Neuromuscular blocking agent induced hypersensitivity reaction exploration: an update.

Acute hypersensitivity reactions (AHRs) occurring in present-day anaesthesia can have severe, sometimes fatal, consequences and their incidence is increasing. The most frequent allergens responsible for AHR during anaesthesia are neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) (70% of the cases) followed by antibiotics (18%), patent blue dye and methylene blue dye (5%), and latex (5%). Following an AHR, strategies for subsequent anaesthetic procedures (especially the choice of an NMBA) may be difficult to formulate due to inconclusive diagnostic analysis in up to 30% of AHRs. Current diagnosis of AHR relies on the detection of mast cell degranulation products and drug-specific type E immunoglobulins (IgE) in order to document an IgE-mediated anaphylaxis (IgE endotype). Nonetheless, other IgE-independent pathways can be involved in AHR, but their detection is not currently available in standard situations. The different mechanisms (endotypes) involved in peri-operative AHR may contribute to the inconclusive diagnostic work-up and this generates uncertainty concerning the culpable drug and strategy for subsequent anaesthetic procedures. This review provides details on the IgE endotype; an update on non-IgE related endotypes and the novel diagnostic tools that could characterise them. This detailed update is intended to provide explicit clinical reasoning tools to the anaesthesiologist faced with an incomplete AHR diagnostic work-up and to facilitate the decision-making process regarding anaesthetic procedures following an AHR to NMBAs.

Animal Models of IgE Anaphylaxis.

Allergies and atopy have emerged as significant public health concerns, with a progressively increasing incidence over the last two decades. Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reactions, characterized by a rapid onset and potentially fatal outcome, even in healthy individuals. Due to the unpredictable nature and potential lethality of anaphylaxis and the wide range of allergens involved, clinical studies in human patients have proven to be challenging. Diagnosis is further complicated by the lack of reliable laboratory biomarkers to confirm clinical suspicion. Thus, animal models have been developed to replicate human anaphylaxis and explore its pathophysiology. Whereas results obtained from animal models may not always be directly translatable to humans, they serve as a foundation for understanding the underlying mechanisms. Animal models are an essential tool for investigating new biomarkers that could be incorporated into the allergy workup for patients, as well as for the development of novel treatments. Two primary pathways have been described in animals and humans: classic, predominantly involving IgE and histamine, and alternative, reliant on IgG and the platelet-activating factor. This review will focus essentially on the former and aims to describe the most utilized IgE-mediated anaphylaxis animal models, including their respective advantages and limitations.

IL-1ß turnover by the UBE2L3 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and HECT E3 ligases limits inflammation.

The cytokine interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) has pivotal roles in antimicrobial immunity, but also incites inflammatory disease. Bioactive IL-1ß is released following proteolytic maturation of the pro-IL-1ß precursor by caspase-1. UBE2L3, a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, promotes pro-IL-1ß ubiquitylation and proteasomal disposal. However, actions of UBE2L3 in vivo and its ubiquitin ligase partners in this process are unknown. Here we report that deletion of Ube2l3 in mice reduces pro-IL-1ß turnover in macrophages, leading to excessive mature IL-1ß production, neutrophilic inflammation and disease following inflammasome activation. An unbiased RNAi screen identified TRIP12 and AREL1 E3 ligases of the Homologous to E6 C-terminus (HECT) family in adding destabilising K27-, K29- and K33- poly-ubiquitin chains on pro-IL-1ß. We show that precursor abundance determines mature IL-1ß production, and UBE2L3, TRIP12 and AREL1 limit inflammation by shrinking the cellular pool of pro-IL-1ß. Our study uncovers fundamental processes governing IL-1ß homeostasis and provides molecular insights that could be exploited to mitigate its adverse actions in disease.

Contribution of Intrinsic Fluorescence to the Design of a New 3D-Printed Implant for Releasing SDABS.

Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) offer great features such as increased stability but are hampered by a limited serum half-life. Many strategies have been developed to improve the sdAb half-life, such as protein engineering and controlled release systems (CRS). In our study, we designed a new product that combined a hydrogel with a 3D-printed implant. The results demonstrate the implant's ability to sustain sdAb release up to 13 days through a reduced initial burst release followed by a continuous release. Furthermore, formulation screening helped to identify the best sdAb formulation conditions and improved our understanding of our CRS. Through the screening step, we gained knowledge about the influence of the choice of polymer and about potential interactions between the sdAb and the polymer. To conclude, this feasibility study confirmed the ability of our CRS to extend sdAb release and established the fundamental role of formulation screening for maximizing knowledge about our CRS.