Genetic markers for prediction of treatment outcomes in ovarian cancer.

Drug resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) limits the efficacy of therapies for this malignancy. This phenomenon might be partially explained by strong inter-individual genomic heterogeneity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in specific genes involved in platinum-based drugs inactivation and the metabolism and extrusion of taxanes could be relevant in terms of drugs response prediction. In this paper, we review candidates for genetic markers of treatment outcomes in ovarian cancer. Although an association between SNPs and response to chemotherapy has been detected in several studies, no clear conclusions can be drawn because of conflicting results. Genetic variants in determining response to chemotherapy and clinical outcome need to be clarified in EOC to allow stratification of patients, which would help optimize therapy.

DNA-damage response gene polymorphisms and therapeutic outcomes in ovarian cancer.

Epithelial ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis owing to late diagnosis and frequent relapse after first-line therapy. Analysis of individual genetic variability could aid in the identification of markers, which could help in stratifying patients with the aim of optimizing individual therapy. In this study we assessed polymorphisms in three genes important in drugs' response in 97 early and 235 late-stage ovarian cancer patients. The Asp1104His polymorphism in xpg, a gene important for removal of platinum adducts, was associated with progression-free survival in early- and late-stage ovarian cancer. Our data indicate that a simple diagnostic analysis such as xpg genotyping can help in predicting response, and extension to other possibly relevant genotypes could be useful in selecting patients with epithelial ovarian cancer for optimal therapy and hence increase the chance of response.

Single-arm, open label prospective trial to assess prediction of the role of ERCC1/XPF complex in the response of advanced NSCLC patients to platinum-based chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Platinum-based therapy, combined or not with immune checkpoint inhibitors, represents a front-line choice for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite the improved outcomes in the last years for this malignancy, only a sub-group of patients have long-term benefit. Excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) has been considered a potential biomarker to predict the outcome of platinum-based chemotherapy in NSCLC. However, the ERCC1 gene is transcribed in four splice variants where the isoform 202 was described as the only one active and able to complex Xeroderma pigmentosum group F-complementing protein (XPF). Here, we prospectively investigated if the active form of ERCC1, as assessed by the ERCC1/XPF complex (ERCC1/XPF), could predict the sensitivity to platinum compounds. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospectively enrolled, patients with advanced NSCLC treated with a first-line regimen containing platinum were centrally evaluated for ERCC1/XPF by a proximity ligation assay. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR) were analyzed. RESULTS: The absence of the ERCC1/XPF in the tumor suggested a trend of worst outcomes in terms of both OS [hazard ratio (HR) 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-2.94, P = 0.373] and PFS (HR 1.61, 95% CI 0.88-3.03, P = 0.123). ORR was marginally influenced in ERCC1/XPF-negative and -positive groups [odds ratio (stable disease + progressive disease versus complete response + partial response) 0.87, 95% CI 0.25-3.07, P = 0.832]. CONCLUSION: The lack of ERCC1/XPF complex in NSCLC tumor cells might delineate a group of patients with poor outcomes when treated with platinum compounds. ERCC1/XPF absence might well identify patients for whom a different therapeutic approach could be necessary.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: how to manage it, how to avoid it.

Heparin therapy has two potential adverse effects: bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). There are two types of HIT: type I is more common but less severe; type II occurs less frequently but involves severe thrombocytopenia and a high risk for thrombotic events. Treatment involves discontinuing heparin, allowing the platelet count to return to normal, and treating any thrombosis. Lepirudin (Refludan) is the only agent currently approved for the treatment of HIT-related thrombosis, but other agents may have a role in combination therapy. Prevention includes using low molecular weight heparin instead of unfractionated heparin and limiting unfractionated heparin therapy to less than 5 days.

Demystifying two common genetic predispositions to venous thrombosis.

Two recently discovered genetic abnormalities substantially increase the risk of venous thromboembolism. Yet we do not advocate screening for these abnormalities except in cases in which the information gained would affect the course of action.

RAS/RAF/MEK inhibitors in oncology.

The RAS/RAF/MEK signaling pathway plays a central role in mediating both proliferation and survival of cancer cells. These proteins are a group of serine/threonine kinases activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli and mediate signal transduction from the cell surface towards both nuclear and cytosolic targets. In combination with several other signaling pathways, they can differentially alter phosphorylation status of the transcription factors. A controlled regulation of these cascades is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, whereas an unregulated activation of these kinases can result in oncogenesis. Dysregulation of the RAS/RAF/MEK pathway has been detected in more than 30% of human tumors, however mutations in the MEK1 and MEK2 genes are seldom, so that hyperactivation of MEK1/2 usually results from gain-of-function mutations in RAS and/or B-RAF. In addition, alteration of the pathways is often associated with drug resistance in the clinic, such as the case of K-RAS mutant expressing tumors. Since RAS protein is a difficult target, alternative ways altering post-translational modifications using farnesyl transferase inhibitors have been adopted. Drug discovery programs have therefore largely focused on B-RAF and MEK. In this review we will discuss the most promising strategies developed to target these kinases and the most recent inhibitors facing the preclinical and clinical setting, also considering their structure-activity relationship (SAR).

Factors influencing the selection of general internal medicine fellowship programs: a national survey.

Although criteria are available to guide the selection of general internal medicine (GIM) fellowship programs, the factors actually used in this process are unclear. Using a survey of current GIM fellows, we determined that most received information from their residency advisors, and many viewed them as the most important source of fellowship information. Program location was the top selection factor for fellows, followed by research opportunities, availability of a mentor, and the reputation of the program. This information may be useful to both fellowship candidates as an additional selection guide and to program directors seeking to best structure and market their fellowships.