Six New Phenolic Glycosides from the Seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Their α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity.

Plant-derived phytochemicals have recently drawn interest in the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). The seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. are widely used in food and herbal medicine for their health-promoting properties against various diseases, including DM, but many of their effective constituents are still unknown. In this study, 6 new phenolic glycosides, moringaside B-G (1-6), together with 10 known phenolic glycosides (7-16) were isolated from M. oleifera seeds. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data analysis. The absolute configurations of compounds 2 and 3 were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 2 and 3 especially are combined with a 1,3-dioxocyclopentane moiety at the rhamnose group, which are rarely reported in phenolic glycoside backbones. A biosynthetic pathway of 2 and 3 was assumed. Moreover, all the isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase. Compounds 4 and 16 exhibited marked activities with IC50 values of 382.8 ± 1.42 and 301.4 ± 6.22 µM, and the acarbose was the positive control with an IC50 value of 324.1 ± 4.99 µM. Compound 16 revealed better activity than acarbose.

Using image-based machine learning and numerical simulation to predict pesticide inline mixing uniformity.

BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide inline mixing uniformity (PIMU) evaluation for direct nozzle injection systems (DNIS) helps evaluate system performance and develop efficient inline mixers. Based on supervised machine learning (ML), inline mixing images and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are directly associated for realizing intelligent PIMU predictions. RESULTS: Image sets can be reduced to less than 3% of the data size at the same time as retaining 98% of information using principal component analysis (PCA). The CFD results, as referenced values for ML, were justified by mixture sampling experiments. Enhanced images for the long-mixing tube effectively trained models including generalized linear model (GLM), support vector regression (SVR), BP-neural network (NNW), and classification and regression trees (CART). By testing the re-collected images, the verification accuracy of GLM was less than 95% and it failed to recognize uniformity differences under varying working conditions, whereas NNW, CART and SVR realized it with an accuracy for NNW and CART higher than 97% and for SVR slightly lower than 97%. By testing images of the jet mixer, the prediction accuracy compared with the CFD results of NNW and CART was also higher than 97%, although that for SVR was relatively lower, and insignificant declines in accuracy were observed on comparing the results with mixture sampling experiments. CONCLUSION: PCA facilitates evaluations of CFD-referenced PIMU using image-based ML. Models trained by enhanced image sets of the long-mixing tube have satisfactory performance. NNW and CART performed slightly better than SVR, and they can be used as tools to improve the rationality when evaluating PIMU in DNIS. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Chemical constituents and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of seeds of Moringa oleifera].

The chemical constituents of the seeds of Moringa oleifera were isolated and purified by using Sephadex LH-20, Toyo-pearl HW-40F, silica gel, ODS, and MCI column chromatography. The structures of compounds were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry, ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, HMQC, HMBC, and ~1H-~1H COSY, as well as physicochemical properties of compounds and literature data. Twelve compounds were isolated from 30% ethanol fraction of the seeds of M. oleifera and identified as ethyl-4-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-α-L-rhamnoside(1), ethyl-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-α-L-rhamnoside(2),(4-hydroxybenzyl)ethyl carbamate(3),(4-aminophenyl)acetic acid(4), ethyl-α-L-rhamnoside(5), methyl-α-L-rhamnoside(6), moringapyranosyl(7), 2-[4-(α-L-rhamnosyl)phenyl]methyl acetate(8), niaziridin(9), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural(10), 4-hydroxybenzeneacetamide(11), and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid(12). Among them, compounds 1 and 2 are two new compounds, compound 3 is a new natural product, and compounds 4-5 were yielded from Moringa plant for the first time. All compounds were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. Compound 10 showed excellent inhibitory activity with IC_(50) of 210 µg·mL~(-1).

Transcriptome analysis reveals the roles of phytohormone signaling in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) flower development.

BACKGROUND: Tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is an important economic tea crop, but flowering will consume a lot of nutrients of C. sinensis, which will seriously affect the nutritional growth of C. sinensis. However, there are few studies on the development mechanism of C. sinensis flower, and most studies focus on a single C. sinensis cultivar. RESULTS: Here, we identified a 92-genes' C. sinensis flower development core transcriptome from the transcriptome of three C. sinensis cultivars ('BaiYe1', 'HuangJinYa' and 'SuChaZao') in three developmental stages (bud stage, white bud stage and blooming stage). In addition, we also reveal the changes in endogenous hormone contents and the expression of genes related to synthesis and signal transduction during the development of C. sinensis flower. The results showed that most genes of the core transcriptome were involved in circadian rhythm and autonomous pathways. Moreover, there were only a few flowering time integrators, only 1 HD3A, 1 SOC1 and 1 LFY, and SOC1 played a dominant role in the development of C. sinensis flower. Furthermore, we screened out 217 differentially expressed genes related to plant hormone synthesis and 199 differentially expressed genes related to plant hormone signal transduction in C. sinensis flower development stage. CONCLUSIONS: By constructing a complex hormone regulation network of C. sinensis flowering, we speculate that MYC, FT, SOC1 and LFY play key roles in the process of endogenous hormones regulating C. sinensis flowering development. The results of this study can a provide reference for the further study of C. sinensis flowering mechanism.

Acute Effects of Different Warm-up Protocols on Sports Performance in Elite Male Collegiate Handball Players.

ABSTRACT: Chen, CH, Chang, CK, Tseng, WC, Chiu, CH, Dai, X, and Ye, X. Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on sports performance in elite male collegiate handball players. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2262-2267, 2022-This study aimed to examine the effects of 3 different warm-up protocols on subsequent sports performance in elite male collegiate handball players. Fifteen handball players (19.0 ± 2.4 years) completed 3 separated randomly sequenced experimental visits. During each visit, they started with different warm-up protocols (traditional warm-up [TRAD] vs. warm-up with core stability exercises [CORE] vs. warm-up with elastic band exercises [ELAS]) and completed with a series of randomly ordered sport-specific performance testing measurements: 30-m sprint, countermovement jump, medicine ball overhead forward throw, and standing and jump handball throw tests. Both CORE and ELAS protocols induced statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) on overall sports performance (sprint time, jump height, medicine ball throwing peak velocity and power, and handball throwing velocities), as compared to the TRAD. In addition, the ELAS protocol imposed small-to-medium effects (effect size range: 0.45-0.82), enhancing handball throwing velocity and medicine ball throwing performance comparing with the CORE. Sport-specific warm-up protocols that contain core stability or elastic band-based exercises likely induced subsequent performance enhancements (sprint, jump, and throw) in elite male collegiate handball players when compared with TRAD. Furthermore, including elastic band exercises in the warm-up protocol even induced superior upper-body performance enhancement (explosive power and handball throwing velocity) than other protocols. Therefore, preconditioning warm-up activities using elastic band-based exercises can be integrated into a traditional sport-specific warm-up protocol for elite collegiate handball players before competition or training.

Comprehensive Analysis of Alternative Splicing Signature in Gastric Cancer Prognosis Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and SpliceSeq Databases.

BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that the alternative splicing (AS) signature plays a role in the carcinogenesis and prognosis of various cancers. However, the prognostic role of AS in gastric cancer is not clear and needs to be clarified. MATERIAL AND METHODS To identify the differentially expressed AS (DEAS) events, we performed a differential expression analysis between normal and tumor tissue. The DEAS event was further applied to construct a prognostic signature by performing univariate Cox regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis. The Kaplan-Meier curve analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were used to evaluate the prognostic value of the AS signature. In addition, the network of the splicing events with splicing factors was constructed using the Cytoscape software. RESULTS A total of 30 005 alternative splicing (AS) events with 372 patients were retrieved from the SpliceSeq database and TCGA database. By performing differential expression analysis, a total of 419 alternative splicing events were screened out, including 56 upregulated and 363 downregulated. We further constructed an AS-related prognostic signature by conducting a series bioinformatics analyses. Moreover, we identified that the AS signature could serve as an independent predictor for the prognosis of GC. We also found that AS signature had a more robust and precise efficacy for prognostic prediction in GC patients. Interestingly, the areas under 3- and 5-year survival curves are similar, both of which are greater than 1-year survival curve, suggesting that the long-term predictive accuracy of our prognostic model built upon AS signature is superior. CONCLUSIONS We performed a comprehensive analysis of overall prognostic-associated AS events concerning GC and constructed a prognostic model to predict the long-term prognostic survival outcomes in GC patients. We also developed a network of splicing events with splicing factors to reveal new potential molecular diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for GC patients.

Formal Synthesis of Anticoagulant Drug Fondaparinux Sodium.

The practical formal synthesis of the anticoagulant drug fondaparinux sodium 1 was accomplished using an optimized modular synthetic strategy. The important pentasaccharide 2, a precursor for the synthesis of fondaparinux sodium, was synthesized on a 10 g scale in 14 collective steps with 3.5% overall yield from well-functionalized monosaccharide building blocks. The strategy involved a convergent [3 + 2] coupling approach, with excellent stereoselectivity in every step of glycosylation from the monosaccharide building blocks. Efficient routes to the syntheses of these fully functionalized building blocks were developed, minimizing oligosaccharide stage functional-group modifications. The syntheses of all building blocks avoided rigorous reaction conditions and the use of expensive reagents. In addition, common intermediates and a series of one-pot reactions were employed to enhance synthetic efficiency, improving the yield considerably. In the monosaccharide-to-oligosaccharide assembly reactions, cheaper activators (e.g., NIS/TfOH, TESOTf, and TfOH) were used to facilitate highly efficient glycosylations. Furthermore, crystallization of several monosaccharide and oligosaccharide intermediates significantly simplified purification procedures, which would be greatly beneficial to the scalable synthesis of fondaparinux sodium.

Surgical management of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava.

The optimal surgical management of patients with leiomyosarcoma of inferior vena cava remains a controversy. From 1975 and 2009, five patients with leiomyosarcoma of inferior vena cava were treated at the Chinese PLA General Hospital and Beijing Shijitan Hospital. The age ranged 39-61 years and the duration of symptoms ranged from 18 to 36 months. Abdominal and back pain are the most common complaints. A combination of various imaging modalities is essential for treatment planning. R0, R1, R2, and biopsy only were accomplished in 2, 1, 1, and 1 case, respectively. Combined resections included inferior vena cava, right kidney, adrenal gland, psoas, colon, duodenal, gallbladder, liver, and/or aorta, without inferior vena cava reconstruction. No inferior vena cava-related postoperative complication was seen in our series.

Nanofiber scaffolds facilitate functional regeneration of peripheral nerve injury.

Peripheral nerve injury still remains a refractory challenge for both clinical and basic researchers. A novel nanofiber conduit made of blood vessel and filled with amphiphilic hydrogel of self-assembling nanofiber scaffold (SAPNS) was implanted to repair a 10 mm nerve gap after sciatic nerve transection. Empty blood vessel conduit was implanted serving as control. Results showed that this novel nanofiber conduit enabled the peripheral axons to regenerate across and beyond the 10 mm gap. Motoneuron protection, axonal regeneration and remyelination were significantly enhanced with SAPNS scaffold treatments. The target reinnervation and functional recovery induced by the regenerative nerve conduit suggest that SAPNS-based conduit is highly promising application in the treatment of peripheral nerve defect. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: In this paper by Zhan et al, a novel self-assembling nanofiber scaffold is reported to promote regeneration of peripheral nerves in a sciatic nerve injury model. The promising results and the obvious medical need raises hope for a clinical translation of this approach hopefully in the near future.

[SRY gene-testing in the diagnosis of disorders of sex development among children].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of direct sequencing of sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene, as well as peripheral blood karyotype analysis, in the diagnosis of disorders of sex development (DSD) among children and adolescents with ambiguous genitalia. METHODS: The karyotypes of 20 children and adolescents with ambiguous genitalia were determined by conventional G-banding analysis. PCR amplification was used to detect SRY gene in these patients, and direct sequencing was used to judge whether there was SRY gene mutation. RESULTS: Of the 20 cases, 17 were positive for SRY gene, and 3 were negative for SRY gene. Direct sequencing revealed no SRY gene mutation in the positive cases, however karyotype analysis found 4 special karyotypes in these patients: 46, XY, del(Y) (q12)/45, X; 46, XY, add(Y) (p11); 46, XY, r(9); 46, XY, 9qh+. CONCLUSIONS: SRY gene detection can help determine the type of DSD among children and has the advantage of quick detection. Used together with G-banding analysis, it is helpful for primary diagnosis of DSD among children.

Construction and application of an applicability evaluation system for garlic planters based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.

The widespread use of garlic planters has been hampered by the lack of comprehensive applicability evaluation criteria, as their functional and structural designs are sometimes subpar and their purchase and use are not always financially advantageous. In order to close this gap in the applicability evaluation system for garlic planters, a three-level index system based on Technical indicators, Economic indicators, and Working condition indicators was proposed in the current study. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was then applied to achieve the evaluation with the help of an analytical hierarchy process and validity test. By providing basic descriptions, physical test results and specific calculation results to the consulted ten experts and collecting the scores for the 3rd level indicators, the first-generation garlic planter was analyzed for the practical application of the Pizhou-white garlic planting area based on the established applicability evaluation system. The evaluated score of 74.47 was towards the bottom of the "good" range. The findings also suggest that enhancing operational safety, implementing plant spacing and planting depth adjustments, enhancing ease of operation, and to some extent lowering capital cost will improve functional performance and economic performance. The upgraded machine was subsequently created using the optimization guidelines. Its applicability score was 77.52, representing a 4.1% gain over the original computer. It has reached the midpoint of the "good" range and has achieved the optimization goal. The proposed applicability evaluation system can generally draw unbiased conclusions and provide scientific evaluation methods for the promotion of garlic planters in specific areas, benefiting not only the design and improvement of garlic planters but also the purchasing and application of them. However, further indicator refinement and a more thorough evaluation method appear necessary before the evaluation system is made more widely available.

The Cut-Off Value of Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels for the Diagnosis of Turner Syndrome with Spontaneous Puberty.

Objective: Preservation of fertility in Turner syndrome (TS) patients may be feasible through cryopreservation of ovarian tissue before follicles begin to disappear. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is said to be a predictive factor of spontaneous pubertal development in TS. We aimed to determine the cut-off values of AMH for the diagnosis of TS girls with spontaneous puberty. Design and methods: A total of 95 TS patients between 4 and 17 years were evaluated at the Department of Pediatric Genetic Metabolism and Endocrinology from July 2017 to March 2022. Serum AMH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were analyzed according to age, karyotype, pubertal development, and ultrasound ovarian visualization. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyzes were used to test the utility of AMH for the diagnosis of TS girls with spontaneous puberty. Results: One-fourth of TS girls aged 8-17 years had spontaneous breast development, with the ratios as follows: 45, X (6/28, 21.4%), mosaicism (7/12, 58.3%), and mosaicism with structural X chromosome abnormalities (SCA) (2/13, 15.4%), SCA (1/13, 7.7%), and Y chromosome (1/3, 33.3%). The AMH cut-off value for the prediction of spontaneous puberty in TS patients was 0.07 ng/ml, with sensitivity and specificity both at 88%. FSH, LH levels, and Karyotypes could not be considered as markers of spontaneous puberty in TS (P > 0.05). A strong relationship was observed between serum AMH levels and spontaneous puberty or ultrasound bilateral ovarian visualization. Conclusions: The AMH cut-off value for the prediction of spontaneous puberty in TS girls aged 8-17 years was 0.07 ng/ml, with sensitivity and specificity both at 88%. However, spontaneous puberty in these patients is not predictable based on karyotype or FSH or LH levels.

Severe major vessel injury during peadicle screw removal: a case report.

Introduction: Pedicle screw fixation (PSF) has been the standard therapy for the treatment of various spinal diseases. Although complications are identified regularly, iatrogenic vascular injury is one of the rare but life-threatening complications. In this literature, we describe the first case of inferior vena cava (IVC) injury during pedicle screw removal. Case description: A 31-year-old man was treated by percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for an L1 compression fracture. After a year, the fracture healed well and hardware removal surgery was performed. During the procedure, the hardware on the right was removed unremarkably except for the L2 pedicle screw which slipped into the retroperitoneum because of the improper technique. The CT angiogram revealed the screw had breached the anterior cortex of the L2 vertebral body and penetrated the IVC. After multidisciplinary cooperation, the defect of IVC was reconstructed and the L2 screw was removed from the posterior approach in the end. Result: The patient recovered well and was discharged after 3 weeks without further events. The removal of the contralateral implants was unremarkable at 7 months postoperatively. At the 3-year follow-up, the patient returned to his normal daily activity without any complaints. Conclusion: Although pedicle screw removal is a rather simple procedure, severe complications may have occurred from this procedure. Surgeons should keep vigilant to avoid the complication noted in this case.

Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 in Peanut Oil by Ultraviolet-LED Cold-Light Irradiation and Structure Elucidation of the Degradation Products.

This study aimed to determine the efficiency of ultraviolet (UV)-LED cold light treatment on the degradation of aflatoxin (AF)B1 in peanut oils. The peanut oil samples obtained from different places in China and abroad were determined for AFB1 degradation efficiency of the UV-LED cold-light irradiation method. The degradation products were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive MS). The results indicated that the AFB1 content in all peanut oil samples decreased rapidly after 5 min of irradiation. Four main photodegradation products (C18H16O7, C17H14O7, C17H14O7, and C17H14O8) were identified using the established LC-MS method. Their chemical structures were postulated based on the LC-MS data. Also, the degradation pathways were proposed based on the data obtained. Oxidation and reduction reactions were mainly responsible for AFB1-decomposition. The reactions occurred at the furan and lactone rings. These findings demonstrated that UV-LED cold-light irradiation was an effective method for treating AFB1- contaminated peanut oil.

MAVI1, an endoplasmic reticulum-localized microprotein, suppresses antiviral innate immune response by targeting MAVS on mitochondrion.

Pattern recognition receptor-mediated innate immunity is critical for host defense against viruses. A growing number of coding and noncoding genes are found to encode microproteins. However, the landscape and functions of microproteins in responsive to virus infection remain uncharacterized. Here, we systematically identified microproteins that are responsive to vesicular stomatitis virus infection. A conserved and endoplasmic reticulum-localized membrane microprotein, MAVI1 (microprotein in antiviral immunity 1), was found to interact with mitochondrion-localized MAVS protein and inhibit MAVS aggregation and type I interferon signaling activation. The importance of MAVI1 was highlighted that viral infection was attenuated and survival rate was increased in Mavi1-knockout mice. A peptide inhibitor targeting the interaction between MAVI1 and MAVS activated the type I interferon signaling to defend viral infection. Our findings uncovered that microproteins play critical roles in regulating antiviral innate immune responses, and targeting microproteins might represent a therapeutic avenue for treating viral infection.

Draft genome sequence of Yersinia pestis strain 2501, an isolate from the great gerbil plague focus in Xinjiang, China.

We deciphered the genome of Yersinia pestis strain 2501, isolated from the Junggar Basin, a newly discovered great gerbil plague focus in Xinjiang, China. The total length of assembly was 4,597,322 bp, and 4,265 coding sequences were predicted within the genome. It is the first Y. pestis genome from this plague focus.

[Bloodless medical and surgical procedures for retroperitoneal neoplasm resection].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures for retroperitoneal neoplasm resection. METHODS: Retrospectively analyse the Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures during 36 retroperitoneal neoplasm resections from Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from September 2009 to December 2010, to discuss the preoperative preparation, anesthetic induction and maintainance, intraoperative monitoring and use of vasoactive drugs related experience. RESULTS: All the patients were safe during the perioperative period, without any operative and anesthetic complication. By applying the Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures, the intraoperative haemodynamics maintained steady, the mean hematocrit decreased from 0.368 ± 0.095 before autologous blood collection to 0.252 ± 0.032 before the ends of operation. Majority of the patients (91.7%) stop using vasoactive drugs and extubated within 1 h after operation, and return wards. CONCLUSION: Erythrocyte-raising medicine therapy and modified preservation autologous blood transfusion are important process of Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures.

[Study on sensitivity of climatic factors on influenza A (H1N1) based on classification and regression tree and wavelet analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the periodicity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Changsha in year 2009 and its correlation with sensitive climatic factors. METHODS: The information of 5439 cases of influenza A (H1N1) and synchronous meteorological data during the period between May 22th and December 31st in year 2009 (223 days in total) in Changsha city were collected. The classification and regression tree (CART) was employed to screen the sensitive climatic factors on influenza A (H1N1); meanwhile, cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence analysis were applied to assess and compare the periodicity of the pandemic disease and its association with the time-lag phase features of the sensitive climatic factors. RESULTS: The results of CART indicated that the daily minimum temperature and daily absolute humidity were the sensitive climatic factors for the popularity of influenza A (H1N1) in Changsha. The peak of the incidence of influenza A (H1N1) was in the period between October and December (Median (M) = 44.00 cases per day), simultaneously the daily minimum temperature (M = 13°C) and daily absolute humidity (M = 6.69 g/m(3)) were relatively low. The results of wavelet analysis demonstrated that a period of 16 days was found in the epidemic threshold in Changsha, while the daily minimum temperature and daily absolute humidity were the relatively sensitive climatic factors. The number of daily reported patients was statistically relevant to the daily minimum temperature and daily absolute humidity. The frequency domain was mostly in the period of (16 ± 2) days. In the initial stage of the disease (from August 9th and September 8th), a 6-day lag was found between the incidence and the daily minimum temperature. In the peak period of the disease, the daily minimum temperature and daily absolute humidity were negatively relevant to the incidence of the disease. CONCLUSION: In the pandemic period, the incidence of influenza A (H1N1) showed periodic features; and the sensitive climatic factors did have a "driving effect" on the incidence of influenza A (H1N1).

[Study on the influence of landscape elements regarding on the transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Changsha].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of landscape elements on the transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Changsha. METHODS: A total of 327 cases of HFRS diagnosed between year 2005 - 2009 were recruited in the study. Based on the demographic data, meteorological data and the data of second national land survey during the same period, a GIS landscape elements database of HFRS at the township scale of Changsha was established. Spatial-temporal cluster analysis methods were adopted to explore the influence of landscape elements on the spatial-temporal distribution of HFRS in Changsha during the year of 2005 - 2009. RESULTS: The annual incidences of HFRS in Changsha between year 2005 - 2009 were 1.16/100 000 (70 cases), 0.95/100 000 (58 cases), 1.40/100 000(87 cases), 0.75/100 000(47 cases) and 1.02/100 000(65 cases) respectively. The results of poisson regression model analysis of principal component showed that the incidence of HFRS was positively correlated with farmland area (M = 29.00 km2) and urban and rural area (M = 6.12 km2; incidence rate ratios (IRR) = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.27 - 1.41); but negatively correlated with forestland area (M = 39.00 km2; IRR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.55 - 0.81) and garden plot area (M = 0.99 km2; IRR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63 - 0.86). A significant cluster of the spatial-temporal distribution of HFRS cases was found in the study. The primary cluster (28.9 N, 113.37 E, radius at 22.22 km, RR = 5.23, log likelihood ratio (LLR) = 51.61, P <0.01, 67 cases of HFRS and incidence at 4.4/100 000) was found between year 2006 and 2007; and the secondary cluster (28.2 N, 113.6 E, RR = 10.77, LLR = 16.01, P < 0.01, 11 cases of HFRS and the incidence at 10.6/100 000) was found between year 2008 and 2009. CONCLUSION: The landscape elements were found to be closely related to the prevalence and transmission of HFRS.

The Improvement Path for Regionally Coordinated Green Development: Evidence from Social Network Analysis.

Regionally coordinated green development has been widely documented in China. However, most previous studies have investigated it from the perspective of linearity, while the spatial correlation of green development is nonlinear. Based on 48 cities in Bohai Rim, this study used a social network analysis to measure the spatial network, with an emphasis on the internal structure of regional green development, and analyzed the driving factors of regionally coordinated green development from the perspective of nonlinearity. We found that large cities have formed a "siphon effect" and that the polarization of eco-efficiency has become increasingly serious. There are limited connections, some of which are redundant, in the spatial network of green development, while the stability of the network is strong. Additionally, reducing the differences in environmental regulation approaches among cities can have a positive impact on the spatial correlation and spillover effect of green development, thereby promoting regionally coordinated green development among cities in the Bohai Rim.