Selective CCR2-targeted macrophage depletion ameliorates experimental mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.

The CCL2/CCR2 chemokine/receptor axis directs the chemotaxis of infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and T cells and plays a pivotal role in tissue damage and fibrosis in kidney diseases. The eradication of the activated leucocytes should diminish the production of inflammatory mediators, limit tissue damage and ameliorate disease. A recombinant fusion protein (OPL-CCL2-LPM) comprised of the human CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) chemokine fused to a truncated form of the enzymatically active A1 domain of Shigella dysenteriae holotoxin (SA1) has been developed. The CCL2 portion binds specifically to CCR2-bearing leucocytes and the fusion protein enters the cells, where the SA1 moiety inhibits protein synthesis resulting in cell death. The compound was tested in a model of anti-thymocyte serum (ATS)-induced mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (ATS-GN). Male rats were injected with ATS on day 0 and treated intravenously with vehicle, 50 or 100 microg/kg of OPL-CCL2-LPM Q2D from days 2, 4, 6 and 8. Urine and blood were collected on days 0, 5 and 9. Animals were sacrificed on day 9. No treatment-related effects on body weight or signs of clinical toxicity were observed. Urine protein levels were decreased in treated animals. At the highest dose, histopathological analyses of kidney sections revealed maximum reductions of 36, 31, 30 and 24% for macrophage count, glomerular lesions, alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin respectively. These results indicate a significant protective effect of OPL-CCL2-LPM in this model of nephritis.

Expression of embryonic fibronectin isoform EIIIA parallels alpha-smooth muscle actin in maturing and diseased kidney.

In this study we examined if an association exists between expression of an alternatively spliced "embryonic" fibronectin isoform EIIIA (Fn-EIIIA) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in the maturing and adult rat kidney and in two unrelated models of glomerular disease, passive accelerated anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis and Habu venom (HV)-induced proliferative glomerulonephritis, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Fn-EIIIA and alpha-SMA proteins were abundantly expressed in mesangium and in periglomerular and peritubular interstitium of 20-day embryonic and 7-day (D-7) postnatal kidneys in regions of tubule and glomerular development. Staining was markedly reduced in these structures in maturing juvenile (D-14) kidney and was largely lost in adult kidney. Expression of Fn-EIIIA and alpha-SMA was reinitiated in the mesangium and the periglomerular and peritubular interstitium in both models and was also observed in glomerular crescents in anti-GBM nephritis. Increased expression of Fn-EIIIA mRNA by in situ hybridization corresponded to the localization of protein staining. Dual labeling experiments verified co-localization of Fn-EIIIA and alpha-SMA, showing a strong correlation of staining between location and staining intensity during kidney development, maturation, and disease. Expression of EIIIA mRNA corresponded to protein expression in developing and diseased kidneys and was lost in adult kidney. These studies show a recapitulation of the co-expression of Fn-EIIIA and alpha-SMA in anti-GBM disease and suggest a functional link for these two proteins.

Differential expression of thrombospondin and cellular fibronectin during remodeling in proliferative glomerulonephritis.

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and an alternatively spliced fibronectin (Fn)-EIIIA isoform are adhesive proteins associated with embryogenesis and tissue remodeling. We compared, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, the course of TSP-1 and Fn-EIIIA expression in a model of glomerulonephritis induced by Habu snake venom (HV) and characterized by mesangial cell migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. At 24 hr after HV, TSP-1 and Fn-EIIIA proteins localized in the central aspects of lesions associated with platelets and macrophages and at the margins of lesions coinciding with mesangial cell migration (determined by Thy-1 staining). Mesangial cells at this time expressed TSP-1 but not Fn-EIIIA mRNA. TSP-1 protein and mRNA peaked in lesions at 48 hr and were associated with cell proliferation (determined by PCNA, alpha-smooth muscle actin phenotype, and expression of beta-PDGF receptor mRNA). TSP-1 expression declined at 72 hr when expression of ECM synthesis peaked, as determined by increased expression of collagen Type IV, laminin, and TGF-beta1 protein and mRNA. Mesangial cell expression of Fn-EIIIA was first observed at 48 hr and was most abundant at 72 hr after HV. Therefore, platelet- and macrophage-derived Fn-EIIIA and TSP-1 in early lesions are associated with mesangial cell migration. Mesangial cell upregulation of TSP-1 is associated with migration and proliferation but not maximal ECM accumulation, whereas mesangial cell expression of Fn-EIIIA is associated with proliferation and ECM accumulation. These results suggest distinctive temporal and spatial roles for TSP-1 and Fn-EIIIA in remodeling during glomerular disease. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:533-543, 1999)