Gold (I) N-heterocyclic carbene complex inhibits mouse melanoma growth by p53 upregulation.

BACKGROUND: Cancer treatment using gold (I) complexes is becoming popular. In this study, a gold (I) N-heterocyclic complex designated as complex 3 was synthesized, its cytotoxicity was examined, and its anti-melanoma activity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Viability of cancer cells was determined by MTT assay upon treatment with various concentrations of a gold (I) N-heterocyclic carbene complex (complex 3) in a dose and time dependent manner. Mouse melanoma cells B16F10 were selected for further apoptotic studies, including flowcytometric analysis of annexin binding, cell cycle arrest, intracellular ROS generation and loss in the mitochondrial membrane potential. ELISA based assays were done for caspase activities and western blots for determining the expression of various survival and apoptotic proteins. Immunocytology was performed to visualize the translocation of p53 to the nucleus. B16F10 cells were inoculated into mice and post tumor formation, complex 3 was administered. Immunohistology was performed to determine the expressions of p53, p21, NF-κB (p65 and p50), MMP-9 and VEGF. Student's t test was used for determining statistical significance. The survival rate data were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier plots. RESULTS: Complex 3 markedly inhibited the growth of HCT 116, HepG2, and A549, and induced apoptosis in B16F10 cells with nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, externalization of phosphatidylserine, activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9, PARP cleavage, downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c elevation, ROS generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential loss indicating the involvement of an intrinsic mitochondrial death pathway. Further, upregulation of p53, p-p53 (ser 15) and p21 indicated the role of p53 in complex 3 mediated apoptosis. The complex reduced tumor size, and caused upregulation of p53 and p21 along with downregulation of NF-κB (p65 and p50), VEGF and MMP-9. These results suggest that it induced anti-melanoma effect in vitro and in vivo by modulating p53 and other apoptotic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The gold (I) N-heterocyclic carbene complex (C22H26N6AuO2PF6) designated as complex 3 induced ROS and p53 dependent apoptosis in B16F10 cells involving the mitochondrial death pathway along with suppression of melanoma tumor growth by regulating the levels of pro and anti apoptotic factors (p53, p21, NF-κB, VEGF and MMP-9).

Unexpected structural preference with metallophilic Ag-Au contacts in silver(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene cluster; experimental and theoretical approach.

A novel synthetic donor-atom-selective approach has been adopted for the synthesis of a heterobimetallic cluster of a new NCN-pincer, 1,3-bis-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl-methyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium hexafluorophosphate (1·HPF6). The complex [Ag3(1)3][PF6]3 (2) has been prepared via the Ag2O route; which undergoes transmetallation to yield a cluster that seems to be the first example of the heterobimetallic trinuclear system [Au-Ag2(1)2Cl][PF6]2, 3. Finally, the trinuclear cluster geometries of 2 and 3 were confirmed via SCXRD studies. Interestingly, Au(I) binds preferentially with soft donor Ccarbene, which transmetallated from the cluster of 2. In both the cyclic trinuclear clusters, the M-M interactions were further inspected using gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) computations. Both 2 and 3 are luminescent and possess σ-aromaticity; the NICS values indicate that 3 is more aromatic than 2.

Design, Synthesis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Ag(I)-, Au(I)- and Au(III)-Quinoxaline-Wingtip N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes Against Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.

Intending to homogenize the biological activities of both quinoxaline and imidazole moieties, the proligand, 1-methyl-3-quinoxaline-imidazolium hexaflurophosphate (1.HPF6), and [Ag(1)2][PF6], (2); [Au(1)2][PF6], (3); and [Au(1)Cl3], (4) NHC complexes were synthesized. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Finally, single crystal X-ray structures revealed a linear geometry for complex 2 whereas a square planar geometry for complex 4. The formation of complex 3 was confirmed and supported by its MS spectra. The antibacterial activities of all the synthesized complexes were investigated against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The Au(III)-NHC complex, 4 showed the highest antibacterial activity with extremely low MIC values against both the bacterial strains (0.24 µg.mL-1).  Monitoring of zeta potential supports the higher activity of complex 4 compared to 2 and 3. ROS production by complex 4 has also been measured in vitro in the CT26 cancer cell lines, which is directly responsible for targetting and killing the bacterial pathogens. Cell cytotoxicity assay using 293T cell lines has been performed to investigate the biocompatibility nature of complex 4. Also, an excellent hemocompatibility was assigned to it from its hemolytic studies,   which provide valuable insights into the design of novel antibacterial agents.

Cytotoxic potency of self-assembled Ruthenium(II)-NHC complexes with pincer type 2, 6-bis(N-methylimidazolylidene/benzimidazolylidene)pyrazine ligands.

OBJECTIVE: To study the cytotoxic potency of self-assembled Ruthenium(II)-NHC complexes with 2,6-di-(N-methylimidazolylidene/benzimidazolylidene)pyrazine ligands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ru(II)-N-heterocyclic (Ru-NHC) complexes, Bis-[2,6-di-(N-methylimidazol-2-ylidene)pyrazine]ruthenium(II) hexaflurophosphate (3), Bis-[2,6-di-(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene)pyrazine]ruthenium(II) hexaflurophosphate (4) have been synthesized from corresponding ligands 2,6-di-(N-methylimidazolium)pyrazine dichloride (1); 2,6-di-(N-methylbenzimidazolium)pyrazine dichloride (2). Complexes were studied to determine their pro-apoptotic activity against HCT15 and Hep2 cell lines, and antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. RESULTS: Both, complex 3 and 4, formed a nanosphere structure in aqueous growth medium. Cytotoxicity study revealed that complex 3 was more effective than complex 4. Complexes mainly target cellular DNA and bacterial cell wall. CONCLUSION: This is the first report on the formation of nanoball structure of Ru(II)-NHC complexes. Thus, complex 3 provides a new insight to develop antitumor or antimicrobial drug.

N, N'-Olefin functionalized bis-imidazolium gold(I) salt is an efficient candidate to control keratitis-associated eye infection.

Keratitis treatment has become more complicated due to the emergence of bacterial or fungal pathogens with enhanced antibiotic resistance. The pharmaceutical applications of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes have received remarkable attention due to their antimicrobial properties. In this paper, the new precursor, 3,3'-(p-phenylenedimethylene) bis{1-(2- methyl-allyl)imidazolium} bromide (1a) and its analogous PF6 salt (1b) were synthesized. Furthermore, silver(I) and gold(I) -N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes [Ag2LBr2/Au2LBr2; 2a/3a], [(Ag2L2)(PF6)2/(Au2L2)(PF6)2; 2b/3b] were developed from their corresponding ligands. All compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities against multiple keratitis-associated human eye pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. Complexes 2a and 3a showed highest activity, and the effectiveness of 3a was also studied, focusing eradication of pathogen biofilm. Furthermore, the structures of 1a, 2a and 3b were determined using single crystal X-ray analysis, 2b and 3a were optimized theoretically. The mechanism of action of 3a was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and docking experiments, suggesting that its target is the cell membrane. In summary, 3a may be helpful in developing antimicrobial therapies in patients suffering from keratitis-associated eye infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Electronic and geometrical manipulation of the excited state of bis-terdentate homo- and heteroleptic ruthenium complexes.

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of two new bis-terdentate Ru(II) complexes. Compound 1 is a homoleptic complex containing two CNC N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based ligands, whereas compound 2 bears one CNC ligand and an ancillary terpyridine ligand. The redox and photophysical properties of both compounds have been investigated and their X-ray crystal structures determined. Complex 1 displays a close-to-perfect octahedral coordination geometry and is not luminescent at room temperature while complex 2 features room temperature and 77 K luminescence despite its partially distorted geometry. The presence of the NHC moieties brings a significant amount of electronic density to the metal centre therefore lowering its oxidation potential with respect to that of analogous polypyridyl complexes.