378 (40.5%), T1 in 289 (30.9%) patients. Times to recurrence, progression and CSM in the three groups were estimated using cumulative incidence functions and compared using the Cox regression model. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 5.2 years, 512 patients recurred. The recurrence rate was significantly higher in patients with a T1 at re-TUR (P < 0.001). Progression rates differed according to the pathology at re-TUR, 25.3% in T1, 14.6% in Ta and 14.2% in case of no residual tumor (P < 0.001). Similar trends were seen in both patients with and without muscle in the original TUR specimen. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T1G3 tumors and no residual disease or Ta at re-TUR have better recurrence, progression and CSM rates than previously reported, with a CSM rate of 13.1 and a 25.3% progression rate in re-TUR T1 disease.

Predictors of oncological outcomes in T1G3 patients treated with BCG who undergo radical cystectomy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the oncological impact of postponing radical cystectomy (RC) to allow further conservative therapies prior to progression in a large multicentre retrospective cohort of T1-HG/G3 patients initially treated with BCG. METHODS: According to the time of RC, the population was divided into 3 groups: patients who did not progress to muscle-invasive disease, patients who progressed before radical cystectomy and patients who experienced progression at the time of radical cystectomy. Clinical and pathological outcomes were compared across the three groups. RESULTS: Of 2451 patients, 509 (20.8%) underwent RC. Patients with tumors > 3 cm or with CIS had earlier cystectomies (HR = 1.79, p = 0.001 and HR = 1.53, p = 0.02, respectively). Patients with tumors > 3 cm, multiple tumors or CIS had earlier T3/T4 or N + cystectomies. In patients who progressed, the timing of cystectomy did not affect the risk of T3/T4 or N + disease at RC. Patients with T3/T4 or N + disease at RC had a shorter disease-specific survival (HR = 4.38, p < 0.001), as did patients with CIS at cystectomy (HR = 2.39, p < 0.001). Patients who progressed prior to cystectomy had a shorter disease-specific survival than patients for whom progression was only detected at cystectomy (HR = 0.58, p = 0.024) CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with RC before experiencing progression to muscle-invasive disease harbor better oncological and survival outcomes compared to those who progressed before RC and to those upstaged at surgery. Tumor size and concomitant CIS at diagnosis are the main predictors of surgical treatment while tumor size, CIS and tumor multiplicity are associated with extravesical disease at surgery.

Risk factors for residual disease at re-TUR in a large cohort of T1G3 patients.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The goals of transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TUR) are to completely resect the lesions and to make a correct diagnosis in order to adequately stage the patient. It is well known that the presence of detrusor muscle in the specimen is a prerequisite to minimize the risk of under staging. Persistent disease after resection of bladder tumors is not uncommon and is the reason why the European Guidelines recommended a re-TUR for all T1 tumors. It was recently published that when there is muscle in the specimen, re-TUR does not influence progression or cancer specific survival. We present here the patient and tumor factors that may influence the presence of residual disease at re-TUR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In our retrospective cohort of 2451 primary T1G3 patients initially treated with BCG, pathology results for 934 patients (38.1%) who underwent re-TUR are available. 74% had multifocal tumors, 20% of tumors were more than 3 cm in diameter and 26% had concomitant CIS. In this subgroup of patients who underwent re-TUR, there was no residual disease in 267 patients (29%) and residual disease in 667 patients (71%): Ta in 378 (40%) and T1 in 289 (31%) patients. Age, gender, tumor status (primary/recurrent), previous intravesical therapy, tumor size, tumor multi-focality, presence of concomitant CIS, and muscle in the specimen were analyzed in order to evaluate risk factors of residual disease at re-TUR, both in univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS: The following were not risk factors for residual disease: age, gender, tumor status and previous intravesical chemotherapy. The following were univariate risk factors for presence of residual disease: no muscle in TUR, multiple tumors, tumors > 3 cm, and presence of concomitant CIS. Due to the correlation between tumor multi-focality and tumor size, the multivariate model retained either the number of tumors or the tumor diameter (but not both), p < 0.001. The presence of muscle in the specimen was no longer significant, while the presence of CIS only remained significant in the model with tumor size, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The most significant factors for a higher risk of residual disease at re-TUR in T1G3 patients are multifocal tumors and tumors more than 3 cm. Patients with concomitant CIS and those without muscle in the specimen also have a higher risk of residual disease.

Growth regulation of prostatic stromal cells by prostate-specific antigen.

BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that can cleave insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3), thereby decreasing its affinity for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Dissociation of the IGF-I-IGFBP3 complex renders IGF-I available to bind to its receptor and stimulates cellular proliferation. We evaluated the potential for PSA to modulate the effects of IGF-I and IGFBP3 on the proliferation of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-derived fibromuscular stromal cells in primary cultures. METHODS: We cultured BPH-derived stromal cells for 48 hours in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 0.2% bovine serum albumin and studied the effects of IGF-I, IGFBP3, PSA, and ZnCl(2) at varying concentrations. Differences in cell growth between control and treated cultures were evaluated by use of Dunnett's test. Concentration-related trends were evaluated by linear regression of log-transformed concentrations of test reagents on BPH-derived stromal cell number responses. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: We observed a concentration-dependent proliferative response of BPH-derived stromal cells to IGF-I. IGFBP3 inhibited this response in a concentration-dependent fashion. IGFBP3 alone had no effect on stromal cell proliferation. When stromal cells were incubated with PSA alone or with PSA, IGF-I, and IGFBP3, an increase in stromal cell numbers that was dependent on PSA concentration was evident in both instances. Zinc, an endogenous inhibitor of PSA enzymatic activity, was able to attenuate the stimulatory effect of PSA at intraprostatic physiologic concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with the idea that PSA can modulate in vitro interactions between IGF-I and IGFBP3 and suggest that PSA may play a role in the regulation of human prostatic fibromuscular cell growth.

Late relapse of testicular cancer.

PURPOSE: This study analyzed a large group of patients with testicular germ cell cancer in complete remission, who relapsed more than 2 years after completion of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A review of all patients treated at Indiana University Medical Center from 1979 through 1992 for late relapse was conducted. Eighty-one patients were treated for late relapse of testicular cancer. Forty-seven patients relapsed more than 5 years after successful management of their initial disease. RESULTS: At initial diagnosis, 35 patients had clinical stage I, 18 stage II, and 28 stage III disease. Twenty-three of 35 stage I, all 18 stage II, and all 28 stage III patients were treated by chemotherapy before their late relapse. The median follow-up duration of patients post-management of late relapse was 4.8 years. Twenty-one patients (25.9%) are continuously disease-free. Nineteen of these 21 patients had surgical resection of carcinoma or teratoma as a component of their therapy. Of sixty-five patients treated for late relapse by chemotherapy, 17 (26.2%) had a complete response, but only two have been continuously disease-free with chemotherapy alone. These two never received prior chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Late relapse of testis cancer is more common than previously thought. Surgery is the preferred mode of therapy. Chemotherapy has only modest success in this entity, in contrast to the excellent results in de novo germ cell tumors. Patients treated for testicular germ cell cancer need annual follow-up evaluations throughout their life due to the possibility of late relapse.

Light chain amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. A site restricted deposition of an externally produced immunoglobulin.

AIMS: To identify the amyloid protein in a patient with amyloidosis localised to the urinary bladder, and to see whether subtyping of the protein by sequence analysis increases the understanding of the selection of the urinary bladder as the site of amyloid deposition. METHODS: A patient with gross haematuria and a congophilic mass in his urinary bladder was evaluated further. Characterisation of the amyloid protein was performed using conventional histological and immunohistochemical methods. Determination of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the amyloid protein was performed using protein sequencers. RESULTS: The patient's history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation excluded the involvement of other organs, justifying a diagnosis of amyloidosis localised to the urinary bladder. Histological and immunological studies showed that the amyloid protein deposited in the urinary bladder of the patient was probably of the amyloid light chain type. No plasma cells or lymphocytes were seen in sections of the urinary bladder and lower ureter adjacent to the amyloid deposits. Molecular analysis showed the sequence NFMLTQPHSISGSPG, which assigned the amyloid protein to either the Vlambda(I) or the Vlambda(VI) immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain families. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the amyloid protein in this patient originated outside the urinary bladder. The heterogeneity of the Ig proteins in known cases of amyloidosis of the lower urinary tract suggests that the amino acid residues, which determine the Vlambda subtyping, have no major role in restricting the deposited protein to the urinary bladder.

Primary transitional cell carcinoma in vesical diverticula.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the treatment and prognosis of primary tumors in bladder diverticula. METHODS: The cases of 611 patients treated for bladder tumors at a single medical center were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Eight patients had primary intradiverticular transitional cell carcinoma. Five patients had Stage Ta tumor, and 3 had Stage T1 tumor. Most patients were treated by local resection and adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy. All patients with initial Ta disease are disease free at the time of this writing. One patient with T1 disease died, 1 patient's disease recurred several times, and 1 patient showed positive cytology without apparent disease. CONCLUSIONS: Superficial intradiverticular tumors may be treated conservatively. Routine cystoscopy for patients with a bladder diverticulum is warranted for early diagnosis of possible intradiverticular tumor.

Antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome with cyproterone acetate.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome occurs with the steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone acetate. METHODS: Cyproterone acetate was withheld in 12 patients with progressing androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer. Eight patients had been receiving cyproterone acetate concomitant with androgen ablation, and in 4 patients it was prescribed after failure of androgen suppression. Time to response and to disease progression were defined by serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and imaging studies. RESULTS: PSA levels decreased in 5 of the 1 2 patients; in 4 of them (33%), the decrease exceeded 50%. The decline lasted a median of 24 weeks (range 9 to 37.8). All 5 patients had received initial concomitant exposure to androgen ablation and cyproterone acetate. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that the steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone acetate be added to the list of agents capable of inducing antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome.

Penile edema and meatal ulceration after intravesical instillation with bacillus Calmette-Guerin.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) bladder instillation is an accepted treatment modality in the management of superficial transitional cell carcinoma but is associated with frequent side effects. A report of intravesical BCG-induced penile edema and meatal ulceration that occurred in 2 patients is presented. During induction therapy, both patients complained of progressive penile edema. In 1 patient the edema appeared after the second instillation and in the other after the fourth instillation. Edema was associated with ensuing meatal ulceration and enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. BCG instillation was aborted, and oral antituberculous treatment was initiated. There was no report of external spillage during the administration of BCG or of genital or urethral trauma during catheterization. Patients were treated at different clinics but with BCG of the same strain and batch. Symptoms continued for 6 weeks until they abated. Both patients were managed with oral antituberculous drugs for a period of 3 months. Adverse effects of BCG intravesical administration affect several organs in the genitourinary system. The penis and urethra may also be involved, presenting as penile edema and meatal ulceration. Physicians who administer BCG must be familiar with the possible complications and their appropriate management.

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment for Stage T1 grade 3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

OBJECTIVES: To retrospectively analyze intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment for Stage T1 grade 3 (T1G3) transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. METHODS: Between 1984 and 1995, 78 patients with Stage T1 grade 3 tumor were treated by transurethral resection of all visible tumors and adjuvant BCG intravesical instillations. Median follow-up was 56 months (range 12 to 141). RESULTS: After an initial induction course, 52 patients (67%) were tumor-free. Twenty-two patients (28%) had recurrent tumor after a median of 7 months (range 5 to 62). Progression occurred in 6 patients (7.7%) after a median of 18 months (range 5 to 56). CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical BCG appears to be an effective treatment for patients with Stage T1 grade 3 TCC. Patients whose tumors recur after an initial induction course may benefit from a second course of BCG. Intravesical BCG treatment may lower the tumor progression rate. Late recurrence, beyond 2 years, warrants long-term follow-up.

Evaluation of the relationship between semen parameters, pregnancy rate of wives of infertile men with varicocele, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone test before and after varicocelectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) test can serve as an indicator for the need and timing of surgery in infertile men with varicocele. METHODS: The GnRH test was performed in 121 infertile men with varicocele before surgical correction and 4 to 6, 9 to 12, and 16 to 18 months after. Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were evaluated immediately before the test and 45 minutes after intravenous injection of 100 jig Relisorm L (a synthetic GnRH analogue). Eighteen fertile men with normal semen parameters served as control patients for defining the preoperative hormone levels. A more than twofold increase in FSH and a more than fivefold increase in LH was considered a positive result. Findings were correlated with semen parameters and rate of pregnancy in the patients' wives at 18 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Of the 121 patients, 89 (73.5%) had a positive GnRH test result, and 32 had a negative result. Semen parameters were improved postoperatively in 72 of the GnRH-positive patients (80.9%) and in only 6 of the GnRH-negative patients (1 8.7%). Corresponding pregnancy rates at 18 months in the two subgroups were 60 (67.4%) and 3 (9.3%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A positive preoperative GnRH test is a good predictor of improvement in semen parameters and pregnancy after varicocele surgery. We suggest that the GnRH test can serve as an additional indicator for varicocelectomy.

Progressive treatment of erectile dysfunction with intracorporeal injections of different combinations of vasoactive agents.

To account for severity of disease in patients with erectile dysfunction, we introduced a progressive treatment technique using four protocols of drug injections. The study group consisted of 452 men aged 26-85 gamma with erectile dysfunction. Protocol I. All patients began with a combination of papaverine and Regitine in doses adjusted to the estimated severity of dysfunction and to age, up to a maximum dose of 25 mg papaverine and 1.5 mg of Regitine. Protocol II. Patients who could not achieve sufficient rigidity on protocol I were switched to prostin VR, to a maximum of 25 mcg. Protocol III. Patients who failed protocol II received papaverine, Regitine and prostin VR. Protocol IV. Patients who failed protocol III received atropine sulfate (0.02-0.06 mg) in addition to papaverine, Regitine and prostin. Sufficient rigidity was achieved as follows: Protocol I=305 (67.4%) of the original cohort; Protocol II= 61 of the 147 failures with Protocol I (41.5%); Protocol III = 55 of the 86 failures with Protocol 11 (63.9%); Protocol IV = 20 of the remaining 31 patients (64.5%). Overall, sustained rigidity was achieved in 441 of the 452 patients (97.5%). Eleven patients (2.5%) failed all four protocols and were offered a penile prosthesis. Therefore, using our progressive method, by starting with the most available and inexpensive drugs, patients with erectile dysfunction can be given optimal treatment according to the severity of their disease. The success rate is high while costs are kept to a minimum.

Intracavernous injections for erectile dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular diseases and failure or contraindications for sildenafil citrate.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a progressive program for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease in whom sildenafil citrate (Viagra) was not an option. The study population included 106 patients selected from 267 with cardiovascular disease. The intracavernous injection program consisted of three protocols of increasingly complex combinations of vasoactive drugs, papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1 and atropine sulfate. Patients who failed the first protocol were switched to the second, and those who failed the second were switched to the third. A positive response was defined as an erection sufficient for vaginal penetration. A positive response was achieved on protocol I in 61 of the 106 patients (57.5%); protocol II in 32 of the remaining 45 patients (71.1%); and protocol III in seven of the remaining 13 patients (53.8%); the total success rate was 94.3%. These 100 patients were included in the 1-year follow-up, and 90 reported successful coitus at the end of that period: 79 patients (87.8%) with intracavernous injection and 11 (12.2%) without injection. The remaining 10 patients (10%) dropped out of the program, seven (7.0%) for health or marital reasons and three (3.0%) because of treatment failure. We conclude that a progressive program of intracavernous injections of vasoactive drugs may be a good alternative for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Sperm extraction at orchiectomy for testis cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of aspirating sperm from the vas and epididymis at orchiectomy in azoospermic patients. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: Tertiary care academic hospital. PATIENT(S): Three patients with known azoospermia who presented with testicular masses suspected to be cancerous. INTERVENTION(S): At orchiectomy, immediately after ligation of the spermatic cord, the contents of the epididymis and vas deferens were extracted into preserving media. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Fertility rate. RESULT(S): Sperm retrieval was successful in all three patients. The mean total sperm count was 2.3 x 10(6)/mL with 20% motility. Intracytoplasmic injection of sperm harvested by using this method was successful in two couples, one of which delivered a healthy infant. CONCLUSION(S): Sperm can be aspirated from the vas deferens and epididymis at orchiectomy for preservation. In azoospermic patients, this procedure may salvage enough sperm for successful use in micromanipulation techniques. It may be worthwhile to perform sperm aspiration during orchiectomy for testis cancer in any patient with known or suspected infertility.

The management of penetrating trauma to the urinary tract.

Penetrating trauma to the urinary tract is best dealt with early in the overall management of the trauma patient. As there are usually other more obvious associated injuries, involvement of the urinary tract may be overlooked. Delayed management may be of severe consequence to the patient, causing delayed bleeding, retroperitoneal abscess and nephrectomy. Patients suspected for urinary trauma are those with flank or back wounds, retroperitoneal hematoma, pelvic trauma or those presenting with hematuria. The modern approach to trauma emphasizes the staging of injury prior to definite management. Appropriate roentgenographic studies of the urinary tract should be included in the initial evaluation of the patient with trauma. Renal injuries are staged according to severity and method of infliction. Stab wounds or low velocity GSW and those of minor or moderate degree may be managed conservatively with an acceptably good outcome. High velocity GSW usually cause extensive damage and surgical exploration is warranted. Ureteric injuries are rare, but prone to be missed at initial diagnosis. Emergency roentgenologic studies may be insufficient and must be augmented by thorough examination at the initial laparotomy. Hematuria accompanies nearly all instances of bladder trauma. The mandatory investigation is retrograde cystography. The standard approach to penetrating bladder trauma is surgical.

Involvement of internal genitalia in female patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a clinicopathologic study of 37 cases.

Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer in female patients implies anterior pelvic exenteration. The necessity for routine removal of all internal female genitalia has not, as yet, been investigated. The present study was conducted to investigate the involvement of internal genitalia in these patients. Cystectomy specimens from 37 consecutive female patients with bladder cancer were examined for internal genitalia and urethral involvement. Clinical data were retrospectively collected from hospital charts. Thirty-four patients were available for postoperative follow-up. Of the 37 cases, 30 were transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), 4 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 adenocarcinoma, and 2 undifferentiated carcinoma. Uterine involvement was observed in only 1 case: TCC, stage D1, grade IV. All patients had normal ovaries and a normal vagina regardless of tumor site or stage; however, late ovarian and vaginal recurrences developed in one patient, in whom one ovary had been preserved. Sixteen percent of the patients had urethral involvement. We conclude that synchronous or metachronous involvement of female internal genitalia in bladder cancer is uncommon. Preservation of ovaries and vagina in young patients undergoing radical cystectomy may be considered under strict criteria.

Predictive value of urinary cultures in assessment of microbial colonization of ureteral stents.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bacterial colonization of indwelling ureteral stents may serve as a nidus for bacteriuria in operations where stents are manipulated. The predictive value of urine cultures in the assessment of stent colonization was examined in 65 patients with indwelling ureteral stents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prophylactic antibiotic treatment was administered prior to stent insertion. All patients were ambulatory at the time of investigation and were examined in the outpatient clinic. Urine cultures were taken prior to stent removal after 8 to 150 (mean 64) days. The stents were removed under aseptic conditions, and the proximal and distal ends were cut off and placed in a culture medium for evaluation. None of the patients was treated for urinary tract infection prior to stent removal. RESULTS: Bacteriuria was found in 15% of the patients. In 35 patients (54%), urine and stent cultures were sterile. In 20 patients (31%), the urine culture was sterile but the stent was colonized (Enterococcus 9, E. coli 5, Staphylococcus aureus 2, S. epidermidis 2, Candida 1, Citrobacter diversus 1). One patient had a sterile stent culture with bacteriuria. In 9 patients (13.5%), urine and stent cultures were identical (E. coli 4, Pseudomonas 4, Candida 1). The incidence of stent colonization did not correlate with stent dwelling time. The sensitivity of urine cultures for the detection of stent colonization was poor, being 31% only. In a specific patient with negative urine culture, the probability of stent colonization was 36%. CONCLUSION: A sterile urine culture does not rule out the stent itself being colonized. Therefore, patients with indwelling ureteral stents and a sterile urine culture may benefit from prophylactic antibiotic treatment prior to endourologic procedures. The prophylactic regimen must provide coverage for common gram-negative uropathogens as well as gram-positive bacteria, including enterococci.

Scintigraphic evaluation of parenchymal malakoplakia in a transplanted kidney.

The scintigraphic evaluation of a rare case of parenchymal malakoplakia in a transplanted kidney is presented. Uptake of Tc-99m DMSA in the involved area was reduced and the Ga-67 uptake was increased.