[Prevalence of DNA viruses in maxillofacial area of HIV-infected]. / Porazhennost' DNK-virusami cheliustno-litsevoi oblasti bol'nykh s VICh-infektsiei.

DNA viruses have high oncogenic risk viruses; they cause emergence of Kaposi sarcoma, Lymphoma, Squamous cell carcinoma. HIV immunodeficiency promotes increase in frequency of such tumors. Etiotropic therapy of HIV patients considerably reduces prevalence of DNA viruses and a viral malignization.

[Effect of HBc-antigen expression on replication of recombinant Salmonella strains in vivo and in vitro].

The development of therapeutic vaccines against chronic hepatitis B is a major challenge facing modern medicine. HBc antigen-expressing DNA-vaccines designed to be transported into the organism by attenuated Salmonella appear to be good candidates for the purpose. Expression of HBc-antigen was earlier shown to lead to the loss of ability of attenuated Salmonella bearing the DNA-vaccine to multiply in the host lymphoid tissue of mice after per rectum immunization and in human monocyte culture. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of HBc-antigen expression on replication of a virulent strain of wild-type Salmonella serotype Enteritidis in the murine lymphoid tissue after per rectum infection and in human blood monocytes. HBc expression was shown to inhibit propagation of Salmonella in both model systems despite its high virulence.

[Persistence of the Salmonella enteritidis recombinant strain with expressed HBc antigen in mice and macrophage culture].

The behavior of S. enteritidis recombinant strain E-23/pKDNA(3.1) with HBc antigen expressed by the eukaryotic promoter (DNA vaccine) in the body of mice after their infection per rectum and in the culture of macrophages was studied. The expression of HBc was shown to lead to the loss of the capacity of salmonellae for persistence in parenteral lymphoid tissue and for inducing the formation of anti-HBc antibodies. The study of the interaction of salmonellae with the macrophage culture revealed that the synthesis of HBc antigen inhibited the intracellular multiplication of salmonellae.

[Hepatitis B vaccine improvement].

Data about ongoing researches in order to increase efficacy and immunogenicity of licensed hepatitis B vaccines and to develop new therapeutic vaccines for chronic hepatitis B treatment are reviewed.

[The possibility of using the attenuated recombinant strain of Salmonella enteritidis producing the HBc-antigen as a rectal vaccine in an experiment]. / Vozmozhnost' ispol'zovaniia attenuirovannogo rekombinantnogo shtamma Salmonella enteritidis, produtsiruiushchego HBc-antigen, v kachestve vaktsiny rektal'nogo primeneniia v eksperimente.

Designing of a therapeutic vaccine for patients with chronic hepatitis B is a task of contemporary medicine. The natural way of administering the vaccine is the most attractive and inexpensive immunization variant. The use of attenuated strain Salmonella as a carrier of the virus antigen fits the purpose. With this idea in mind, the potentialities of the recombinant attenuated strain Salmonella Enteritidis E-23/pKHBc to replicate in the intestine, mesenteric nods and spleen of mice and to stimulate the immune response to HBc-antigen after its rectal administration (as suppositories) in mice were investigated. It was shown that the recombinant strain is discharged from the intestine within 6 hours after immunization, whereas, it is discharged on day 2 after immunization from the lymphatic nods and is traced there during the 5 subsequent days. Besides, the recombinant strain also possessed the possibility to persist in the spleen of mice for 42 days and to induce there the formation of antibodies to HBc-antigen.

[Possibilities of using Salmonella cya, crp mutants as vectors of an oral recombinant vaccine]. / Vozmozhnost' izpol'zovaniia mutantov cya, crp sal'monell v kachestve vektorov rekombinantnoi vaktsiny oral'nogo primeneniia.

The Salmonella typhimurium B-2/1 double mutant with cya and crp mutations was obtained by a recombination process. The mutant exhibited a low virulence and inability to utilize citrate. In terms of these properties, the mutant differs from the wild-type strain. The mutant is able to persist in the body of mice, cattle, and monkeys, provoking the immune response to its oral administration.

[Some approaches to elaborating vaccines against the HIV infection]. / Nekotorye podkhody k razrabotke vaktsiny protiv VICH-infektsii.

A variety of approaches to creating vaccines against the HIV-infection are discussed in the paper. It is demonstrated that vaccines can be used both for treatment and prevention. They can be synthetic, DNA-vaccines and vector-type ones based on the attenuated recombinant strain of Salmonella. Apart from gp120, reverse transcriptase and tat-gene products can be used as the antigen.

[Human microecology studies at Department of Microbiology with Virology and Immunology, I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy]. / Issledovanie po mikroékologii cheloveka na kafedre mikrobiologii s virusologiei i immunologiei.

Studies of human microflora in health and disease and during exposure to professional and ecological factors is a traditional problem solved for many years by staff members of Department of Microbiology with Virology and Immunology, I. M. Setchenov Moscow Medical Academy. The purpose of research is to develop methods and means for diagnosis and prevention of human microbiocenosis disorders. Fundamental and applied research in cooperation with prophylactic and clinical institutions and departments yielded data contributing to solution of many pressing problems in prevention and diagnosis of infectious diseases.

[Changes in the cAMP level in macrophages during the phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium. II. Effect of the virulence of microorganisms and the immune status of the macrophages on the dynamics of changes in cAMP levels]. / Izmenenie urovnia tsAMF v makrofagakh pri fagotsitoze Salmonella typhimurium. Soobshchenie II. Vliianie virulentnosti mikroorganizmova i immunnogo statusa makrofagov na dinamiku izmeneniia urovnia tsAMF.

The dynamics of changes in the level of intracellular cyclic AMP in nonimmune and immune macrophages in the process of the phagocytosis of S. typhimurium virulent strain, its heated variant and its mutant with low virulence was studied. A transient increase in the level of cyclic AMP was shown to occur during the first 30 minutes of phagocytosis; this increase did not depend on the kind of the phagocytized object and on the activity of macrophages and neither had it any influence on the outcome of phagocytosis. The virulent strain also induced the three-fold increase of the level of cyclic AMP in nonimmune macrophages prior to their disintegration caused by the cytopathogenic action of the microorganism. In immune macrophages the virulent strain did not induce the secondary increase of the level of cyclic AMP.

[Changes in the cAMP level in macrophages in Salmonella typhimurium phagocytosis]. / Izmenenie urovnia ts-AMF v makrofagakh pri fagotsitoze Salmonella typhimurium.

The effect of a virulent S. typhimurium strain and its cAMP-deficients mutant on the level of cAMP in macrophages in the process of phagocytosis has been studied. The virulent strain has been shown to induce the 3-fold increase of the level of cAMP in macrophages, while the mutant renders no such effect.

[Behavior of cAMP-deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium in macrophage cultures]. / Povedenie tsAMF-defitsitnykh mutantov Salmonella typhimurium v kul'ture makrofagov.

The behavior of c-AMP-deficient S. typhimurium mutants in the culture of peritoneal macrophages of white mice and the antibacterial activity of immune macrophages obtained from mice previously immunized with c-AMP-deficient S. typhimurium mutants were studied; c-AMP-deficient mutants were shown to have a lesser cytotoxic effect on macrophages than the initial virulent strain, while retaining their capacity for intracellular proliferation. Immune macrophages acquired the ability to withstand the cytotoxic action of the virulent strain.

[Role of peritoneal macrophages in the development of an experimental Salmonella infection]. / Issledovanie roli peritoneal'nykh makrofagov v razvitii éksperimental'noi sal'monelleznoi infektsii.

The effect produced on the course of Salmonella infection in mice by the removal of peritoneal macrophages with agarose has been studied. Peritoneal macrophages have been shown to control the multiplication of faintly virulent and virulent S. typhimurium strains in the spleen of mice. In immune mice the elimination of the virulent strain of the causative agent of superinfection may occur without the control of peritoneal macrophages.

[Interaction of a cAMP-deficient Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mutant with a macrophage culture in vitro]. / Vzaimodeistvie tsAMP-defitsitnogo mutanta Yersinia pseudotuberculosis s kul'turoi makrofagov in vitro.

The behavior of a virulent Y. pseudotuberculosis strain and its c-AMP-deficient mutant possessing lower virulence in their in vitro interaction with the culture of peritoneal macrophages of white mice, as well as a change in the level of c-AMP in macrophages in the process of the phagocytosis of the initial and mutant strains were studied. The c-AMP-deficient mutant was shown to retain its ability to infect macrophages and to multiply in them, while loosing its cytotoxic effect. Macrophages obtained from mice previously immunized with the mutant acquired the capacity of resisting the cytotoxic action of the initial virulent strain. The mutant proved to be unable to elevate the level of c-AMP in macrophages in the process of phagocytosis, while the initial strain caused a considerable increase in the level of c-AMP in macrophages.

[Effect of cyclic 3,5-adenosine monophosphate on the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium]. / Vliianie tsiklicheskogo 3,5-adenozin-monofosfata na virulentnost' Salmonella typhimurium.

To study the role of cAMP in the virulence of S. typhimurium, cAMP-producing plasmid pTG 4 was transferred to cAMP-deficient S. typhimurium mutant. The transfer of the plasmid enhanced the virulence of the microorganisms due to the increased destruction of macrophages and the intensified multiplication of salmonellae in the spleen of mice.

[Effect of insulin and isoproterenol on macrophage phagocytic activity]. / Vliianie insilina i izoproterenola na fagotsitarnuiu aktivnost' makrofagov.

To reveal the influence of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on the completion of the phagocytosis of salmonellae, the influence of insulin and isoproterenol on the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages obtained from mice infected with S. typhimurium strains differing in virulence was studied in vitro. The study showed that isoproterenol, while increasing the intracellular content of cAMP, suppressed the bactericidal properties of macrophages with respect to salmonellae, whereas insulin decreased the level of cAMP in the cells and thus facilitated more rapid and complete digestion of ingested bacteria irrespective of their virulence.

[Comparative study of the effectiveness of HBcAg presentation to the immune system using attenuated Salmonella strains, serovars S.enteritidis and S.typhimurium]. / Sravnitel'noe issledovanie éffektivnosti predstavleniia immunoi sisteme HBcAg s pomoshch'iu attenuirovannykh shtammov Salmonella serovarov S.enteritidis i S.typhimurium.

In this work the results of obtaining HBcAg-producing attenuated Salmonella strains, serovars S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium, and their comparative study is presented. As revealed in this study, attenuated S. enteritidis strain E-23 and S. typhimurium strain T-10, producing HBcAg, induce cell-mediated and humoral immune response to HBcAg after injected into anovals. After injection S. typhimurium strain T-10 induces a much higher titer of specific antibodies than S. enteritidis strain E-23. The level of specific antibodies induced by recombinant HBcAg seems to correlate with the capacity of salmonellae for survival inside macroorganisms.