ABSTRACT
BHK21 fibroblastic cells were exposed in vitro to lead microparticles produced by pyrolysis of the organic lead used as an antiknock agent in gasoline. Although non-cytolethal, 10 micrograms of lead/10(6) cells rapidly inhibited cell growth kinetics as well as [3H]thymidine and L-[3H]leucine incorporation by the BHK21 cell line. The growth rate inhibition provoked by chronic exposure to lead microparticles became reversible when the cells were cultured without the microparticulate pollutant. The cloning efficiency of BHK21 cells was impaired by lead concentrations above 1 mg/10(6) cells.
Subject(s)
Lead/toxicity , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Cell Line , Clone Cells/drug effects , Cricetinae , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Kidney/cytology , Leucine/metabolism , Thymidine/metabolism , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A cytotoxic effect of cadmium monoxide microparticles on rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages was observed in vitro from 1 to 2 microg of metal cadmium per million cells (and per milliliter of incubation medium). This threshold was close to the one observed with lead microparticles, which in addition appeared to have a faster cytotoxic action. On the other hand, cadmium microparticles inhaled in vivo are known to be much more toxic to the respiratory system and much more slowly cleared from it than lead particles. These contradictions can be partially explained by our observation that in vitro the ability of alveolar macrophages to phagocytize microparticles was significantly lower for cadmium monoxide than for lead monoxide microparticles.
Subject(s)
Cadmium/toxicity , Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects , Animals , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid , Dust , Male , RabbitsABSTRACT
An experimental study on rats and mice. Scand. j. work environ. & health 3 (1977) 116--121. Experiments on male, specific pathogen-free rats (193) and mice (66) are reported. The test and control animals received a single 15-min exposure to cadmium (cadmium oxide) and aluminum (alumina) microparticles, respectively. The air cadmium content was 10 mg/m3, and 4 microgram of this metal was retained by the lungs of the rats. The animals were observed for 24 days. The following significant differences appeared between the control and test groups: in the cadmium exposed rats the relative lung weight (percentage of body weight) became temporarily higher; the absolute number of alveolar macrophages decreased at first and then increased; numerous polymorphonuclear and lymphocytic cells appeared in the alveoli. According to these inflammatory phenomena, at the 48th h after exposure, there was an alteration in the clearance kinetics of inhaled bacteria and an increase in the death rate of cadmium exposed animals following a test infection with Salmonella enteritidis (rats) or Pasteurella multocida (mice) aerosols. The mechanism of cadmium toxic action on the respiratory system is discussed.
Subject(s)
Cadmium/toxicity , Respiratory System/drug effects , Aluminum Oxide/administration & dosage , Animals , Bacterial Infections/etiology , Cell Count , Environmental Exposure , Lung/drug effects , Macrophages , Male , Mice , Organ Size/drug effects , Particle Size , Rats , Respiratory Tract Infections/etiologyABSTRACT
Mice daily ingested about 22 mg of cadmium per kg of body weight in drinking water for 30 days. On the 30th day, the liver and kidneys of the mice contained about 18 micrograms of Cd2+ per g of fresh organ. A group of these mice was immunized against Klebsiella pneumoniae using two injections of vaccine, the first on the 7th day and the second on the 14th day of intoxication. On the 28th day, the non-immunized and the immunized mice were infected via a respiratory route by one lethal dose 50% of K. pneumoniae (the LD50 for the immunized mice was 2.4 times higher than the LD50 for the non-immunized mice). Comparison with the non-intoxicated control mice showed that the ingestion of Cd2+ did not significantly modify the natural resistance or the acquired resistance of the mice to the infection by airborne K. pneumoniae.
Subject(s)
Cadmium/toxicity , Immunity/drug effects , Klebsiella Infections/immunology , Animals , Immunity, Innate/drug effects , Immunization , Klebsiella pneumoniae/immunology , Male , MiceABSTRACT
An experimental study on 489 mice is reported. The test animals were submitted to a single 15-mn exposure to atmosphere containing about 10 mg of cadmium microparticles (CdO) per m3 of air and the controls to an equivalent amount of aluminium microparticles (Al2o3). At the 48th hour after exposures, the test and control mice were submitted to a bacterial (Pasteurella multocida) or to a viral (Orthomyxovirus influenzae A) challenge, via the respiratory route. The exposure to cadmium significantly increased the death-rate of mice submitted to the bacterial challenge, but it significantly decreased the death-rate following the viral challenge.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Cadmium Compounds , Cadmium/adverse effects , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology , Oxides , Pasteurella Infections/immunology , Aluminum Oxide/adverse effects , Animals , Disease Susceptibility , Mice , Mortality , Particle Size , Respiration , Specific Pathogen-Free OrganismsABSTRACT
In the OF1 mouse strain, males are less resistant than females to acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Castration of males increases their resistance to carbon monoxide. For Neonates injected with four different doses of testosterone (20-500 mg per kg) or oestradiol (2-50 mg per kg), more effect on resistance to carbon monoxide in the (adult) mice was found for oestradiol than for testosterone. Pregnancy decreases resistance to carbon monoxide intoxication. Experiments performed with males and females of different ages, in various societal conditions, show the effects of sex-related dimorphism and aggressiveness. The sex-related difference in carbon monoxide resistance is not modified by a previous hypoxic stress (nitrogen hypoxia, carbon monoxide intoxication, sodium cyanide injection) but is suppressed when the CO intoxication is carried out at a low ambient temperature (13 degrees C).
Subject(s)
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/mortality , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Castration , Estradiol/administration & dosage , Estradiol/pharmacology , Female , Hypoxia , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Sex Factors , Sodium Cyanide/pharmacology , Testosterone/administration & dosage , Testosterone/pharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare the degree of dyspnea experienced by ventilator-dependent patients receiving synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) versus T-piece or pressure support ventilation (PSV) weaning. The relationship between self-reported perceptions of dyspnea and physiologic variables observed during weaning trials was examined. Variables included heart rate, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, and oxygen saturation as measured by a pulse oximeter. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, counterbalanced design with repeated measures. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit of a large university-affiliated medical center. PATIENTS: Nine mechanically ventilated patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive lung disease. The patients were admitted for respiratory failure between May 1990 to November 1990. Six tolerated SIMV 4 versus T-piece trials; three were placed in the SIMV 8 versus PSV trials. PROCEDURE: Each patient's perception of dyspnea was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS) at the initiation and at 5-minute intervals of 20-minute weaning trials. Physiologic indicators were noted simultaneously with VAS ratings of dyspnea. RESULTS: Findings indicated no difference in the degree of dyspnea experienced between weaning methods compared. Within-subject regression analysis on VAS scores revealed individual differences in the relationship between physiologic indicators and perceptions of dyspnea. CONCLUSIONS: The patient's experience of dyspnea during the weaning process can be a valuable guide to observe the patient's progress. The VAS serves as a reliable, easy-to-use tool for quantifying the patient's perception of dyspnea.
Subject(s)
Dyspnea/psychology , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/therapy , Monitoring, Physiologic/standards , Nursing Assessment/standards , Patient Participation , Ventilator Weaning/psychology , Aged , Blood Gas Analysis , Clinical Nursing Research , Dyspnea/etiology , Dyspnea/nursing , Female , Heart Rate , Humans , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/complications , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Lung Volume Measurements , Male , Middle Aged , Oximetry , Respiration , Ventilator Weaning/methods , Ventilator Weaning/standardsABSTRACT
In mice of different ages from the OF1 mouse strain, males are less resistant than females to a normobaric hypoxia obtained in a few hours by a progressive lowering of normoxic PO2 with nitrogen flushing. Injection of estradiol to castrated males and spayed females increases hypoxic survival. Neonates which have been injected with a high dose of estradiol show, when adult, a high hypoxic resistance. In adult females, hypoxic survival is lower during diestrus than during estrus. Pregnancy decreases resistance to hypoxia. Experiments, performed with males and females of different ages, show the effects of sex-related dimorphism and aggressiveness. Hypoxias at various ambient temperatures demonstrate that the sex difference in hypoxic survival persists in spite of variations in rectal temperatures.
Subject(s)
Hypoxia/physiopathology , Age Factors , Animals , Body Temperature , Body Weight , Castration , Estradiol/pharmacology , Estrus , Female , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Sex Factors , Temperature , Testosterone/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Holistic care of the critically ill includes meeting the needs of both the patient and the patient's family. The critical care nurse needs to be prepared to deal with the family's special needs during a time of crisis, including making decisions about the withdrawal of life support. This article addresses such issues, and includes care of the family once technological support has been withdrawn and the patient is transferred from the Intensive Care Unit.
Subject(s)
Critical Illness/nursing , Family/psychology , Holistic Health , Adaptation, Psychological , Aged , Critical Illness/psychology , Female , Health Services Needs and Demand , Humans , Nurse-Patient RelationsSubject(s)
Aminopyrine N-Demethylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Aniline Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/antagonists & inhibitors , Benzopyrene Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Cadmium Compounds , Cadmium/toxicity , Lung/drug effects , Oxides , Animals , Guinea Pigs , Lung/enzymology , Male , Mice , Microsomes/enzymology , Organ Size/drug effects , Rabbits , Rats , Species Specificity , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning , Carbon Monoxide/analysis , Animals , Appetite , Asphyxia/mortality , Avoidance Learning , Body Weight , Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Carbon Monoxide/pharmacology , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/metabolism , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/physiopathology , Drinking , Electrocardiography , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Female , Fertility , Heart Rate , Hematocrit , Hemoglobins/analysis , Lighting , Male , Mice , Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Organ Size , Rats , Reproduction , WaterSubject(s)
Air Microbiology , Mice , Pasteurella Infections/veterinary , Rodent Diseases/etiology , Aerosols , Animals , Body Weight , Female , Germ-Free Life , Male , Pasteurella Infections/etiology , Pasteurella Infections/mortality , Pasteurella Infections/physiopathology , Pulmonary Ventilation , Rodent Diseases/mortality , Rodent Diseases/physiopathology , Sex FactorsSubject(s)
Air Pollution , Animals , Behavior, Animal , Body Composition , Carbon Monoxide/blood , Carbon Monoxide/metabolism , Cholesterol/blood , Drinking , Eating , Electrocardiography , Environmental Exposure , Female , France , Growth , Heart Rate , Humans , Hypoxia , Immunity , Neoplasms, Experimental , Organ Size , Pregnancy , Reproduction , Vehicle EmissionsSubject(s)
Hypertension, Portal/surgery , Jugular Veins , Patient Care Planning , Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical/nursing , Humans , Hypertension, Portal/nursing , Hypertension, Portal/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged , Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical/instrumentation , Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical/methods , Postoperative CareABSTRACT
Microparticles of cadmium oxide inhibited antibody-mediated rosette formation by Rat alveolar macrophages. After 4 h of contact in vitro, the 50% inhibiting amount of the pollutant, expressed as metal-Cd, was about 6,000 ng per million cells. 48 h after exposure via the respiratory route, 3,000 hg of Cd per gram of rat fresh lung lowered the percentage of rosette-forming macrophages by about 25%.
Subject(s)
Cadmium Compounds , Cadmium/pharmacology , Macrophages/immunology , Oxides , Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism , Animals , Cell Membrane/immunology , In Vitro Techniques , Kinetics , Male , Phagocytosis , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Receptors, Immunologic/drug effects , Rosette FormationABSTRACT
The toxicokinetic study, made in the rat with 48V under VOCl2, shows that vanadium does not accumulate in the system. 66% of the radioactivity is found in urines 24 hrs. after the inoculation by intramuscular method. After intratracheal deposit, a part of the vanadium is eliminated very rapidly. The other which is lower is fixed on the pulmonary tissues.
Subject(s)
Vanadium/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Animals , Female , Injections, Intramuscular , Kinetics , Rats , Tissue Distribution , Vanadium/administration & dosageABSTRACT
The results of an experiment on 173 S. P. F. rats inhaling 0.55 ppm of acrolein, compared to 173 control rats, are reported. In what concerns the respiratory apparatus, this dose of acrolein affects its defense mechanisms, leading to a greater susceptibility to the airborne Salmonella enteritidis infection, compared to the control group. These phenomena disappear spontaneously when intoxication is prolonged more than three weeks. On the contrary, the general toxic action, manifesting itself through diminished weight growth and under-nourishment, compared to control group, lasts as long as intoxication and disappears only after acrolein inhalation has stopped. These results are discussed.
Subject(s)
Acrolein/toxicity , Aldehydes/toxicity , Acid Phosphatase/blood , Acrolein/metabolism , Alcohol Oxidoreductases/blood , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Leukocytes/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Liver Regeneration/drug effects , Lung/drug effects , Macrophages/drug effects , Male , Organ Size/drug effects , Pulmonary Alveoli/cytology , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Reproduction/drug effects , Salmonella Infections, Animal/physiopathology , Salmonella enteritidis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Since the use of plastic materials, a change in the pathology of fire victims has been observed. We studied the effects of a single short-term inhalation (30 min) of a sub-lethal dose of polypropylene pyrolysis products (one LD-0). Including control and test animals, 66 rats and 112 mice were used. The exposure provoked disturbances in the antixenic defense mechanisms of the respiratory system, chiefly in tracheo-bronchial defenses, since we observed a lowering of ciliary activity of 35 to 78% in test animals exposed a few hours before, compared with the controls. These changes provoked a significant increase in death-rate of test animals, following experimental airborne infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The combustion products of polypropylene plastic materials did not contain hydrocyanic acid nor hydrochloric acid, and neither the temperature of the inhaled air, nor the concentration of carbon monoxide could explain these effects. On the contrary, we can suspect the well known irritative properties of aldehyde compounds formed during smoldering combustion of polypropylene.
Subject(s)
Plastics/adverse effects , Polypropylenes/adverse effects , Respiratory System/drug effects , Air Microbiology , Animals , Cilia/physiology , Hot Temperature , Klebsiella Infections/immunology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/immunology , Macrophages/physiology , Male , Mice , Pulmonary Alveoli/physiology , Rats , Respiratory Physiological Phenomena , Trachea/physiologyABSTRACT
Continuous exposure to 2 ppm nitric oxide (NO) for as long as 4 wk did not reduce the resistance of male mice to infection by aerosol inoculation with Pasteurella multocida. In contrast, mortality was slightly enhanced and survival shortened in NO-exposed compared to control female mice; however, the importance of these small differences is uncertain. These results suggest only that male and female mice did not react similarly to the infectious challenge after exposure to NO.