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1.
Mar Drugs ; 21(6)2023 Jun 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37367680

ABSTRACT

Microalgae have enormous potential for human nutrition, yet the European Commission has authorized the consumption of only eleven species. Strains of fifteen rarely researched microalgae from two kingdoms were screened regarding their nutritional profile and value for human health in two cultivation phases. Contents of protein, fiber, lipids, fatty acids, minerals, trace elements and heavy metals were determined. In the growth phase, microalgae accumulated more arginine, histidine, ornithine, pure and crude protein, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn and less Ni, Mo and I2 compared to the stationary phase. Higher contents of total fat, C14:0, C14:1n5, C16:1n7, C20:4n6, C20:5n3 and also As were observed in microalgae from the chromista kingdom in comparison to microalgae from the plantae kingdom (p < 0.05). Conversely, the latter had higher contents of C20:0, C20:1n9 and C18:3n3 as well as Ca and Pb (p < 0.05). More precisely, Chrysotila carterae appeared to have great potential for human nutrition because of its high nutrient contents such as fibers, carotenoids, C20:6n3, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Se, Zn, Ni, Mo and I2. In summary, microalgae may contribute to a large variety of nutrients, yet the contents differ between kingdoms, cultivation phases and also species.


Subject(s)
Haptophyta , Microalgae , Trace Elements , Humans , Micronutrients , Microalgae/metabolism , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Haptophyta/metabolism
2.
Eur J Nutr ; 61(5): 2571-2583, 2022 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35220442

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study investigated whether UVB-exposed wheat germ oil (WGO) is capable to improving the vitamin D status in healthy volunteers. METHODS: A randomized controlled human-intervention trial in parallel design was conducted in Jena (Germany) between February and April. Ultimately, 46 healthy males and females with low mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels (34.9 ± 10.6 nmol/L) were randomized into three groups receiving either no WGO oil (control, n = 14), 10 g non-exposed WGO per day (- UVB WGO, n = 16) or 10 g WGO, which was exposed for 10 min to ultraviolet B-light (UVB, intensity 500-630 µW/cm2) and provided 23.7 µg vitamin D (22.9 µg vitamin D2 and 0.89 µg vitamin D3) (+ UVB WGO, n = 16) for 6 weeks. Blood was obtained at baseline, after 3 and 6 weeks and analyzed for serum vitamin D-metabolite concentrations via LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Participants who received the UVB-exposed WGO were characterized by an increase of circulating 25(OH)D2 after 3 and 6 weeks of intervention. However, the 25(OH)D3 concentrations decreased in the + UVB WGO group, while they increased in the control groups. Finally, the total 25(OH)D concentration (25(OH)D2 + 25(OH)D3) in the + UVB WGO group was lower than that of the non-WGO receiving control group after 6 weeks of treatment. In contrast, circulating vitamin D (vitamin D2 + vitamin D3) was higher in the + UVB WGO group than in the control group receiving no WGO. CONCLUSION: UVB-exposed WGO containing 23.7 µg vitamin D can increase 25(OH)D2 levels but do no improve total serum levels of 25(OH)D of vitamin D-insufficient subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03499327 (registered, April 13, 2018).


Subject(s)
Ergocalciferols , Vitamin D Deficiency , 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2 , Calcifediol , Cholecalciferol , Chromatography, Liquid , Female , Humans , Male , Plant Oils , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives , Vitamins
3.
Nutr Cancer ; 73(11-12): 2708-2719, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33305613

ABSTRACT

The unique dietary fiber composition with high contents of ß-glucan contributes to the health-promoting properties of oat and barley and may mediate a reduction of colon cancer risk. In the present study, chemopreventive effects of oat and barley (beta®barley) kernels were investigated. In order to address the impact of thermal processing on these effects, kernels were roasted (150-180 °C, approx. 20 min), digested and fermented using an In Vitro human digestion model. Concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia were determined in fermentation supernatants (FS). Growth inhibition, apoptosis, DNA integrity and gene expression of catalase were analyzed in LT97 colon adenoma cells. Concentrations of SCFA, particularly butyrate, were higher in oat/barley FS (2.2-fold, on average), while ammonia levels were significantly lower (0.7-fold, on average) than in the fermentation control. Treatment of LT97 cells with FS of oat/barley kernels led to a significant time- and dose-dependent growth reduction, a significant increase in caspase-3 activity and enhanced levels of catalase mRNA, without exhibiting genotoxic effects. In general, the results indicate a chemopreventive potential of In Vitro fermented oat and waxy winter barley mediated mainly by growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects, which are preserved after thermal processing.


Subject(s)
Adenoma , Colonic Neoplasms , Hordeum , Adenoma/prevention & control , Avena , Cell Line, Tumor , Colon/metabolism , Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism , Dietary Fiber/pharmacology , Fermentation , Humans
4.
Mar Drugs ; 19(6)2021 May 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34071995

ABSTRACT

The nutrient composition of 15 commercially available microalgae powders of Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Tetraselmis chuii, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was analyzed. The Dunaliella salina powders were characterized by a high content of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n6-PUFAs), heavy metals, and α-tocopherol, whereas the protein amounts, essential amino acids (EAAs), omega-3-PUFAs (n3-PUFAs), vitamins, and minerals were low. In the powder of Haematococcus pluvialis, ten times higher amounts of carotenoids compared to all other analyzed powders were determined, yet it was low in vitamins D and E, protein, and EAAs, and the n6/n3-PUFAs ratio was comparably high. Vitamin B12, quantified as cobalamin, was below 0.02 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) in all studied powders. Based on our analysis, microalgae such as Aphanizomenon and Chlorella may contribute to an adequate intake of critical nutrients such as protein with a high content of EAAs, dietary fibers, n3-PUFAs, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn, as well as vitamin D and E. Yet, the nutritional value of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was slightly decreased by high contents of SFAs. The present data show that microalgae are rich in valuable nutrients, but the macro- and micronutrient profiles differ strongly between and within species.


Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements/analysis , Microalgae/chemistry , Nutrients/analysis , Nutritive Value , Chemistry Techniques, Analytical , Humans , Micronutrients/analysis , Powders
5.
Int J Food Sci Nutr ; 72(1): 57-69, 2021 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32482126

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to analyse chemopreventive effects of oat flakes under consideration of processing. Thin and thick flakes were roasted and subjected to an in vitro digestion and fermentation. Fermentation supernatants (FS) were characterised and chemopreventive effects were analysed in LT97 colon adenoma cells. Compared to the fermentation control, pH values were decreased (from pH 6.3 to pH 5.0) and concentrations of SCFA, in particular butyrate, were increased in oat FS (2.6-fold, on average). Ammonia levels were not altered. Oat FS significantly decreased cell growth time- and dose-dependently. Caspase 3 activity was significantly increased (9.7-fold, on average). Oat FS slightly increased the mRNA expression of CAT (2.0-fold), SOD2 (1.7-fold) and GSTP1 (2.8-fold), on average, while GPX1 mRNA (0.3-fold) was decreased. The results indicate a chemopreventive potential of in vitro digested oat flakes regarding colon cancer development mediated mostly by growth inhibition and apoptosis, unaffected by roasting.


Subject(s)
Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology , Avena/chemistry , Feces/microbiology , Fermentation , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Apoptosis/drug effects , Butyrates , Catalase/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control , Fermented Foods , Glutathione S-Transferase pi/genetics , Glutathione S-Transferase pi/metabolism , Humans , Nuts , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
6.
Eur J Epidemiol ; 34(1): 37-55, 2019 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30547256

ABSTRACT

This study was performed to highlight the relationship between single dietary risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the WHO European Region. We used the comparative risk assessment framework of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate CVD mortality attributable to diet; comprising eleven forms of CVDs, twelve food and nutrient groups and 27 risk-outcome pairs in four GBD regions including 51 countries by age and sex between 1990 and 2016. In 2016, dietary risks were associated with 2.1 million cardiovascular deaths (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 1.7-2.5 million) in the WHO European Region, accounting for 22.4% of all deaths and 49.2% of CVD deaths. In terms of single dietary risks, a diet low in whole grains accounted for approximately 429,000 deaths, followed by a diet low in nuts and seeds (341,000 deaths), a diet low in fruits (262,000 deaths), a diet high in sodium (251,000 deaths), and a diet low in omega-3 fatty acids (227,000 deaths). Thus, with an optimized, i.e. balanced diet, roughly one in every five premature deaths could be prevented. Although age-standardized death rates decreased over the last 26 years, the absolute number of diet-related cardiovascular deaths increased between 2010 and 2016 by 25,600 deaths in Western Europe and by 4300 deaths in Central Asia. In 2016, approximately 601,000 deaths (28.6% of all diet-related CVD deaths) occurred among adults younger than 70 years. Compared to other behavioural risk factors, a balanced diet is a potential key lever to avoid premature deaths.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Diet/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Diet, Healthy , Europe/epidemiology , Female , Global Burden of Disease , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mortality, Premature , Risk Factors
7.
Eur J Nutr ; 54(6): 881-93, 2015 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25216712

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of foods enriched with vegetable oils varying in their n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile on cardiovascular risk factors for hypertriglyceridemic subjects. METHODS: Fifty-nine hypertriglyceridemic subjects (triglycerides ≥ 1.5 mmol/L) were included in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The placebo group received sunflower oil [linoleic acid (LA) group; 10 g LA/day]. The intervention groups received linseed oil [α-linolenic acid (ALA) group; 7 g ALA/day], echium oil [stearidonic acid (SDA) group; 2 g SDA/day] or microalgae oil [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) group; 2 g DHA/day] over 10 weeks. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each period. RESULTS: Total cholesterol (TC) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in the LA and ALA groups (LA: P ≤ 0.01, ALA: P ≤ 0.05). No changes in blood lipids were observed in the SDA group. Significant increases in TC and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol occurred in the DHA group (P ≤ 0.05). In the ALA and SDA groups, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte lipids increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) after 10 weeks (ALA group: 38 ± 37 %, SDA group: 73  ± 59 %). CONCLUSION: Foods enriched with different vegetable oils rich in ALA or SDA are able to increase the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte lipids; echium oil is more potent in comparison with linseed oil. Blood lipids were beneficially modified through the consumption of food products enriched with sunflower, linseed and microalgae oils, whereas echium oil did not affect blood lipids. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01437930.


Subject(s)
Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage , Food, Fortified , Hypertriglyceridemia/diet therapy , Plant Oils/chemistry , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Cross-Over Studies , Diet Records , Double-Blind Method , Erythrocytes/chemistry , Fatty Acids/blood , Female , Humans , Hypertriglyceridemia/blood , Hypertriglyceridemia/complications , Lipids/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Placebos , Plant Oils/administration & dosage , Risk Factors , Tocopherols/blood
9.
Nutrients ; 16(9)2024 Apr 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38732508

ABSTRACT

Hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes mellitus type 2 are among the most important metabolic diseases globally. Diet plays a vital role in the development and progression of both clinical pictures. For the 10-week randomized, controlled, intervention study, 67 subjects with elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations (≥1.7 mmol/L) and 69 subjects with elevated fasting glucose concentrations (≥5.6 < 7.0 mmol/L) were recruited. The intervention groups received specially developed, individualized menu plans and regular counseling sessions to lower (A) TG or (B) fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1c as well as other cardiovascular and diabetic risk factors. The hypertriglyceridemia intervention group was further supplemented with fish oil (3.5 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid). The two control groups maintained a typical Western diet. Blood samples were taken every 2 weeks, and anthropometric data were collected. A follow-up examination was conducted after another 10 weeks. In both intervention groups, there were comparable significant reductions in blood lipids, glucose metabolism, and anthropometric parameters. These results were, with a few exceptions, significantly more pronounced in the intervention groups than in the corresponding control groups (comparison of percentage change from baseline). In particular, body weight was reduced by 7.4% (6.4 kg) and 7.5% (5.9 kg), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations by 19.8% (0.8 mmol/L) and 13.0% (0.5 mmol/L), TG concentrations by 18.2% (0.3 mmol/L) and 13.0% (0.2 mmol/L), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance by 31.8% (1.1) and 26.4% (0.9) (p < 0.05) in the hypertriglyceridemia and prediabetes intervention groups, respectively. Some of these changes were maintained until follow-up. In patients with elevated TG or fasting glucose, implementing individualized menu plans in combination with regular counseling sessions over 10 weeks led to a significant improvement in cardiovascular and diabetic risk factors.


Subject(s)
Blood Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Hypertriglyceridemia , Prediabetic State , Triglycerides , Humans , Prediabetic State/blood , Prediabetic State/diet therapy , Prediabetic State/therapy , Hypertriglyceridemia/blood , Hypertriglyceridemia/diet therapy , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Triglycerides/blood , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Risk Factors , Dietary Supplements , Fish Oils/administration & dosage , Aged
10.
Nutrients ; 15(8)2023 Apr 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37111133

ABSTRACT

In recent years, there has been a global trend towards a plant-based lifestyle. In the NuEva study, dietary self-reports of 258 participants following one of four diets (Western diet (WD), flexitarians (Flex), vegetarians (VG), and vegans (VN)) were related to fecal microbiome composition. Reduced consumption of animal products (VN < VG < Flex < WD) was associated with a decreased intake of energy (p < 0.05), and an increased intake of soluble and non-soluble dietary fibers (p < 0.05). We observed the lowest average microbiome diversity in vegans and the highest in WD. Compared to WD, VG (p < 0.05) and VN (p < 0.01) differed significantly in their bacterial composition. These data were related to dietary fiber intake. Furthermore, we identified 14 diet-specific biomarkers at the genus level by using LefSe analysis. Of these, 11 showed minimum or maximum counts in WD or VN. While the VN-specific species were inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors, a positive association was detected for the WD-specific species. Identifying biomarkers for the diets on extreme ends of the spectrum (WD and VN) and their association with cardiovascular risk factors provides a solid evidence base highlighting the potential and the need for the development of personalized recommendations dependent on dietary patterns. Even so, the mechanisms underlying these diet-specific differences in microbiome composition cannot yet be clearly assessed. The elucidation of these associations will provide the basis for personalized nutritional recommendations based on the microbiome.


Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Vegans , Animals , Humans , Diet, Vegetarian , Vegetarians , Diet, Vegan , Diet , Energy Intake , Dietary Fiber
11.
Nutrients ; 15(16)2023 Aug 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37630729

ABSTRACT

Plant-based diets usually contain more nutrient-dense foods such as vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fruits than a standard Western diet. Yet, the amount and especially the bioavailability of several nutrients, such as trace elements, is supposed to be lower in comparison to diets with consumption of animal-derived foods. Based on this, the Nutritional Evaluation (NuEva) study (172 participants) was initiated to compare the trace element status of omnivores, flexitarians, vegetarians, and vegans. Serum selenium, zinc, and copper concentrations and biomarkers were evaluated at baseline and during a 12-month intervention with energy- and nutrient-optimized menu plans. The implementation of optimized menu plans did not substantially influence the status of trace elements. At baseline, serum selenium biomarkers were lower in vegetarians and vegans compared to omnivores and flexitarians. The zinc intake of vegetarians and vegans was significantly lower compared to omnivores, whereas the Phytate Diet Score was increased. Accordingly, total serum zinc concentrations were reduced in vegans which was, however, only significant in women and was further supported by the analysis of free zinc. Regarding copper status, no differences were observed for total serum copper. Overall, we identified selenium and zinc as critical nutrients especially when maintaining a vegan diet.


Subject(s)
Selenium , Trace Elements , Animals , Humans , Vegans , Diet, Vegan , Copper , Zinc , Vegetarians , Vegetables
12.
Nutrients ; 15(20)2023 Oct 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37892536

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the impact of influencing factors (sex, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) status at baseline, linoleic acid (LA) intake, milk fat intake) on the conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) obtained from linseed oil into its long-chain metabolites. In addition, the effect of ALA on cardiovascular risk markers was investigated. This study used a parallel design approach by randomly assigning the 134 subjects to one of four diets (high in LA (HLA); low in LA (LLA); high in milk fat (MF); control (Western diet)) each enriched with linseed oil (10 en%, 22-27 mL ≙ 13-16 g ALA). Blood samples were taken at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of dietary intervention. The study was fully completed by 105 subjects (57.4 ± 12.1 years; 65.7% female). Results showed that ALA (296-465%), C-20:4n3 (54-140%), and EPA (37-73%) concentrations in erythrocytes increased in all groups (p < 0.01). In contrast, docosahexaenoic acid (19-35%, p < 0.01) and n-3 index (10-21%, p < 0.05) dropped in the HLA, LLA, and control groups. An increase in C-22:5n3 was only observed in the MF (36%) and control groups (11%) (p < 0.05). In addition, an increase in LA (7-27%) was found in the HLA, LLA, and control groups, whereas C-20:3n6 (16-22%), arachidonic acid (10-16%), C-22:4n6 (12-30%), and C-22:5n6 (32-47%) decreased (p < 0.01). The conversion into EPA was higher in men than in women (69 vs. 39%, p = 0.043) and in subjects with low EPA status compared to participants with high EPA status (79 vs. 29%, p < 0.001). A high LA status attenuates the conversion rate. In line with the literature, no clear effects on blood lipids and parameters of glucose metabolism were found in relation to ALA supplementation.


Subject(s)
Phascolarctidae , Female , Humans , Male , alpha-Linolenic Acid , Docosahexaenoic Acids , Eicosapentaenoic Acid , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Linseed Oil , Phascolarctidae/metabolism
13.
Nutrients ; 15(7)2023 Mar 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37049486

ABSTRACT

A 14-day randomized controlled study with a parallel design was conducted with 80 healthy participants. Intervention groups I (IG1) and II (IG2) received a defined background diet and consumed a smoothie enriched with either 15 g of Chlorella dry weight (d.w.) or 15 g of Microchloropsis d.w. daily. Control group II (CG2) received a defined background diet without the smoothie. Control group I (CG1) received neither. Blood samples and 24-h urine were collected at the beginning and the end of the study. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, vitamin D3, selenium, iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and the LDL-cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio decreased in IG1 (p < 0.05), while 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 increased (p < 0.05). In IG2, vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamins D2 and D3 decreased (p < 0.05), while concentrations of fatty acids C20:5n3 and C22:5n3 increased. Serum and urine uric acid increased in IG1 and IG2 (p < 0.05). Microchloropsis is a valuable source of n3 fatty acids, as is Chlorella of vitamin D2. Regular consumption of Chlorella may affect the iron and selenium status negatively but may impact blood lipids positively. An elevated uric acid concentration in blood and urine following the regular consumption of microalgae poses potential risks for human health.


Subject(s)
Chlorella , Microalgae , Selenium , Humans , Uric Acid , Cholesterol , Vitamin D , Cholesterol, HDL , Cholecalciferol , Fatty Acids , Nutrients
14.
Front Nutr ; 10: 1095245, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36819683

ABSTRACT

Background: Regular consumption of the soluble dietary fiber ß-glucan is associated with decreased total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and blood glucose. Barley and oat flakes as natural sources of ß-glucan were roasted to improve sensory quality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether roasting of barley and oat flakes changes the physiological impact of the ß-glucan-rich flakes on glucose and lipid metabolism. Method: A five-armed randomized crossover trial design was used. The intervention study was conducted from May 2018 to May 2019 and included 32 healthy subjects with moderately increased LDL cholesterol (≥2.5 mmol/L). During the 3-week intervention periods, 80 g of roasted or traditional barley or oat flakes, or four slices of white toast bread per day were consumed for breakfast. At the start and the end of each intervention, fasting and postprandial blood was taken. The intervention periods were separated by 3-week wash-out periods. Results: During the interventions with the cereal flakes, TC and LDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced compared to baseline values by mean differences of 0.27-0.33 mmol/L and 0.21-0.30 mmol/L, respectively (p < 0.05), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was only reduced after the intervention with barley flakes (p < 0.05). After the intervention period with toast, TC and HDL cholesterol increased (p < 0.05). The fasting levels of triglycerides, fasting blood glucose and insulin did not change in any group. The effects of traditional and roasted varieties on blood lipids did not differ between the groups. Conclusion: The regular consumption of traditional or roasted barley and oat flakes contributes to the management of cardiovascular diseases by improving TC and LDL cholesterol. Clinical trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03648112, identifier NCT03648112.

15.
Front Nutr ; 9: 819106, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35651513

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In recent years, vegetarian and vegan diets became increasingly important as they are associated with beneficial health outcomes. Therefore, the NuEva study compares the impact of flexitarian, vegetarian, or vegan diets with omnivorous nutritional habits on nutrient intake and risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Methods: A dietary protocol was kept over five days and blood and 24h urine samples were collected to examine the impact of dietary habits [omnivores, n = 65 (Median/Interquartile range: 33/17 yrs.), flexitarians, n = 70 (30/17 yrs.), ovo-lacto vegetarians, n = 65 (28/14 yrs.), vegans, n = 58 (25/10 yrs.)] on nutrient intake, nutrient concentrations in plasma, serum or 24h urine, body composition, and blood lipids. Results: The increased exclusion of animal based foods in the diet (omnivores < flexitarians < vegetarians < vegans) is associated with a decreased intake of energy, saturated fat, cholesterol, disaccharides, and total sugar as well an increased intake of dietary fibers, beta carotene, vitamin E and K. The combined index of the B12 status (4cB12 score) in vegetarians (0.02/0.75) was lower compared to omnivores (0.34/0.58; p ≤ 0.05) and flexitarians (0.24/0.52; p ≤ 0.05). In omnivores vitamin A, vitamin E, ferritin, and the urinary excretion of selenium, iodine, and zinc were higher than in vegans (p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, vegans had the highest concentrations of biotin, folate, and vitamin C. Flexitarians, vegetarians, and vegans had a lower body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage in comparison to omnivores (p ≤ 0.05). In omnivores the concentrations on total cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, apolipoprotein B, and apolipoprotein B/ apolipoprotein A1 ratio were higher than in vegetarians and vegans (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The NuEva study confirms the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that adequately planned vegetarian diets are healthy, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. Nevertheless, critical nutrients were identified for all groups studied. This highlights the need to develop individual nutritional concepts to ensure an adequate nutrient intake.

16.
Nutrients ; 14(15)2022 Jul 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35893909

ABSTRACT

The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in complex lipids essentially influences their physicochemical properties and has been linked to health and disease. To investigate the incorporation of dietary PUFA in the human plasma lipidome, we quantified glycerophospholipids (GPL), sphingolipids, and sterols using electrospray ionization coupled to tandem mass spectrometry of plasma samples obtained from a dietary intervention study. Healthy individuals received foods supplemented with different vegetable oils rich in PUFA. These included sunflower, linseed, echium, and microalgae oil as sources of linoleic acid (LA; FA 18:2 n-6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; FA 18:3 n-3), stearidonic acid (SDA; FA 18:4 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; FA 22:6 n-3). While LA and ALA did not influence the species profiles of GPL, sphingolipid, and cholesteryl ester drastically, SDA and DHA were integrated primarily in ethanolamine-containing GPL. This significantly altered phosphatidylethanolamine and plasmalogen species composition, especially those with 38-40 carbons and 6 double bonds. We speculate that diets enriched with highly unsaturated FA more efficiently alter plasma GPL acyl chain composition than those containing primarily di- and tri-unsaturated FA, most likely because of their more pronounced deviation of FA composition from typical western diets.


Subject(s)
Fatty Acids, Omega-3 , Lipidomics , Diet , Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism , Ethanolamines , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Humans , Linoleic Acid , Phosphatidylethanolamines , Plant Oils/chemistry
18.
Antioxidants (Basel) ; 11(7)2022 Jun 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35883726

ABSTRACT

(1) Background: Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble compound with a common chemical structure, a 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone ring, and a variable aliphatic side-chain. VK is involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting proteins, bone stability, anti-oxidative, and immune inflammatory-modulatory functions. Vitamin K also activates protein S, which acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The fact that cytokine overproduction, oxidative stress, and disturbed microcirculation by thrombogenicity play a central role in severe COVID-19 prompted us to analyze this vitamin. (2) Methods: We analyzed by a validated liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method serum vitamin K1, MK4, MK7, and VK epoxide levels in 104 healthy controls, 77 patients with non-COVID-19 pneumonia, and 135 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with potentially fatal outcomes admitted to our University Hospital between April and November 2020. We included the quotient between VK and triglyceride (TG, nmol/mmol/L) values in the analyses with respect to the TG transporter function for all VK subtypes. Additionally, we assessed anthropometric, routine laboratory, and clinical data from the laboratory and hospital information systems. (3) Results: The COVID-19 patients had significantly lower MK7 levels than non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients and healthy controls. COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients had significantly lower vitamin K1 and significantly higher MK4 compared to healthy controls, but did not differ significantly from each other. Between COVID-19 non-survivors (n = 30) and survivors (n = 105) no significant differences were seen in all vitamin K subtypes, despite the fact that non-survivors had higher peak concentrations of IL-6, CRP, d-dimer, and higher oxygen needs, respectively. (4) Conclusions: The present data identified significantly decreased vitamin K1, K2 (MK7), and increased MK4 levels in patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy controls. Vitamin K2 (MK7) was lowest in COVID-19 patients irrespective of potentially fatal courses, indicating consumption of this VK subtype by COVID-19 immanent effects, most probably inflammatory and oxidative stress factors.

19.
Data Brief ; 41: 107873, 2022 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35198663

ABSTRACT

This Data in Brief article contains further sensitivity analysis data related to the article "Alcohol consumption and mortality: the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study" [1]. Alcohol consumption data of participants in LURIC was collected using a questionnaire. This data was used to calculate the amount of alcohol consumption in g ethanol per day by using standard volumes and standard vol-% in different beverages in Germany. The data shown here provide results from the LURIC study stratified by gender. Furthermore, the LURIC study results were reproduced using other classifications, which were stratified in different literature data. In addition, our analysis provides data of alcohol consumption for smokers and non-smokers in the LURIC study cohort separately.

20.
Nutrients ; 14(7)2022 Apr 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35406123

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to examine ß-glucan production and the potential prebiotic and chemopreventive effects of wheat and rye sourdoughs and breads generated with wild-type and non-ß-glucan-forming isogenic mutant strains of Levilactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus claussenii. Sourdough and bread samples were subjected to in vitro digestion and fermentation. Fermentation supernatants (FS) and pellets (FP) were analyzed (pH values, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia, bacterial taxa) and the effects of FS on LT97 colon adenoma cell growth, viability, caspase-2 and -3 activity, genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects and on gene and protein expression of p21, cyclin D2, catalase and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) were examined. Concentrations of SCFA were increased and concentrations of ammonia were partly reduced in the FS. The relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae was increased in all FPs. Treatment with FS reduced the growth and viability of LT97 cells and significantly increased caspase-2 and -3 activities without exhibiting genotoxic or antigenotoxic effects. The p21 mRNA and protein levels were increased while that of cyclin D2 was reduced. Catalase and SOD2 mRNA and protein expression were marginally induced. The presented results indicate a comparable chemopreventive potential of wheat and rye sourdoughs and breads without an additional effect of the formed ß-glucan.


Subject(s)
Fermented Foods , Lactobacillales , beta-Glucans , Ammonia/metabolism , Bread/analysis , Caspase 2/metabolism , Catalase/genetics , Catalase/metabolism , Cyclin D2/metabolism , Fermentation , Flour , Food Microbiology , Lactobacillales/metabolism , Pediococcus/genetics , Pediococcus/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Secale/genetics , Secale/metabolism , Secale/microbiology , Triticum/genetics , beta-Glucans/chemistry
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