Correction: STAT6 degradation and ubiquitylated TRIML2 are essential for activation of human oncogenic herpesvirus.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007416.].

STAT6 degradation and ubiquitylated TRIML2 are essential for activation of human oncogenic herpesvirus.

Aberrations in STAT6-mediated signaling are linked to the development of multiple cancer types. Increasing evidence has shown that activation of human oncogenic herpesvirus lytic replication is crucial for viral tumorigenesis. However, the role of STAT6 in herpesvirus lytic replication remains elusive. Here, by using Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) as a model, we revealed that RTA, the master regulator of lytic replication, interacts with STAT6 and promotes lysine 48 (K48) and K63-linked ubiquitylation of STAT6 for degradation via the proteasome and lysosome systems. Moreover, degradation of STAT6 is dramatically associated with the increased ubiquitylated form of tripartite motif family like 2 (TRIML2, a tumor suppressor) for prolonged cell survival and virion production, which is also commonly observed in lytic activation of Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and cytomegalovirus. These results suggest that degradation of STAT6 is important for the lytic activation of KSHV and as such, may be an attractive therapeutic target.

High prevalence and correlates of human herpesvirus-6A in nevocytic nevus and seborrheic diseases: Implication from a pilot study of skin patient tissues in Shanghai.

Skin disorders vary greatly in symptom and severity, and the causes of these disorders are largely unknown. Human herpesvirus (HHV) has been shown to cause many diseases. However, the prevalence and correlation of each HHV infection with different skin disorders remains obscure. To reveal the potential link of a certain type of skin disease with herpesvirus infection, a total of 272 patient tissues with inflammatory or neoplastic skin diseases including 7 subtypes in Shanghai, China, were investigated. We found that the overall prevalence of HHV-6A in inflammatory or neoplastic skin tissues is the most common (40.3%), followed by Epstein-Barr virus (17.6%), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; 9.2%), HHV-6B (4.4%), human cytomegalovirus (1.1%), and varicella-zoster virus (0.7%); albeit the co-infection of HHV-6A, Epstein-Barr virus, and KSHV presents to a less extent and none of HSV-1, HSV-2, or HHV-7 were detected. Moreover, HHV-6A infection is highly associated with nevocytic nevus and seborrheic dermatitis/keratosis diseases, which mainly occur in the head and the neck or the lower limb. Despite no significant difference among the HHV infections in different age groups of skin patient tissues, the distribution of KSHV infection was exclusively and significantly higher (~3.7-fold) in male skin patients.

Bacterial Infection and Associated Cancers.

Bacterial infections were traditionally not considered as major causes of cancer. However, increasing evidence in the past decades has suggested that several cancers are highly associated with bacterial infection. The bacterial infections have evolved some unique strategies including lateral gene transfer, biofilm and microbiome to induce genome instability and chronic inflammation, as well as escape of immune surveillance for carcinogenesis. Here we summarize and highlight the recent progress on understanding of how bacterial infection plays a role in tumor formation and malignancy.

The regulatory role of protein phosphorylation in human gammaherpesvirus associated cancers.

Activation of specific sets of protein kinases by intracellular signal molecules has become more and more apparent in the past decade. Phosphorylation, one of key posttranslational modification events, is activated by kinase or regulatory protein and is vital for controlling many physiological functions of eukaryotic cells such as cell proliferation, differentiation, malignant transformation, and signal transduction mediated by external stimuli. Moreovers, the reversible modification of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can result in different features of the target substrate molecules including DNA binding, protein-protein interaction, subcellular location and enzymatic activity, and is often hijacked by viral infection. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcomaassociated herpesvirus (KSHV), two human oncogenic gamma-herpesviruses, are shown to tightly associate with many malignancies. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses on understanding of molecular properties and regulatory modes of cellular and viral proteins phosphorylation influenced by these two tumor viruses, and highlight the potential therapeutic targets and strategies against their related cancers.