[The possibility of using the alimentary means to correct metabolism in man under stress]. / Vozmozhnost ispolzovaniia alimentarnykh sredstv dlia korrektsii metabolizma u cheloveka pri nervno-emotsionalnykh nagruzkakh.

In two studies in which 12 test subjects participated there has been investigated the possibility for alimentary correction of some metabolic changes developing in man as a result of different stress effects. It is indicated that the ration supplemented by alimentary means (phosphatic concentrate, vitamins, glucose, some mineral elements) produced corrective action on the studied parameters of the lipid and protein metabolism.

Metabolic processes in hypokinetic and rehabilitated men.

The present paper summarizes the experimental data on influence of antiorthostatic hypokinesia (49 days) and rationalized nutrition during the rehabilitation period (30 days) on metabolic processes. On the basis of these data a well balanced diet is recommended for the rehabilitation period which follows a long-term bed rest.

[Human lipid metabolic characteristics under sealed cabin conditions]. / Osobennosti lipidnogo obmena u cheloveka v usloviiakh germetichmykh kamer.

The effect of prolonged enclosure, changed diet, atmosphere and hypokinesia on lipid metabolism was investigated in 115 test subjects during 27 experimental runs. It was concluded that the changes in lipid metabolism occurred primarily due to reduced work load.

[Dietary prevention of certain changes in the human body in the presence of neuro-emotional stress]. / Profilaktika alimentarnymi sredstvami nekotorykh izmenenii v organizme cheloveka pri nervno-émotsional'nom napriazhenii.

Simulated stress conditions (rise to a simulated altitude of 8000 m, anticipation of an exposure to acceleration, mental work to be done under the conditions of time deficiency, "success" or "failure") brought about changes in the protein, carbohydrate, vitamin metabolism, heart rate, adrenal function, and peripheral blood. Nutrient ingredients (vitamins, glucose, minerals, phosphatid concentrate) added to the diet before and during stressful exposures were shown to correct the parameters studied.

[Problem of using dehydrated food products in long-term space flights]. / K probleme ispol'zovaniia obezvozhennykh pishchevykh produktov v dlitel'nykh kosmicheskikh poletakh.

The paper discusses the results of five studies on 35 test subjects conducted to test diets of dehydrated products to be used in prolonged space flights. The studies have demonstrated that a diet consisting of only dehydrated food products can be used for a prolonged time (up to 1 year). Dehydrated foods after a 2-year storage and proton irradiation at a dose of 24,000 rad retain their biological value and assure an adequate nutritional status. On this basis a space diet composed of dehydrated foods has been developed.

[Characteristics of human urinary excretion of vitamins C, B1 and B6 during 182-day head-down tilt hypokinesia]. / Osobennosti ékskretsii vitaminov C, B1 i B6 s mochoi u cheloveka v usloviiakh 182-sutochnoi antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii.

Renal excretion of ascorbic acid, thiamin and 4-pyridoxic acid was studied in 18 test subjects exposed for 182 days to head-down tilt. Two groups of subjects (6 subjects each) performed exercises of different work load and the third - control - group was exposed to hypokinesia as such. It was shown that exercises produced a beneficial effect on vitamin metabolism. It is recommended to develop preliminary adaptation to the work load planned as a countermeasure in real or simulated weightlessness.

[Nutritional corrections of histamine and serotonin levels in exposure to hypokinesia and neuro-emotional stress]. / Korrektsiia alimentarnymi sredstvami urovnia gistamina i serotonina pri vozdeistvii gipokinezii i nervno-émotsional'nogo stressa.

The content of histamine and serotonin was measured in test subjects exposed to: I experimental series--bed rest at an angle of +6, -2 or -6 degrees; II experimental series--neuro-emotional stress, III experimental series--an increased concentration of ammonium in the enclosure. The exposure to the factors that simulated space flight effects (i. e., orthostatic hypokinesia at -6 degrees and neuro-emotional stress and anticipation of rotation in the centrifuge) led to an increase of histamine and serotonin and a decrease of histaminepectic activity. Consumption of selected nutritional agents a day before and on the day of exposure to the neuro-emotional stress improved the content of histamine and serotonin as well as histamine-pectic activity.

[Effect of factors imitating space flight conditions on human lipid metabolism]. / Vliianie nekotorykh faktorov, imitiruiushchikh usloviia kosmicheskogo poleta, na lipidnyi obmen cheloveka.

Studies of the effects of space flight simulation factors on lipid metabolism showed that space diets developed for space flights of different duration (dehydrated foodstuffs alone or in combination with foods preserved by other methods) did not produce noticeable changes in lipid metabolism. Nevertheless, other factors, i.e. hypokinesia, intake of nerobol during hypokinesia, an altered work-rest cycle, an increased carbon monoxide concentration (up to 15 mg/m3) influenced lipid metabolism.

[Effect of sealed chamber conditions on the functional state of the human adrenal cortex (based on data from a study of the 11-hydroxycortico-steroid content in the blood plasma)]. / Vliianie uslovii germokamery na funktsional'noe sostoianie kory nadpochechnikov cheloveka (po dannym issledovaniia soderzhaniia 11-oksikortikosteroidov v plazme krovi.

The effect of a changed atmosphere, hypoxia, hypercapnia, their combinations and different motor activities on the adrenocortical function was studied in 36 test subjects kept in an 8 m3 altitude chamber. Human adaptation to the environmental changes developed with an active involvement of the adrenal cortex. The level and direction of the changes depended on both the force of the influences and on the initial state of the test subjects.

[Amino acid metabolism in long-term nutrition with dehydrated products and in the modelling of space-flight factors]. / Ob obmene aminokislot pri dlitel'nom pitanii obezvozhennymi produktami i modelirovanii nekotorykh faktorov kosmicheskogo poleta.

Forty-two healthy volunteers, aged 19 to 49, participated in three bed rest studies of 69 to 180 days in duration. The test subjects were kept on the diet consisting of dehydrated foods: fresh, stored for up to 2 years, and exposed to proton irradiation at a dose of 24,000 rad. Metabolism of amino acids was investigated under these conditions. It was concluded that during prolonged storage and irradiation proteins of dehydrated foods retained their biological value. This allows their use in long-term space flights.

[Adequacy of the protein component of the rations for the crew of orbital station "Sal'iut-6" with respect to bodily requirements]. / Ob adekvatnosti belkovoi komponenty ratsiona pitaniia ékipazhei orbital'noi stantsii "Sal'iut-6'; potrebnostiam organizma cheloveka.

Nitrogen metabolism in 16 test subjects and 8 cosmonauts kept on a diet containing dehydrated products and foodstuffs preserved by other methods (15% and 85%, respectively) was studied. The health state and excretion of end-products of nitrogen metabolism in those people gave evidence that the dietary protein met well bodily requirements under normal conditions, in simulated flight, and in real flight aboard Salyut-6.

[Effectiveness of alimentary factors in the recovery period following prolonged antiorthostatic hypokinesia]. / Effektivnost' alimentarnykh faktorov v vosstanovitel'nom periode posle dlitel'noi antiortostaticheskoo gipokinezii.

Changes in metabolism and digestive function seen in 8 test subjects during 49-day head-down tilt returned to normal in those kept on supplemented diets (protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and minerals) faster than in the untreated subjects. It is concluded that such supplements are beneficial for the recovery of health status after prolonged head-down tilt.

[Importance of a nutritional factor in the changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a human under neuro-emotional stress]. / Znachenie alimentarnogo faktora v izmenenii uglevodnogo i lipidnogo obmenov u cheloveka pri nervno-émotsional'nom napriazhenii.

Two experiments were performed on 16 test subjects (13 men and 3 women) to study stress-effects on the blood content of sugar and cholesterol. The test subjects were given a nutritionally balanced diet of canned food-stuffs. The caloric value of the diet was adequate to energy expenditures. In the first experiment, the test subjects were also given vitamin E, nicotinic acid and other vitamins constituting the polyvitamin complex Aerovit. In the second experiment, they were additionally supplemented with calcium and potassium salts, glucose and phosphatid concentrate. The stress-agent was a test in the rotating chair in the first experiment and a psychologic test (mental work within a limited period of time to reach success or failure) in the second experiment. The content of sugar and cholesterol before and after the stress-effects did not differ significantly. This can be attributed to the prophylactic effect of the nutritional factor on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in an emotionally stressed man.

[Effect of factors simulating space flight on the content of free and protein-bound forms of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in the blood plasma]. / Vliianie nekotorykh faktorov, imitiruiushchikh kosmicheskii polet, na soderzhanie svobodnykh i belkovo-sviazannykh form 11-oksikortikosteroidov v plazme krovi.

The effect of spaceflight simulation factors (ascent to an altitude of 8,000 m, anticipation of centrifugation, psychological test, hypokinesia, and enclosure in an altitude chamber) on the content of free and protein-bound 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in plasma was studied. This exposure produced changes in the total and fractional content of the hormones. The changes depended on the simulation factor, duration of its action, and functional status of test subjects.

[Features of humoral regulation of metabolism during modelling of space flight factors]. / Osobennosti gumoral'noi reguliatsii metabolizma pri modelirovanii faktorov kosmicheskogo poleta.

Hormonal regulation of metabolism was investigated in test subjects of three age groups: group 1 included test subjects of 41-50 years old, group 2 test subjects of 50-57 years old, and group 3 test subjects of 26-33 years old. Test subjects from groups 1 and 2 were exposed to head down tilt (-8 degrees) as well as linear acceleration of 3 GZ for 1 min and exercises of 450-1050 kgm before and after the tilt test. Group 3 test subjects were exposed to neuro-emotional stress before, during and after the head-down test. Exposure to head-down tilt, acceleration and exercises caused adaptive changes in humoral regulation of metabolism in the test subjects of groups 1 and 2. Food supplements given to group 3 test subjects produced a normalizing effect on humoral regulation of metabolism.

[Enzymes of energy metabolism in modeling of various factors of space flight]. / Fermenty energoobmena pri modelirovanii nekotorykh faktorov kosmicheskogo poleta.

The content of lactate dehydrogenase, amino transferases and creatine kinase was measured in the test subjects of three age groups (41-50, 50-57, and 26-33 years) exposed to head-down tilt, linear acceleration, exercise, and emotional stress. The enzyme activity increased in response to head-down tilt, acceleration and exercise. The enzyme content normalized under the influence of selected nutrients.

[Crew nutrition of the 3 base expeditions of the Saliut-6 orbital station]. / Pitanie ékipazhei trekh osnovnykh ékspeditsii orbital'noi stantsii "Saliut-6".

The paper describes the use of advanced space diets of three prime crews who made 96-, 140- and 175-day flights aboard Salyut-6. It is concluded that the diets facilitated maintenance of a good nutrient status, high work capacity and normal health condition.

[Potential use of nutrients for correcting the adrenocortical system]. / O vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniia alimentarnykh sredtsv dlia korrektsii adrenokortikal'noi sistemy.

Two 60-day studies in which 10 healthy volunteers participated were carried out. In both studies stress situations were simulated by a chamber rise to an altitude of 8000 m, anticipation of exposure to acceleration, and psychological tests. The changes found were dependent on both the type of the stressor applied and duration of the exposure. Nutrient supplements did not influence the adrenocortical function of the adrenals.