A deep catalogue of protein-coding variation in 983,578 individuals.

Rare coding variants that substantially affect function provide insights into the biology of a gene1-3. However, ascertaining the frequency of such variants requires large sample sizes4-8. Here we present a catalogue of human protein-coding variation, derived from exome sequencing of 983,578 individuals across diverse populations. In total, 23% of the Regeneron Genetics Center Million Exome (RGC-ME) data come from individuals of African, East Asian, Indigenous American, Middle Eastern and South Asian ancestry. The catalogue includes more than 10.4 million missense and 1.1 million predicted loss-of-function (pLOF) variants. We identify individuals with rare biallelic pLOF variants in 4,848 genes, 1,751 of which have not been previously reported. From precise quantitative estimates of selection against heterozygous loss of function (LOF), we identify 3,988 LOF-intolerant genes, including 86 that were previously assessed as tolerant and 1,153 that lack established disease annotation. We also define regions of missense depletion at high resolution. Notably, 1,482 genes have regions that are depleted of missense variants despite being tolerant of pLOF variants. Finally, we estimate that 3% of individuals have a clinically actionable genetic variant, and that 11,773 variants reported in ClinVar with unknown significance are likely to be deleterious cryptic splice sites. To facilitate variant interpretation and genetics-informed precision medicine, we make this resource of coding variation from the RGC-ME dataset publicly accessible through a variant allele frequency browser.

Exome sequencing of 20,791 cases of type 2 diabetes and 24,440 controls.

Protein-coding genetic variants that strongly affect disease risk can yield relevant clues to disease pathogenesis. Here we report exome-sequencing analyses of 20,791 individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 24,440 non-diabetic control participants from 5 ancestries. We identify gene-level associations of rare variants (with minor allele frequencies of less than 0.5%) in 4 genes at exome-wide significance, including a series of more than 30 SLC30A8 alleles that conveys protection against T2D, and in 12 gene sets, including those corresponding to T2D drug targets (P = 6.1 × 10-3) and candidate genes from knockout mice (P = 5.2 × 10-3). Within our study, the strongest T2D gene-level signals for rare variants explain at most 25% of the heritability of the strongest common single-variant signals, and the gene-level effect sizes of the rare variants that we observed in established T2D drug targets will require 75,000-185,000 sequenced cases to achieve exome-wide significance. We propose a method to interpret these modest rare-variant associations and to incorporate these associations into future target or gene prioritization efforts.

Dual-function DEFENSIN 8 mediates phloem cadmium unloading and accumulation in rice grains.

Grain cadmium (Cd) is translocated from source to sink tissues exclusively via phloem, though the phloem Cd unloading transporter has not been identified yet. Here, we isolated and functionally characterized a defensin-like gene DEFENSIN 8 (DEF8) highly expressed in rice (Oryza sativa) grains and induced by Cd exposure in seedling roots. Histochemical analysis and subcellular localization detected DEF8 expression preferentially in pericycle cells and phloem of seedling roots, as well as in phloem of grain vasculatures. Further analysis demonstrated that DEF8 is secreted into extracellular spaces possibly by vesicle trafficking. DEF8 bound to Cd in vitro, and Cd efflux from protoplasts as well as loading into xylem vessels decreased in the def8 mutant seedlings compared with the wild type. At maturity, significantly less Cd accumulation was observed in the mutant grains. These results suggest that DEF8 is a dual function protein that facilitates Cd loading into xylem and unloading from phloem, thus mediating Cd translocation from roots to shoots and further allocation to grains, representing a phloem Cd unloading regulator. Moreover, essential mineral nutrient accumulation as well as important agronomic traits were not affected in the def8 mutants, suggesting DEF8 is an ideal target for breeding low grain Cd rice.

A Nomogram for Predicting Survival in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients: A Population-Based Study.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the most common malignant cancer. We identified 43140 advanced NSCLC patients from the SEER database to develop and validate a new prognostic model. The prognostic performance was evaluated by P value, concordance index, net reclassification index, integrated discrimination improvement, and decision curve analysis. The following variables were contained in the final prognostic model: age, sex, race, TNM stage, and grade and treatment options. Compared to the AJCC staging system, this prognostic model is conducive to the implementation of individualized clinical treatment schemes and can be an important part of the precise medical care of NSCLC tumors.

Luminescent Pt(II) Complexes Containing (1-Aza-15-crown-5)dithiocarbamate and (1-Aza-18-crown-6)dithiocarbamate: Mechanochromic and Solvent-Induced Luminescence.

The strong tendency to stack in the solid state and rich luminescence for the Pt(II) complexes makes them potential candidates as new mechanochromic materials and sensing applications. Six mononuclear complexes [Pt(ppy)(O4NCS2)] (1), [Pt(bpy)(O4NCS2)]ClO4 (2), [Pt(ppy)(O5NCS2)] (3), [Pt(phen)(O4NCS2)]ClO4·CH3OH (5a), [Pt(phen)(O4NCS2)]ClO4 (5b), and [Pt(phen)(O5NCS2)]ClO4 (6a), one dinuclear complex [Pt2(phen)2(NaO5NCS2)2(ClO4)3]ClO4 (6b), and one one-dimensional (1-D) coordination polymer {[Pt2(bpy)2(NaO5NCS2)2(ClO4)2](ClO4)2}n (4) were synthesized by reacting [Pt(ppy)Cl]2, Pt(bpy)Cl2, and Pt(phen)Cl2 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) with (1-aza-15-crown-5)dithiocarbamate (O4NCS2) or (1-aza-18-crown-6)dithiocarbamate (O5NCS2), respectively, which have been isolated and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. Neutral complexes 1 and 3 contain no intermolecular Pt(II)···Pt(II) contact, whereas cationic complexes 2, 5a, 5b, and 6a with ClO4- as counteranions show alternative intermolecular Pt(II)···Pt(II) contacts of 3.535/4.091, 3.480/5.001, 3.527/4.571, and 3.446/4.987 Å in the solid state, respectively. Interestingly, complex 4 forms a 1-D coordination polymer through coordination between the encapsulated Na+ ions inside the azacrown ether rings of O5NCS2 and ClO4- anions with respective intra- and intermolecular Pt(II)···Pt(II) contacts of 3.402 and 3.847 Å in crystal lattices, whereas a dinuclear complex 6b was surprisingly formed and also connected by the encapsulated Na+ ions and ClO4- anions with alternative intra- and intermolecular Pt(II)···Pt(II) contacts of 3.650 and 3.677/4.4.372 Å, respectively. Upon excitation, complexes 1 and 3 showed similar vibronic luminescence at 507, 534, and 502, 532 nm, respectively, and the other complexes 2 and 4-6 showed broad luminescence with maxima at 537-567 nm. The B3LYP/LanL2DZ calculation was carried out and used to clarify their excited-state properties. In addition, the powder samples for complexes 1-4 almost showed no energy shift for the luminescence and significantly those of complexes 5-6 exhibited the mechanochromic luminescence upon grinding. It is noted that complexes 5a and 6a only showed minor red shifts (i.e., from 544 to 556 nm for complex 5a and from 551 to 565 nm for complex 6a), whereas complex 6b exhibited a remarkable red shift from 558 to 603 nm upon grinding. Besides, their luminescence reversibility was also examined toward various solvents.

Neurotoxicity of the Cu(OH)2 Nanopesticide through Perturbing Multiple Neurotransmitter Pathways in Developing Zebrafish.

The copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] nanopesticide is an emerging agricultural chemical that can negatively impact aquatic organisms. This study evaluated the behavioral changes of zebrafish larvae exposed to the Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide and assessed its potential to induce neurotoxicity. Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling was also conducted to uncover the molecular mechanisms related to potential neurotoxicity. The Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide at 100 µg/L induced zebrafish hypoactivity, dark avoidance, and response to the light stimulus, suggestive of neurotoxic effects. Altered neurotransmitter-related pathways (serotoninergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic) and reduction of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), glutamate (GLU), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and several of their precursors and metabolites were noted following metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with the synthesis, transport, receptor binding, and metabolism of 5-HT, DA, GLU, and GABA. Transcripts (or protein levels) related to neurotransmitter receptors for 5-HT, DA, GLU, and GABA and enzymes for the synthesis of GLU and GABA were downregulated. Effects on both the glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways in zebrafish were specific to the nanopesticide and differed from those in fish exposed to copper ions. Taken together, the Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide induced developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish by inhibiting several neurotransmitter-related pathways. This study presented a model for Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide-induced neurotoxicity in developing zebrafish that can inform ecological risk assessments.

Optical design of a reflective double-grating spectrometer to detect one branch in the pure rotational Raman spectrum of N2.

This paper presents the optical design of a high-resolution double-grating spectrometer for extracting the multiple lines in the Stokes or anti-Stokes branch of the pure rotational Raman spectra of nitrogen. The spectrometer is composed of collimating and focusing mirrors, two reflective gratings, and a linear detector. The structural parameters were calculated using geometric configuration, dispersion, and aberrational theory, and conditions for first-order correction of keystone distortion with divergent grating illumination were derived. Based on this method, we simulated a spectrometer with a 16-channel linear array photomultiplier tube, resulting in uniformly distributed single-branch lines on each detector channel. The resolution reached 0.225 nm per channel, and the keystone distortion was less than 0.7%. The spectrometer avoids the interference of elastic signals by not detecting them, enabling the extraction of atmospheric temperature profiles via separated single-branch lines with high precision. Our design provides a promising solution to extract atmospheric temperature profiles for pure rotational Raman lidar.

Sulforaphane suppresses paraquat-induced oxidative damage in bovine in vitro-matured oocytes through Nrf2 transduction pathway.

Sulforaphane (SFN), a bioactive phytocompound extracted from cruciferous plants, has received increasing attention due to its vital cytoprotective role in eliminating oxidative free radical through activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)-mediated signal transduction pathway. This study aims at a better insight into the protective benefit of SFN in attenuating paraquat (PQ)-caused impairment in bovine in vitro-matured oocytes and the possible mechanisms involved therein. Results showed that addition of 1 µM SFN during oocyte maturation obtained higher proportions of matured oocytes and in vitro-fertilized embryos. SFN application attenuated the toxicological effects of PQ on bovine oocytes, as manifested by enhanced extending capability of cumulus cell and increased extrusion proportion of first polar body. Following incubation with SFN, oocytes exposed to PQ exhibited reduced intracellular ROS and lipid accumulation levels, and elevated T-SOD and GSH contents. SFN also effectively inhibited PQ-mediated increase in BAX and CASPASE-3 protein expressions. Besides, SFN promoted the transcription of NRF2 and its downstream antioxidative-related genes GCLC, GCLM, HO-1, NQO-1, and TXN1 in a PQ-exposed environment, indicating that SFN prevents PQ-caused cytotoxicity through activation of Nrf2 signal transduction pathway. The mechanisms underlying the role of SFN against PQ-induced injury included the inhibition of TXNIP protein and restoration of the global O-GlcNAc level. Collectively, these findings provide novel evidence for the protective role of SFN in alleviating PQ-caused injury, and suggest that SFN application may be an efficacious intervention strategy against PQ cytotoxicity.

[Content determination of seven active components of Eucommiae Cortex in aortic vascular endothelial cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats by UPLC-MS/MS].

In the present study, the contents of seven active components [genipinic acid(GA), protocatechuic acid(PCA), neochlorogenic acid(NCA), chlorogenic acid(CA), cryptochlorogenic acid(CCA),(+)-pinoresinol di-O-ß-D-glucopyranosid(PDG), and(+)-pinoresinol 4'-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside(PG)] of Eucommiae Cortex in aortic vascular endothelial cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR) were simultaneously determined by ultra-high liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). The qualified SHR models were selected. The primary aortic endothelial cells(VECs) of rats were separated and cultured by ligation and adherence, followed by subculture. After successful identification, an UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneously determining the contents of GA, PCA, NCA, CA, CCA, PDG, PG in seven components of Eucommiae Cortex in VECs was established, including specificity, linearity, matrix effect, recovery, accuracy, precision and stability. The established method had the lo-west limit of quantification of 0.97-4.95 µg·L~(-1), accuracy of 87.26%-109.6%, extraction recovery of 89.23%-105.3%, matrix effect of 85.86%-106.2%, and stability of 86.00%-112.5%. Therefore, the established accurate UPLC-MS/MS method could rapidly and simultaneously determine the contents of the seven active components of Eucommiae Cortex in VECs of SHRs, which provided a refe-rence for the study of cellular pharmacokinetics of active components of Eucommiae Cortex extract.

Smoothed accumulated spectra based wDSWF method for real-time wind vector estimation of pulsed coherent Doppler lidar.

Wind vector estimation method with high accuracy in the low signal-to-noise ratio region improves the performance of pulsed coherent Doppler lidar. The key to improving accuracy is to process the incorrect radial wind estimates or the distorted power spectra better. The smoothed accumulated spectra based weighted sine wave fitting method proposed here minimizes the effects of bad radial wind estimates by considering both signal intensity and wind spatial continuity. Leveraging spatial continuity from smoothed accumulated spectra, the weight coefficients and real-time wind vector profiles can be quickly determined with non-looped operations. Simulations and field experiments showed that the proposed method provides comparable or even slightly better quality and more available wind vector estimates than the filtered sine wave fitting method.

A multiepitope vaccine encoding four Eimeria epitopes with PLGA nanospheres: a novel vaccine candidate against coccidiosis in laying chickens.

With a worldwide distribution, Eimeria spp. could result in serious economic losses to the poultry industry. Due to drug resistance and residues, there are no ideal drugs and vaccines against Eimeria spp. in food animals. In the current study, a bioinformatics approach was employed to design a multiepitope antigen, named NSLC protein, encoding antigenic epitopes of E. necatrix NA4, E. tenella SAG1, E. acervulina LDH, and E. maxima CDPK. Thereafter, the protective immunity of NSLC protein along with five adjuvants and two nanospheres in laying chickens was evaluated. Based on the humoral immunity, cellular immunity, oocyst burden, and the coefficient of growth, the optimum adjuvant was evaluated. Furthermore, the optimum immune route and dosage were also investigated according to the oocyst burden and coefficient of growth. Accompanied by promoted secretion of antibodies and enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte proportions, NSLC proteins entrapped in PLGA nanospheres were more effective in stimulating protective immunity than other adjuvants or nanospheres, indicating that PLGA nanospheres were the optimum adjuvant for NSLC protein. In addition, a significantly inhibited oocyst burden and growth coefficient promotion were also observed in animals vaccinated with NSLC proteins entrapped in PLGA nanospheres, indicating that the optimum adjuvant for NSLC proteins was PLGA nanospheres. The results also suggested that the intramucosal route with PLGA nanospheres containing 300 µg of NSLC protein was the most efficient approach to induce protective immunity against the four Eimeria species. Collectively, PLGA nanospheres loaded with NSLC antigens are potential vaccine candidates against avian coccidiosis.

64-channel label-free fluorescence detection and single-particle counting device.

A 64-channel detection system for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection at the cell level is established and applied to single event counting. Generally, fluorescence detection at the cellular level requires a dyeing label to enhance the scattered light intensity for the photodetector. However, the dyeing labels, such as fluorophores, probes, and dyes, complicate sample preparation and increase cytotoxicity in the process. Therefore, label-free detection becomes essential for in vivo research. The presented 64-channel detection system is designed for label-free detection with the ability to record feeble emissions. Two linear photodetector devices are included in the system, extending the wavelength detection range to 366-680 nm with an improved spectral resolution at an average of 4.9 nm. The performance of the system was validated by detecting unlabeled human hepatocytes (L-02) and other cell-level biologic samples. In addition, the 64-channel detection system was also used for particle counting with a quartz microfluidic chip. The counting method is based on fluorescence spectra differs from those of other devices (i.e., flow cytometry and cell-sorting equipment), which use isolated irradiance intensities.

Simulation and misalignment analysis of the gain ratio of a polarization Mie Raman lidar.

The gain ratio is a critical parameter in a polarization Mie lidar. Calibrating the gain ratio is essential in aerosol classification studies. We developed a ray-tracing-based simulation method to investigate the impact of mounting errors on the gain ratio. In this method, a computational model for each element of the lidar was built, and Zemax was used to simulate the lidar receiver to obtain the optical gain ratio by theoretical calculations. This method can analyze the influence of each element's mounting errors and offer a theoretical foundation for the machining and mounting accuracy of the lidar design. The correctness of the model was verified by applying it to a single-wavelength polarization Mie Raman lidar.

Simulation and misalignment analysis of the gain ratio of a polarization Mie Raman lidar: publisher's note.

This publisher's note serves to correct an error in Appl. Opt.61, 2881 (2022)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.453852.

Appropriate dose of intravitreal ranibizumab for ROP: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the recurrence rate of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after treatment with 0.3 mg vs. 0.25 mg ranibizumab. SUBJECTS: All patients with ROP who underwent intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in Hainan General Hospital between January 2014 and May 2020 were included in this retrospective study. METHODS: Eighty-two cases (146 eyes) who received intravitreal injection of 0.25 mg ranibizumab were included in the conventional-dose group, and 59 cases (108 eyes) who received intravitreal injection of 0.3 mg ranibizumab were included in the high-dose group. The two groups were further divided into the 25-28-week, 29-31-week, 32-34-week, and 35-36-week GA subgroups. The differences between the conventional-dose group and the high-dose group in gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), age at initial injection (weeks), incidence of systemic diseases, the recurrence rate of ROP, and age at retinal vascularization completed (weeks) were analyzed. RESULTS: GA, BW, age at initial injection, and the incidence of systemic diseases were not significantly different between the conventional-dose group and the high-dose group (p > 0.05). The recurrence rates of ROP were significantly lower in the 25-28-week, 29-31-week, and 32-34-week subgroups of the high-dose group than in the same subgroups of the conventional-dose group (p < 0.05). Within the conventional-dose group, the recurrence rate of ROP was significantly lower in the 32-34-week and 35-36-week subgroups than in the 25-28-week and 29-31-week subgroups (p < 0.05). Within the high-dose group, the recurrence rate of ROP was not significantly different between the four subgroups (p > 0.05). Retinal vascularization was completed at a later age in the 32-34-week subgroup of the high-dose group than in the 32-34-week subgroup of the conventional-dose group (p < 0.05) but was not significantly different between the two groups at any other GA range (p > 0.05). No severe ocular or systemic complications occurred in any patient. CONCLUSION: Treatment with 0.3 mg ranibizumab can reduce the recurrence rate of ROP without prolonging retinal vascularization or causing serious systemic complications. Therefore, this dose may be an appropriate therapeutic dose for ROP.

Plasma trough concentration distribution and safety of high-dose teicoplanin for patients with augmented renal clearance.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: There are few reports on the distribution of the plasma trough concentration (Cmin ) of teicoplanin in patients with augmented renal clearance (ARC) and on the safety of a high-dose regimen (HD; 800 mg loading dose for q12h three times followed by an 800 mg qd maintenance dose). The objective of this study was to determine the Cmin values of teicoplanin in ARC patients using HD teicoplanin to provide a reference for individualized medication. METHODS: Data on patients treated with teicoplanin from January 2019 to January 2021 were collected retrospectively and divided into ARC (creatinine clearance rate [CCr] >130 ml/min, n = 22) and non-ARC (60 ml/min ≤ CCr ≤130 ml/min, n = 24) groups. The Cmin values in the two patient groups were analysed during the HD and the low-dose regimen (LD; all other regimens) on the third day of medication and during the dose maintenance period. Liver and kidney function indexes were also analysed before and after medication. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: On the third day of the HD, Cmin did not differ significantly between the ARC and non-ARC groups (17.3 ± 9.2 mg/L [mean ± SD] vs. 15.5 ± 7.9 mg/L, p = 0.663), while Cmin in the ARC group was significantly lower for the LD (6.8 ± 3.9 mg/L, p = 0.039). During the dose maintenance period, Cmin in the ARC group when receiving the HD (18.3 ± 5.1 mg/L) was significantly lower than that in the non-ARC group (25.5 ± 11.9 mg/L, p = 0.016) and significantly higher than that for the LD (12.2 ± 6.3 mg/L, p = 0.022). Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity incidence rates did not differ significantly between these groups. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: These results suggest that it is necessary to apply a loading dose of 800 mg (but not higher) q12h three times for patients with ARC, with 800 mg needed as a maintenance dose during severe infection, and 600 mg or 400 mg for mild infection.

Machine learning for the prediction of acute kidney injury in critical care patients with acute cerebrovascular disease.

PURPOSE: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication and associated with a poor clinical outcome. In this study, we developed and validated a model for predicting the risk of AKI through machine learning methods in critical care patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. METHODS: This study was a retrospective study based on two different cohorts. Five machine learning methods were used to develop AKI risk prediction models. We used six popular metrics (AUROC, F2-Score, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision) to evaluate the performance of these models. RESULTS: We identified 2935 patients in the MIMIC-III database and 499 patients in our local database to develop and validate the AKI risk prediction model. The incidence of AKI in these two different cohorts was 18.3% and 61.7%, respectively. Analysis showed that several laboratory parameters (serum creatinine, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, albumin, and platelet count), age, and length of hospital stay, were the top ten important factors associated with AKI. The analysis demonstrated that the XGBoost had higher AUROC (0.880, 95%CI: 0.831-0.929), indicating that the XGBoost model was better at predicting AKI risk in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease than other models. CONCLUSIONS: This study developed machine learning methods to identify critically ill patients with acute cerebrovascular disease who are at a high risk of developing AKI. This result suggested that machine learning techniques had the potential to improve the prediction of AKI risk models in critical care.

Quality Control of Oleum Cinnamomi Assisted by Network Pharmacology Strategy.

Oleum Cinnamomi is a traditional medicine used by the Hmong, the essential oil obtained from Fructus Cinnamomi, for the treatment of coronary heart disease. Information regarding the efficient quality control markers of it is lacking, which has become a bottleneck restricting its development and utilization. Here, an integrated qualitative analysis approach based on a GC-MS and network pharmacology strategy was applied to explore quality control markers for the assessment of Oleum Cinnamomi. Firstly, the compounds of Oleum Cinnamomi were detected by GC-MS. In total, 57 chemical components were identified, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, accounting for 83.05% of total essential oil components. Secondly, network pharmacology was adopted to explore the compounds linked to target genes of coronary heart disease. Fifty-two compounds were found, indicating the effectiveness of Oleum Cinnamomi in the treatment of coronary heart disease. Among them, 10 compounds, including eucalyptol, were chosen as potential effective compounds in Oleum Cinnamomi. Thirdly, an established GC-MS SIM method was validated and applied for the simultaneous determination of the contents of these 10 compounds using 20 sample batches of Oleum Cinnamomi. It was preliminarily found that the contents of these 10 compounds differed in Oleum Cinnamomi from different origins. Finally, quantitative analyte data were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis to determine Oleum Cinnamomi quality. Four compounds (eucalyptol, p-cymene, sabinene, ß-pinene) were identified as chemical markers for quality control. Accordingly, this study provides new strategies to explore the quality control markers and develops a novel method for the quality assessment of Oleum Cinnamomi.

[Establishment of PK-PD model in anti-inflammatory active components in Inula cappa extract based on lipopolysaccharide-induced in vitro inflammation model].

In the present study, a pharmacokinetics(PK)-pharmacodynamics(PD) model in the anti-inflammatory active components in Inula cappa extract was established based on the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced in vitro inflammation model in order to clarify the relationship between the dynamic changes of anti-inflammatory active components in inflammatory cells and their efficacy. Firstly, the inflammation model in vitro was induced by 1 µg·mL~(-1) LPS in RAW264.7 cells for 24 h. After treatment with 400 µg·mL~(-1) I. cappa extract, the pharmacokinetics(PK) of five anti-inflammatory active components, including luteolin(LUT), chlorogenic acid(CA), cryptochlorogenic acid(CCA), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid(3,4-DCQA), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid(4,5-DCQA), in normal cells and inflammatory cells was compared. Meanwhile, the PD study was carried out by measuring the inflammatory factors NO and TNF-α in the cell supernatant at each time point, which was fitted with PK by the Phoenix Model in the WinNonlin 8.2 to establish the PK-PD model for five components including LUT, CA, CCA, 3,4-DCQA, and 4,5-DCQA. The results showed that compared with normal cells, the model cells showed increased or decreased uptake of five components, advanced T_(max), faster absorption, prolonged MRT and t_(1/2), and increasing or decreasing trend of CL_(z/F) and V_(z/F). When NO was used as the efficacy index, the PK-PD model after the integration of the multi-effect components in I. cappa was E=7.45×\[1-Ce~(5.74)/(78.24~(5.74)+Ce~(5.74))\], while with TNF-α as the efficacy index, the PK-PD model after the integration of the multi-effect components in I. cappa was E=79.28×[1-Ce~(6.45)/(85.10~(6.45)+Ce~(6.45))]. The results of the study suggested that the inflammatory state could change the cellular PK of I. cappa. The anti-inflammatory effect of active components in I. cappa might be related to the down-regulation of the secretion of NO and TNF-α in inflammatory cells, and NO and TNF-α might serve as the anti-inflammatory targets of active components of I. cappa.

[Differences in intestinal absorption characteristics of Cynanchum auriculatum extract based on in situ intestinal circulation perfusion model in two states].

The present study aimed to investigate the intestinal absorption characteristics of six components(syringic acid, scopoletin, baishouwu benzophenone, caudatin, qingyangshengenin, and deacylmetaplexigenin) in Cynanchum auriculatum extract. In situ intestinal circulation perfusion model was employed to investigate the differences in intestinal absorption characteristics of C. auriculatum extract under the influence of different intestinal segments, different drug concentrations, and bile in the normal and functional dyspepsia(FD) states. The results showed that the absorption of baishouwu benzophenone decreased with the increase in the concentration of C. auriculatum extract(P<0.01), while the absorption of syringic acid and other components increased in a dose-independent manner, suggesting that baishouwu benzophenone might follow active absorption, while other components might not be on a single absorption pattern. The main absorption sites of each component in the normal state were different from those in the FD state. The cumulative absorption conversion rates in the FD state were generally lower than those in the normal state, and bile inhibited the absorption of other components except for scopoletin in both states(P<0.05). As revealed, the small intestine showed selectivity to the absorption of drugs, and the pathological state(such as FD) and bile both affected the absorption of the main components, which provides a theoretical basis for the development of new drugs and further development of C. auriculatum.