Haemodialysis access-induced distal ischaemia (HAIDI) is caused by loco-regional hypotension but not by steal.

OBJECTIVES: Some haemodialysis patients with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) suffer from chronic hand ischaemia (haemodialysis access-induced distal ischaemia, HAIDI). This overview discusses pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic HAIDI with emphasis on the role of steal and loco-regional hypotension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature obtained from Medline and Google using various terms including steal and hand ischaemia was studied for clues on pathophysiology of hand ischaemia in the presence of an AVF. RESULTS: Constructing an arteriovenous anastomosis as in a haemodialysis access leads to augmented blood flows in arm arteries. Due to increased shear stress, these arteries will remodel while hand perfusion pressures are maintained. However, arteries of some dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus and/or severe arteriosclerosis demonstrate insufficient remodelling leading to a gradual loss of perfusion pressures towards the periphery. A blood pressure drop associated with turbulent flow at the arteriovenous anastomosis intensifies the distal hypotension. By contrast, steal (reversal of blood flow) may reflect an upstream arterial stenosis and patent collaterals but its presence has no pathophysiological significance related to hand ischaemia. CONCLUSION: HAIDI is caused by too low forearm and hand blood pressures. Therapy should focus on attenuating the loss of arterial pressure including optimalisation of inflow arteries and/or ligation of the AVF's venous side branches. Surgery aimed at access flow reduction or distal revascularisation is only indicated if these measures fail.

Prophylactic perioperative anti-thrombotics in open and endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Heparin is used worldwide by vascular surgeons as prophylaxis for arterial thrombo-embolic complications during open and endovascular arterial surgery. Possible harmful effect of heparin use is more perioperative blood loss, resulting in a higher morbidity and mortality. To evaluate the evidence for the use of heparin during aorto-iliac arterial surgery a review was performed. METHODS: A systematic review was performed of literature from MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases, last search performed on March 8, 2012. RESULTS: For open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), only 5 studies were eligible for review and for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) only 1 study. Overall methodological quality of the included studies was poor. One randomised trial could be retrieved. Possible harmful effects of heparin were found of increasing operation time, more blood loss and more transfusion requirements when heparin was used for open AAA surgery in one study. No data were found comparing heparin to no intervention for EVAR. One study compared heparin to a direct thrombin antagonist during EVAR, showing no differences in clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Despite limitations this review showed no compelling evidence on the beneficiary effect of the prophylactic perioperative use of heparin during open surgery for (r)AAA. Authors will promote a randomised controlled multi-center trial on this topic for elective open surgical repair of AAA.

Validation of the chronic venous insufficiency quality of life questionnaire in Dutch patients treated for varicose veins.

BACKGROUND: The Chronic Venous Insufficiency Quality of Life Questionnaire (CIVIQ) is a disease-specific instrument to measure the impact of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) on patients' lives. The objective of this study is to test the psychometric properties of the CIVIQ, and to validate the use of the questionnaire translated into the Dutch language. METHODS: A standardised questionnaire, including CIVIQ and Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36), was obtained before and 1 month after treatment to all new patients with varicose veins. The feasibility was tested by missing responses and response distribution. CIVIQ scores were compared to the SF-36 scores and between different levels of severity of varicose veins. The CIVIQ's reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability. The structure was studied using factor analysis. The scores before and after therapy were compared to assess responsiveness. RESULTS: There was a response rate of 93.5%. None of 20 items missed < 10% of responses, but three showed ceiling effect. The CIVIQ correlated well with the physical and moderately with the mental MCS of the SF-36, suggesting a good construct validity of the CIVIQ. The median CIVIQ scores increased significantly with the severity of varicose veins. The CIVIQ showed an excellent internal consistency and an excellent test-retest reliability. The CIVIQ score decreased in 76% of patients after treatment. The results were in accordance with the Norman's rule and showed a median effect size. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the feasibility, validity, reliability and responsiveness of the CIVIQ in patients with varicose veins. The psychometric properties of the Dutch CIVIQ were comparable to the original French version.

Effective surgical treatment of the carotid sinus sindrome.

Elderly patients frequently suffer from dizziness and syncope; however, an underlying disease may not always be identified. Three patients aged 69, 71 and 56, respectively, experienced spells of dizziness and syncope. Massage of the carotid sinus demonstrated the presence of a carotid sinus syndrome (CSS), an abnormal baroreflex response of the carotid sinus that leads to asystole and extreme hypotension. Conventional treatment is generally by insertion of a pacemaker. These patients, however, were referred to the vascular surgery department of our hospital for removal of adventitial layers of proximal portions of the internal carotid artery. Recovery was uneventful; all three are now free of symptoms. CSS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dizziness and syncope. Surgical denervation of the carotid artery is a valid treatment option, especially in the vasodepressive or mixed type of CSS.

Randomized clinical trial evaluating elective laparoscopic appendicectomy for chronic right lower-quadrant pain.

BACKGROUND: It is questionable whether elective appendicectomy can effectively reduce persistent or recurrent right lower-quadrant abdominal pain due to chronic or recurrent appendicitis. METHODS: This single-centre double-blind randomized clinical trial studied the effects of elective laparoscopic appendicectomy on pain 6 months after operation in patients with persistent or recurrent lower-quadrant pain. A secondary outcome evaluated was the relationship between clinical response and appendiceal histopathology. The analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: Forty patients were randomized to laparoscopic appendicectomy (18) or laparoscopic inspection only (22). Postoperative pain scores differed significantly between the groups, favouring appendicectomy (P = 0.005). Relative risk calculations indicated that there was a 2.4 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1.3 to 4.0) times greater chance of improvement in pain after laparoscopic appendicectomy. The number needed to treat was 2.2 (95 per cent c.i. 1.5 to 6.5). There was no association between postoperative pain scores and histopathology findings. CONCLUSION: Persistent or recurrent lower abdominal pain can be treated by elective appendicectomy with significant pain reduction in properly selected cases. Histopathology may not be abnormal. REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN48831122 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).

[One hundred years of the Association of Surgeons in the Netherlands. VI. The training]. / Honderd jaar Nederlandse Vereniging voor Heelkunde. VI. De opleiding.

Over the last 25 years the organisation and content of the residency training program for general surgeons have been adapted to meet the needs of changing surgical practice. Recently more profound changes have been dictated by the Dutch Working Hours Act, which has strictly limited the working hours of resident physicians. With this the emphasis will be on improving theoretical and practical training methods. Because of the limiting working hours resident physicians will have a smaller role in patient care. These changes will require a huge effort from both the teaching surgeons and the resident physicians, as well as substantial financial investments from the government and healthcare providers.

[Gas configuration between the liver and the right diaphragmatic dome: Chilaiditi's sign]. / Gasconfiguratie tussen de lever en de rechter diafragmakoepel: teken van Chilaiditi.

A 64-year-old man of Hindustan origin presented at the Emergency Department with symptoms which suggested stomach perforation. A chest X-ray taken with the patient in the upright position showed gas between the liver and the right hemidiaphragm. After 30 minutes the pain subsided spontaneously. The gas seen on the chest X-ray was diagnosed as Chilaiditi's sign, caused by interposition of the colon between the liver and the diaphragm. This interposition is usually asymptomatic and does not require surgical treatment.

Long-term results of primary stent placement to treat infrarenal aortic stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and the long-term results of primary stent placement for localized distal aortic occlusive disease. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From July 1998 to July 2005 17 patients (14 female and 3 men, mean age 57 years (39-80)) were treated for intermittent claudication. Five of these patients underwent additional endovascular treatment of focal iliac lesions. RESULTS: Technical success defined as residual stenosis of less than 50% or a trans-stenotic systolic pressure gradient <10% was achieved in 14 of 17 (82%) patients. Major complications included dissection at the puncture site in one patient and thrombosis of additional iliac stents in another patient. Both of these complications were successfully treated. During a mean follow-up of 27 months (range 1-86), four patients had recurrence of symptoms due to in-stent restenoses (n=2), femoral (n=1) or iliac occlusion (n=1), respectively. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, primary aortic hemodynamic patency was 83% at 3 years. Secondary aortic hemodynamic patency was 100%. The primary clinical patency was 68% at 3 years. CONCLUSION: Primary stent placement for distal aortic stenoses is an alternative to surgical treatment because of its high patency and relatively low complication rates.